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Commercial
Geography
(World)
Chapter # 01 Introduction

1. Detailed Questions and Answers

2. Short Questions and Answer
3. Multiple Choice Question (MCQs)

Detailed Questions and Answer

Q-1 Define Economics Geography? What do you mean by economic

activities, explain its various types?
Ans. Economic Geography: -
The word geography came form two Greek words; geo (means the earth) and
grapy (means description or writing). Therefore we can say Geography is the
study of earths landscapes. Therefore simply we can define geography as

Geography is the study of the interrelationship between man and his

environment and Geography is also the study of the knowledge that
examines the relationship between the earth and its people

Economics Geography is the study of man and his economics activities

under varying sets of conditions. Geographers are of different opinions as
regarding the definition of the subject. Therefore we can define economics
geography as;

Economic Geography is branch of geography, which deals with the

productive of geographic environment i.e. location, productivity and potential
use of natural resources, including mineral and oil deposits, forests, grazing
lands, farmland and favoured sites harbours; and that studies which are
related to manufacturing, servicing, marketing, and establishment of the
trade

However we can also define economics and commercial geography as;

 Economics and commercial geography is the study of the way man adjust
his economic activities to the physical environment

Economic Activities:
Economic activity involves the use of scarce resources in the provision of
goods to satisfy unlimited wants. It is a measure for meeting the problem of
making a living; other categories of work are not related to this problem.
There may be differences in nature between one source of livelihood and
another but the underlying similarity in all spheres of activities is that work
is performed against ware or remuneration. In the modern social scheme of
things, these activities rotate around the financial axis and that is why all
the activities involving money earning and money spending are called
economic activities.

But in order to satisfy the various purposes of human life and existence, the
of man's work has widened itself to a much larger extent and he is to
perform many other general duties and functions which do not come under
the definition of economic activities as mentioned, for example, the vast area
of human experiences encapsulating the field of art and religion where
economics has no as such role to play. Nevertheless, when even such types
of functions have got exchange values, those are considered as economic
activities. For example, when a man performs the worship of god at his
home, it is not a piece of economic activity; but when he does so in the
house of his customer against payment, it comes under the purview of
economic activity.

Classification / Types of Economic Activities

The various types or classification or categories of economic activities can be
explained as under;

i- Primary Activities: -
Primary activities are those activities that are harvest or extract something
form the earth. They are at the beginning of the production cycle, where
humans are in closest contract with the resources and potentialities of the
environment. Such activities involve basic foodstuff and raw material
production. Hunting and gathering, grazing, agriculture, fishing, forestry &
mining and quarrying are the main example of primary activities.

ii- Secondary Activities: -

Secondary activities include manufacturing and commercial agriculture. It is
a provision of secondary goods. It includes full array of manufacturing and
processing industries i.e. electronic goods or space vehicle, automobile
production, textile and chemical industries.

iii- Tertiary Activities: -

Tertiary activities involve the service sector rather than tangible goods. It
consists of those business and labour specialization that provides services to
the primary and secondary sectors, to general community and to the
individuals. These include financial, business, professional, clerical and
personal services.

iv- Quaternary Activities: -

Quaternary Activities represent a special type of service work, focusing on
professional and administrative services, including financial and health
service work, working in education, government management, information
processing and research.
v- Quinary Activities: -
The final grouping, Quinary activities, remains more restricted in size in
comparison. The most visible persons in this group include chief executive
offices and tope management executives in both government and private
service.

Q-2 Write a detailed note on Primary Activities?

Ans. Primary Activities: -
Primary activities are those activities that are to harvest or extract something
form the earth. They are at the beginning of the production cycle, where
humans are in closest contract with the resources and potentialities of the
environment. Such activities involve basic foodstuff and raw material
production. Hunting and gathering, grazing, agriculture, fishing, forestry &
mining and quarrying are the main example of primary activities

Elements of Primary Activities: -

Main elements of Primary Activities are given as under: -

a) Agricultures:
Agriculture is the growing of crops and the tending of livestock whether for
the subsistence basis or commercial basis. It includes all those activities
which are directly done for the purposes of to get something from land.
However agriculture may be recognized as

i) Subsistence Agriculture: -
Subsistence agriculture is referred to the limited production. It involves
nearly total self sufficiency on the part of its members. Production for
exchange is minimal and each family or group relies for its foods and other
most essential requirements. In this type of agriculture producer or farmer
produces limited produce just to meet his needs only and the main reason
behind this is that he distributed his land in such a way to get produces as
per his need or requirement. Subsistence agriculture is further divided into
two main methods i.e. extensive and intensive. Intensive Subsistence
agriculture involves the cultivation of small land holdings through the
expenditure of great amounts of labour per acre, yields per unit area and
population densities are both high. In Extensive Subsistence Agriculture
involves large area of land and minimal labour force input per hectare.

ii) Commercial Agriculture: -

Commercial agriculture involves the cultivation of crops and produces for
commercial purposes. It contains farmers those activities which are done for
the purposes of to cultivate produces for their own needs as well as for
markets. It is further distributed as Intensive Commercial Agriculture and
Intensive Commercial Agriculture and it is used as per the requirements.
Extensive Commercial Agriculture is typified by large farms and livestock
ranching and is associated with the crops belts of the world. Intensive
Commercial Agriculture includes fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, all
which are highly perishable.

b) Herding: -
The role of animals in human life is so great that it is difficult to evaluate in
few words. Animals came before man in geological time and this have played
an important role in the environment in which he lives. It is very difficult to
say when the ancient man first mastered the art of domesticating the
 animals. So herding involves use of animals and utilization of animals. We
can further classified and explain herding as below: -

i) Nomadic Herding: -
It is an extensive form of animal grazing on natural pasturage and is
confined to the arid and semi arid regions of the world. The animals kept by
nomadic herders are cattle i.e. sheep, goats, camels, horses, yaks etc.

ii) Livestock Ranching: -

In semi arid regions of the world, where agricultural activities are greatly
hindered because of unfavourable climate and sold conditions, people prefer
to engage in the practice of livestock ranching in which large numbers of
cattle, sheep, goats, and horses are kept.

iii) Commercial Dairy Farming: -

It is a highly intensive and more advanced type of livestock farming and it is
practiced in various parts of world. It includes the superior breeds of milch
cattle dominate the landscape for commercial purposes.

iv) Mixed Farming: -

Mixed farming is consisted of crop farming and commercial rearing of
livestock and exhibits a highly organized, sophisticated and intensive form of
agriculture, which is characterized by high capital expenditure on farm
machinery and also by the skill and expertise of the farmers. It can be seen
in different part of world.

c) Fishing: -
Fishing is act of fish catching. Fish is an important source of food. It
provides more than 6% of the total daily protein intake of the developing
worlds population and over 7% of total protein supply worldwide. About 2/3
of world annual fish is consumed by humans; upto 1/3 is process into fish
meal to be fed to livestock or used as fertilizers. Only about 10%-12% is
supplied from inland water i.e. lakes, rivers, and farms ponds. The other
88%-90% is supplied from the world Oceans i.e. marine fisheries. The major
parts of fishing areas are The North West Pacific (Beher-ul-Kahil), The North-
West Atlantic (Baher-ul-Ocanius), The North-East Atlantic (Baher-ul-
Ocanius), The North-East Pacific (Beher-ul-Kahil), Tropical Seas, and
Temperate Seas of Southern Hemisphere (Baher-e-Munjamad).

d) Forestry and Lumbering: -

Forestry and lumbering is one of the oldest economic industries. It includes
the production of trees and extraction of trees from forests. After retreat of
continental glacier some 11,000 years ago and before the rise of agriculture,
the worlds forests and woodlands probably covered 45% of earth. They were
sheltered and productive environment for earlier societies that subsisted on
gathered fruits, nuts, berries, leaves, roots and fibbers. Few of such cultures
remain, though the gathering of forest products in still an important
supplemental activity. It may involve on natural and artificial basis.

e) Mining and Quarrying: -

Mining is the extraction of valuable mineral or other geological material for
the earth. Mineral have long been considered as the basis for the
development of human civilization. Mining of stone and metal has been done
since pre-historic times. Modern mining processes involves advance and
developed techniques to extract mineral and material from earth. As we
know mineral are very unevenly distributed in different parts of world. No
 country in the world is completely self-sufficient in every mineral resource;
however advanced countries like China, USA etc. have developed their
industries to extract mineral from earth due to presence of abundant
mineral resources with their own territory.

Q-3 Write a note on Secondary Activities, Tertiary Activities, Quaternary

Activities, and Quinary Activities?
Ans. Secondary Activities: -
Secondary activities involve the converting raw materials into finished goods
and usable products giving them form utility. In includes the process of
manufacturing of goods and manufacturing is a process that increases the
utility of goods as there are some addition in raw materials.

It includes all types of manufacturing from cooking of meal to making of

complex industry. There is no society which is not engaged in secondary
activities. In advanced countries manufacturing secure pre-dominant
position whereas in developing countries manufacturing process is very
slow.

Secondary activities are associated with industries and location of industries

is governed by numbers of factors, i.e. geographical, climatic conditions,
availability of markets, availability of raw materials, labour force,
government policies and attitude of people.

Tertiary Activities: -
In tertiary economic activity human being uses the product of primary and
secondary activity and promotes the uses of these products. These activities
represent a mark of contrast between advance and subsistence societies.
These activities involve the exchange of goods and services to fulfil the
requirements of field.

Quaternary Activities: -
Quaternary activities involve the services of professional, and includes the
specialized knowledge, technical skills, communication ability or
administrative competence. e.g. Office building, elementary and university
class rooms, hospitals and doctors offices, theatres, television stations and
the like.

Quinary Activities: -
These activities are related and done by the gold collar professions, and not
as a special type of activity or higher ranking professionals is included e.g.
business executives, government officials, research scientists, financial and
legal consultants etc. In short Quinary activities are related to the top
management of the organization and institutions

Q-4 Describe the importance of Economic & Commercial Geography?

Ans. Importance of economic and commercial geography can be described as
under:-

1- Advantages for Students: -

With the study of economic and commercial geography students can become
successful businessmen, industrialist, traders, landlords and bankers of the
future.

2- Advantages for Landlords: -

 With the help of study of commercial geography landlords can know about
the various kinds of seeds, methods, crops and products. A farmer can also
know the modern methods of cultivation, use of machines, better seeds and
fertilizers. In this way a farmer can increase his productivity.

3- Advantage for Industrialists: -

Commercial geography is also important for industrialist. With the help of
this an industrialist can hire cheap labour, raw material for his industry. He
is also in search of new markets for his products. Therefore, with the study
of commercial geography he can be in position to do these things easily.

4- Advantage for Traders: -

This subject may be helpful for traders in this sense that a trader come to
know from where he can achieve / get cheap raw material and also know
those areas where such materials are used.

5- Helpful for Bankers: -

Commercial geography may be helpful for bankers as due this studies he
can be in position to come to know the sources of different countries and as
a results he can easily invest.

6- Advantages for Rulers: -

Economics geography represents the review of agricultural, industrial, and
economics development. Rulers can make effective planning in the light of
developed countries to utilize the available agricultural, industrial and
mineral resources.

7- Solution of Poverty and Unemployment: -

It may help to explain those resources that may be helpful to remove the
poverty and un-employment. So in light of this information about the
sources and resources people can migrate those areas with may help them
to get jobs.

8- Import and Export Trade: -

Study of economic and commercial geography is most important for imports
and export of goods because it gives us information about the produces and
products of different countries due to which one can be in position to
evaluate the conditions for exports and imports of goods.

Short Questions & Answer

Q-1 Define Commercial Geography? And name the two branches of

geography?
Ans. Commercial geography is the study of the way man, adjusts his economics
activities to the physical environment. Main branches of geography are given
as under: -
Physical Geography
Mathematical Geography
Political Geography
Economic and Commercial Geography
Human Geography

Q-2 Define Economic Activities? Enlist different Economic Activities

Ans. The activities which are related to the production, consumptions and
exchange of things are called economic activities. Main economic activities
are given as under: -

Primary Activities
Secondary Activities
Tertiary Activities
Quaternary Activities
Quinary Activities

Q-3 What are the main types of Primary Activities?

Ans. The main primary activities are given as below:

Agriculture
Herding
Fishing
Forestry and Lumbering
Mining
Farming

Q-4 Account in short the Scope of commercial Geography?

Ans. Scope of commercial geography lies in the development of commercial or
economic activities. Commercial geography gives an intensive to
international trade and its prospects depend upon the commercial activities.

Q-5 Write in short about the importance of Commercial Geography?

Ans. Studies of commercial geography gives the knowledge for the production of
agricultural and industrial products and play an important role in the
business activities, therefore it is important for all those departments related
with trade or economic activities e.g. it is important for traders, farmer,
industrialist and bankers.

Multiple Choice Questions & Answer

Select the Correct Answer from given choices

1. How many words make the combination of word Geography:

a) Three b) Two ()
c) Four d) Five

1. From which language of the world the word Geo has been taken;
a) English b) Greek ()
c) German d) French

3- What is meaning of the word Geo in Greek language;

a) Ocean b) Earth ()
c) Rock d) Soil

4- When did the study of commercial:

a) In Stone Age b) After fifteenth Century ()
c) In modern age c) After World War - I

5- In which branch of Geography we study the surplus resources of the world:

a) Physical Geography b) Regional Geography
c) Human Geography d) Commercial Geography ()
6- What are various types of production economic activities:
a) Three b) Five ()
c) Four c) Two

7- In which type of economic activity commercial farming can be included:

a) Primary b) Quinary
c) Secondary () d) Tertiary

8- In which type of economic activities herding or animal keeping in included;

a) Primary () b) Quinary
c) Secondary d) Tertiary

9- In which type of economic activities cotton textile industry can be included;

a) Primary b) Quinary
c) Secondary () d) Tertiary

10- Which resources were used by man in the world for the first time;
a) Minerals b) Forest ()
c) Agriculture d) Cattle Rearing

11- Which type of vegetation grows in the areas of heavy rain:

a) Mosses or Lichen b) Dense Forest ()
c) Natural Grass d) Thorny Bushes

12- Which is the occupation of the people living on the riverbank or seacoasts;
a) Gardening b) Fishing ()
c) Cattle Rearing d) Mining

13- In which continent the Congo Basin is situated;

a) Asia b) Africa ()
c) Australia d) Antarctica

14- In which continent the Amazon Basin is situated;

a) Europe b) South America ()
c) Africa d) North America

15- In which areas the fast running animals are found;

a) In Cold regions b) Warm Grassland ()
c) Desert Regions d) In Marshy Regions

Chapter # 02 Fishing Industries

1. Detailed Questions and Answers

 2. Short Questions and Answer
3. Multiple Choice Question (MCQs)

Detailed Questions and Answer

Q-1 Explain the various Physical Factors for the progress of Fishing
Industries?
Ans. Fishing: -
Fishing is an act of catching fishes. Fish is an important source of human
food. It is very notorious and provides us with protein, vitamins and calcium,
phosphorous and iron, which may be a useful source of energy and strength
to the body.

Fishing is one of the important professions for the primary industries of the
world and there is no need to cultivate the land, wait for the maturity of the
crops, as like in agriculture. Now a days fishes may be used for various
purposes i.e. food, oil, fertilizers, fir leather.

Factors for the Development of Fishing Industries: -

The main factors that may influence fishing industries can be given as
under: -

a) Physical Factors: -
There are following physical factors which may be helpful the improvements
of fishing industries: -

i. Fish Food: -
All marine life depends on a very minute vegetable life, called plankton, the
animal, plankton lives on vegetable plant. There minute plants have the
power of absorbing the dissolved nitrogenous compounds, mineral salt and
carbon dioxide. These planktons generally confined to levels relatively
confined near the surface, which are penetrated by the sunlight. These
planktons are consumed by the fishes, and therefore, if fish food is available
in abundant quantity, it may help to increase the fishes.

ii. Conditions of Coastline: -

Conditions of coastline are an important factor and it may be helpful for the
growth of fishes. The indented or broken coastlines are most suitable for
fishing industry as they provide harbours and shelter for fisherman in case
of storms.

iii. Topography of Land: -

Topography of land is other factor for the development of fishing industries,
because if topography of the land is not suitable for agriculture then people
would like to prefer the fishing profession.

iv. Availability of Fishing Tools: -

Other factor which may be helpful to promote fishing industry is the
availability of the fishing tools like material for boat construction, baskets,
packing material and racket for drying fishes.

v) Climatic Conditions: -
Climatic conditions for fishing is an important factor because if climatic
conditions are suitable for the fishing it may be helpful for the growth of
 fishing industries. (Areas where cold and warm currents meet is considered
to be a favourable condition for fishing)

b) Economic Factors: -
Main economic factors for the fishing are as under: -

i) Cheap Labour: -
Cheap labour is essential for fishing and the growth of fishing industries, it
can yield more profit. Therefore if there is cheap labour it may help to
promote fishing.

ii) Market Structure: -

Market structure is also an important factor which may be helpful for the
projection of fishing industry. As if there is market perfection, it may help to
facilitate fishing profession because due to market perfection fishermen can
easily sell the fish and earn profit.

iii) Use of Technology: -

Technology is very helpful for fishing industry, it may help to increase the
output and can facilitate the performance of fishermen, so they can save
there time.

iv) Capital Formation: -

Capital formation plays an important role in any industry; therefore, for the
promotion of this industry, capital is a key factor so if capital is available it
may be help to expand the fishing industry.

v) Research Facilities: -
Research facilities can be helpful for projection of fishing industries, because
it can make it easy for the fishermen to do their work very easily.

Q-2 Highlight the Different Methods of Fishing?

Ans. Methods / Techniques of Fishing: -
In the initial days of human history when the men settled along the banks of
rivers, lakes and ocean, he made fishing as his occupation to have food. It
was initial period so the methods of fishing were very simple, traditional and
crude, with the passage of time, adopted different techniques. Some methods
of fishing are given as below: -

i) Hooks: -
This is the old and traditional method of catching fish. In this method, on
the one end of the string an iron hook concealed in small fish or earthworm
or any thing which cold attract fish is tied. When fish swells the hooks, the
fisherman hooks the fish by a jerk and so the fish is stuck up in the hook.

ii) Rods: -
In this method a flexible rod having an iron hooks tied with string (having
fish food) which is used for fishing. The fisherman waits for fish, when fish
has swollen the hook, fisherman having indication, hooks the fish by giving
a strong jerk to the rod in his hand.

iii) Nets
In this method, a net is used for fishing, At the time of knitting the nets, it
is kept in view that the holes of the nets should not be so wide that the fish
of a particular size is released in water. It depends on the desire of the
fisherman that what size of the fish planed to be caught. In this technique a
 net may be dragged under the water from one place to an other place or to
trap fish by putting the string tied with the net.

iv) Spears (Holes): -

According to this method, a fish is targeted by spears (holes in ice). As soon
as a fish appears on the surface either to eat or to breathe, it is aimed by
spears or hole. These spears / holes hook the fish.

Q-3 Describe the Various Kinds of Fisheries?

Ans. Kinds of Fisheries: -
The following brief descriptions provide an overview of capture fishery types.

i) Industrial fisheries
Capital-intensive fisheries using relatively large vessels with a high degree of
mechanization and that normally have advanced fish finding and
navigational equipment. Such fisheries have a high production capacity and
the catch per unit effort is normally relatively high. In some areas of the
world, the term "industrial fisheries" is synonymous with fisheries for species
that are used for reduction to fishmeal and fish oil

ii) Small-scale fisheries

Labour-intensive fisheries using relatively small crafts (if any) and little
capital and equipment per person-on-board. Most often family-owned. May
be commercial or for subsistence (see below). Usually low fuel consumption.
Often equated with artisanal fisheries.

iii) Artisanal fisheries

These types of fisheries include skills, these type of fisheries are run by
skilled people who are do this at domestic or subsistence basis.

iv) Recreational (sport) fisheries

Harvesting fish for personal use, leisure, and challenge (e.g. as opposed to
profit or research). Recreational fishing does not include sale, barter or trade
of all or part of the catch.

v) Commercial fisheries
Fisheries undertaken for profit and with the objective to sell the harvest on
the market, through auction halls, direct contracts, or other forms of trade.

vi) Subsistence fisheries

A fishery where the fish caught are shared and consumed directly by the
families and kin of the fishers rather than being bought by intermediaries
and sold at the next larger market. Pure subsistence fisheries are rare as
part of the products are often sold or exchanged for other goods or services

vii) Traditional fisheries

Fisheries established long ago, usually by specific communities that have
developed customary patterns of rules and operations. Traditional fisheries
reflect cultural traits and attitudes and may be strongly influenced by
religious practices or social customs. Knowledge is transmitted between
generations by word of mouth..

Short Questions & Answer

Q-1 What are the main Fishing Center of the World?

Ans. The main fishing centers of the world are given as under: -
North East Asia: -
Russian
China
Japan
North West Europe: -
Norway
Sweden
Finland
U.K.
Germany
France
Denmark
North East of North America: -
North East Coastal Areas of North America
East Canada
North West America: -
North West Coast of USA
East Coastal of Asia

Q-2 How much total percentage of fish are caught from the oceans of the
world?
Ans. About of total fish caught in the world comes from oceans. Climatic
conditions play an important role for the development of fishes. Mostly fish
prefer to live in moderate climatic conditions. In the areas of those oceans
where cold and warm currents meet, water becomes moderate and these
current bring a large amount of fish food, so they prefer to live in these
areas.

Q-3 Which things are essential for the promotion of fishing industries?
Ans. For promotion of fishing industries, warm climate, and cold storage are used
to prevent fishes from decay. In spite of this broken coast is more useful,
because broken coasts may help fishermen in case of adverse situations.

Q-4 Name the various type of fish found in the world?

Ans. Various types of fishes are Code Salmon, Herring, Sardines, Mackerel, Pearl
Fish and Halibut etc.

Q-5 Explain the World Trade in Fishes?

Ans. The trade in fish can be explained as the Main Importers of fish are U.S.A,
France, Germany and UK and the Main Exporters of fish are Canada,
Japan and Norway in terms of dollars, and in weight of Peru is a leading
country for export of fish.

Multiple Choice Questions & Answer

Select the Correct Answer from given choices

1- In which economic activity the fishing occupation is included?

a) Secondary Activities b) Primary Activities ()
c) Tertiary Activities d) Quinary Economic Activities

2- In which type of water-bodies fish are found in large quantity?

a) In Lakes b) In Oceans ()
c) In Tanks d) In Rivers
3- Which is the basic food content of fish?
a) Protein b) Planktons ()
b) Various Vegetables d) Parts of mineral

4- Bodies getting the meal of animals, which other are taken from big fish is?
a) Protein b) Bones
c) Fish Oil () d) Fates

5- Which type of vitamins is obtained from the meat of fish?

a) Vitamin-A () b) Vitamin-C
c) Vitamin-B d) Vitamin-D

6- Which ocean is famous for fishing in large quantity?

a) Indian Ocean b) Mediterranean Sea
c) Pacific Ocean () d) Arabian Sea

7- Which country has the largest per-head consumption of fish in the world?
a) Pakistan b) UK
c) India d) Japan ()

8- Which is the leading country in the worlds fish production?

a) Russia b) Japan
c) Chile d) China ()

9- How much total percentage of the worlds total fish is caught in Japan?
a) 20% b) 18%
c) 25% d) 15% ()

10- What is the main occupation of the people living on Coasts or Riverbanks?
a) Gardening b) Fishing ()
c) Cattle Rearing d) Mining

11- Which is the favourite climatic region of fish in the world?

a) Cold Regions b) Moderate Regions ()
c) Warm Areas d) Desert Areas

12- What type of coast is considered good for fishing?

a) Sandy Coasts b) Intended or Broken Coast ()
c) Plate Coast d) High Elevated Coasts

13- In which type of coastal water fish are found in large quantity?
a) Warm Current Areas b) Cold & Warm meeting ()
c) Areas of Cold Currents d) Flood Areas

14- In which water of coasts pearl fish is found?

a) Mediterranean Sea b) Red Seas
c) Atlantic Oceans d) Near Sri Lanka & Persian
Gulf ()

15- Which type of climate is harmful for fish meat to parish soon?
a) Severe Cold b) Warm & Dry ()
c) Moderate d) Semi Cold
Chapter # 03 Animal Husbandry

1. Detailed Questions and Answers

2. Short Questions and Answer
3. Multiple Choice Question (MCQs)

Detailed Questions and Answer

Q-1 What do mean by Animal Husbandry? How they help people, and what
the main factors which may influence the Animal Husbandry?
Ans. Animal Husbandry / Herding: -
Rearing of animal is called animal husbandry / herding and is considered as
one of the primary activity of man. The animal found in the various parts of
the world.

A- Role of Animal: -
These animals play an important role in the ecology of nature.

a. The bees carrying pollen fertilize plant.

b. Many harmful insects are eaten by birds.
c. Insects increase the productivity of the soil when they loosen the soil
d. They play a part in chemical cycle of the life also.
e. They may be helpful for Industrial development i.e. Dairying, Wool,
Leather, Poultry.
f. They may be helpful for the provision of foods i.e. Milk, Meat
g. They may be useful in agriculture and transport.

B- Conditions Necessary for Herding: -

Necessary conditions for animal husbandry or herding are given as below: -

a) Climatic Conditions:
Climatic conditions are very important for the development of animal
husbandry or herding because if climatic conditions are favourable it may be
helpful for the promotion of this profession.

b) Transportation:
 Transportation is an other factor that influences the animal husbandry,
because a developed transportation may improve the worth of animal
husbandry and herding.

c) Market:
Market perfection plays a vital role for the development of animal husbandry
or herding as if there is market perfection, it may help to commercialize
herding.

d) Capital:
Main problem of the people is shortage of capital and so we can if there is
sufficient amount of capital it may be helpful to promote these activities.

e) Skilled Labour:
Most of developing countries like Pakistan face the problem of skilled
workers due to this they are unable to manage animal husbandry or
herding, so if there is availability of skilled workers it may be helpful for the
promotion of animal husbandry or herding.

Q-2 Explain the main Regions of Dairy Farming / Herding / Animal

Husbandry?
Ans. Regions of Dairy Farming / Animal Husbandry: -
The principal regions of the commercial dairying in the world are given as
below: -

1- East Central North America:

This region comprises the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in Canada, New
England, Michigan, Wisconsin and USAs North Eastern part. The cool moist
temperate climate, the sandy soils are the most suitable for animal
husbandry as there is sufficient crops than for grain. An other f actor which
may be helpful for herding is a infra structure i.e. railways, transportation,
market perfection which may increase the suitability of animal husbandry /
herding.

2- North Western Europe: -

This region includes France, Denmark, Holland, Switzerland, Germany,
Russia, United Kingdom and Southern part of Sweden. In this region dairy is
an important part of mixed farming. Mostly Peasants (Cultivator) cultivate
grains but simultaneously rear cattle to supplement their income.

3- South East Australia & New Zealand: -

Australia and New Zealand is also an important producer & exporter of dairy
products. A large amount of butter and cheese are exported to other
countries every year. Cooperative societies of New Zealands dairy farming
have special features and have advanced technologies which may be helpful
to handled easily because of cool climate.

4- Asia and Africa: -

The continents of Asia and Africa are quite backward in the respect of dairy
Industry as this industry is not organized on scientific lines.

World trade of Dairy Farming can be given as below: -

a) Importers: -
The main importers of dairy products are Italy, Netherlands, Germany,
Ireland, UK, Belgium and Japan.
b) Exporters: -
The main exporters of dairy products are France, New Zealand, Australia
and USA.

Q-3 What do you know about Beef Cattle and describe the main factors
which are essentials for Beef Cattle?
Ans. Beef Cattle:-
Beef Cattle are kept in those areas and regions which are not useful for
agriculture or where the population is very spare. Beef is the most significant
meat product and normally accounts for about 50% of worlds meat output.

The main factors which are essential for beef cattle are given as under: -

a. Cool and Moderate Dry Climate is essential for beef cattle because it may
help to grow these animals.
b. Meat Preserving arrangements are required to preserve the meat of cattle
otherwise it may not a profitable business.
c. Market Perfections is also essential for Beef Cattle, to sell beef of cattle in
markets.
d. Transportation is required to transfer meat from the point of production
to the point of consumptions.
e. Availability of abundance cheap land is required to keep and manage the
cattle because it needs abundance land.

Short Questions & Answer

Q-1 Define Herding and various types of animals in the world?

Ans. From early days of the world man is rearing animals for cultivation,
transportation, food, riding and industrial purposes, these animals are
important and valuable and the process of keeping animals is called Herding
i.e. Horse, cow, buffalo, camel, yak donkey. Different types of are Wild
Animals, Domesticated or Tame Animals.
Q-2 What are various kinds of Herding?
Ans. The main kinds of Herding are given as below: -
a. Nomadic Herding: Nomadic Herding is used for the transportation purposes
and supply of food and other materials i.e. Camel, Horses, Yak etc.

b. Live Stock herding: It is used for transportation as well as for food and
meat purposes i.e. Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Horses etc.

c. Commercial Farming: Practiced in advance countries, it on commercialized

basis and including dairy purpose, transportation and meat etc.

d. Subsistence Farming: Normally we see in less developed countries, and all

the activities of farming are just to meet the personal needs of the farmers or
agriculturist.

e. Mixed Farming: In developing countries we see the mixed farming. In mixed

farming all the herding or animal husbandry activities are on commercial
and subsistence basis.

Q-3 Write a brief note on factors effecting the distribution of Live Stock?
Ans. Certain physical and socio economic factors affect the live stock farming,
such as grazing grounds, climate, soil, transportation, size of market, food,
demand of animals and capital .

Q-4 Define in Short the poultry Farming of the World?

Ans. Due to demand of met poultry farming has developed commercially since last
7 years. For demand of whet and egg are being supplied. Commercial
farming has been started since 1930. Poultry farming is done in large scale
in more than 40 countries of the world, i.e. USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Australia,
and Pakistan are the prominent in this regards.

Q-5 Name the various countries which are leading in Herding or Animal
Husbandry?
Ans. The main countries of various continents are given as below which are
leading in animal husbandry or animal herding.
a) USA: USA is the leading beef producing country in the world
b) Netherlands: Netherlands is the leading producer of dairy products in
Europe.
c) Argentina: Argentine is leading dairy industry country of South America
d) Australia: Australia is the most suitable country of dairy products in world.
e) Australia, New Zealand and South Africa are the countries where sheep
are reared on large scale.

Multiple Choice Questions & Answer

Select the Correct Answer from given choices

1- Animal keeping or herding is considered as?

a) Secondary Activity b) Primary Activity ()
c) Tertiary Activity d) Quaternary Activity

2- Which animal is considered very useful in Tundra serve cold regions?

a) Cow b) Reindeer ()
c) Buffalo d) Camel

3- Which type of method is used for herding in under developed countries?

a) Scientific Methods b) Unscientific Methods ()
c) Herding by Rich only d) Herding by Poor only
4- Which country of the southern hemisphere continent is leading in the
production of wool in the world?
a) New Zealand b) Australia ()
c) Argentina d) republic of South Africa

5- Which type of useful animal is found in cold mountainous areas?

a) Horses b) Yak ()
c) Lion d) Elephant

6- Which type of climate is most suitable for dairy farming industry?

a) Warm Dry Climate b) Moderate Climate ()
c) Damp Climate d) Cold Climate

7- Which is the leading country in the dairy industry in the continent of

Europe?
a) Britain (UK) b) New England ()
c) Germany d) Russian Federation
8- Which country in Southern hemisphere is leading for the production of
Sheep?
a) Brazil b) Argentina
c) New Zealand d) Australia

9- Which continent is leading producer of wool in the world?

a) Europe b) Asia
c) Australia () d) Africa

10- Which is the leading producer of beef in the world?

a) Russia b) China
c) Brazil d) USA ()

11- Which Continent is the largest user of wool?

a) Africa b) Antarctica
c) Europe () d) Asia

1. Which method of transportation is used in mountainous areas?

a) Cows b) Mules ()
c) Elephants d) Camels

13- Which animal is used in desert areas?

a) Camel () b) Leopard
c) Horses d) Donkeys

14- Herding means?

a) Farming b) Dairy Products
c) Keeping Animals () d) None of them

15- Which country of North America is leading in the production of beef and
animals?
a) USA () b) Mexico
c) Canada d) Panama

Chapter # 04 Industries & Manufacturing

1. Detailed Questions and Answers

2. Short Questions and Answer
3. Multiple Choice Question (MCQs)
Q-1 Define Industry? Explain the various kinds of Industries?
Ans. Industry: -
 Manufacturing is secondary activity, which involves transforming raw
material into to finished goods and the distribution of the final goods to the
consumer. In manufacturing process, utility of product increases and at
least some amount of value is added to the raw material. This process of
manufacturing is called Industry. It may be defined as: -

The term manufacturing includes those activities by which man change the
form or nature of the raw material, converting them into more useful
products. These transforming operations are conducted in factories, to which
are brought raw materials from various source regions and from which go
finished products to diverse market regions.

b) Kinds of Industries: -
For giving a specific name to an industry, there may be various grounds like
volume of the capital, type, labour, size, manufacturing process, scale of
production, methods of production, use of technologies etc. The main
classifications of Industries are given as below: -

i) Extractive Industries: -
Extractive Industries are those industries which are not involved in the
production process, the main aim of these industries to extract natural
resources from the land e.g. iron, gold, copper, mineral oil industries,
platinum, uranium, silver, coal, salt etc.

ii) Manufacturing Industries: -

Manufacturing Industries include those activities which are directly related
to the conversion of raw material into finished goods i.e. All those industries
which convert raw materials into finished goods.

iii) Capital Goods Industries: -

Capital Industries are those industries which produce further capital are
called capital intensive industries. It includes all those industries which
produce machines, tools implements, plants etc.

iv) Consumer Goods Industries: -

Consumer Good Industries are those industries which produce goods for the
satisfaction of consumer, in other words these industries produce goods for
the end users e.g. clothes, shoes, medicines, foods items etc.

v) Labour Intensive Industries: -

Labour Intensive Industries are those industries which use labour to
produce final goods, it means those industries depend on people/labour to
produce finished goods.

vi) Capital Intensive Industries: -

Capital Intensive Industries are those industries which use machines to
produce final goods; it means capital intensive industries depend upon
machines to produce final or finished goods.

vii) Small Scale Industries: -

Small Scale Industries are those industries, which use small amount of
capital, small number of labour (<50), size of industry is small and business
activities are very limited.

viii) Large Scale Industries: -

 Large Scale Industries are totally opposite to the small scale industries.
These industries use large amount of capital, large number of workers, and
all business activities are not limited.

ix) Genetic Industries: -

These are those industries which include the research work, and in a result
new kinds of products become possible. The new species of animal and new
kinds of plants are produced e.g. the genetic industry has given the result in
the form of test tube baby.

x) High Tech Industries: -

These Industries require high calibre scientists and highly skilled engineers,
aim of these industries to bring new innovation in the fields of science. The
remarkable invention of this century is computer and super computer,
which require the most modern sophisticate technologies to produce.

xi) Micro Chip Industries: -

Now it is time of to get maximum within minimum time and this is the
reason the modern age is renowned with the name of age of brevity. Micro-
Chip (a piece of silicone) Industry has reduced the huge goods and brought
tiny volume goods e.g. cameras, radios, watches; telephones have been
reduced in volume to an unbelievable size.

xii) Analytical Industries: -

Analytical Industries are those industries in which one good is broken into
various products; the best example of analytical industries is petroleum as
we get various types of products from crude oil.

xiii) Synthetic Industries: -

Synthetic Industries are those industries in which two different goods are
combined to make a single goods, it includes all those industries which are
helpful for the conversion of raw material into finished good.

iv) Fabricating Industries: -

Fabricating Industries are those industries which involve the activities of
analytical as well as synthetic process. In these types of industries different
types of activities are involved and different bi-product and combined
products come into being.

Q-2 Explain the factors for localization of Industries and the factors which
influence the Industrial Development?
Ans. Factors for Localization of Industries: -
The factors which may influence the industrial development can be
explained with the help of following contents.

1- Geographical Factors:
Geographical Factors can be explained as

a) Availability of Land: -
Land is an important factor for industrial development; cost of land may
change with change of economic development of the area. Due to increasing
cost of land near urban areas, modern factories are more likely to be located
in suburban or rural locations than near the centre of city. So we availability
of land is an important factor industrial development.
b) Raw Material Availability: -
Availability of raw material may be responsible for industrial development,
so if raw material is available and is near to production unit it may be
helpful to increase the productivity level. Therefore, it can be said that raw
material may play an important role for industrial development.

c) Climatic Conditions:
Climatic conditions may be responsible for industrial development or
localization, because different industries require different climate for
production of various goods, so if climatic conditions are most suitable, it
may be helpful to improve the industrial development in particular areas.

d) Water Resources: -
Availability of water is a factor which may be helpful for the industrial
localization, because availability of water near industrial plants is pre-
requisite for industries like iron and steel, textile, paper, card board, copper
etc. as water may be used for directly for production purposes as well as for
drinking. Therefore the recent trend of industrial localization indicates
strong influence of the proximity of water source.

e) Energy Resource: -
Fuel is one of the pre-requisites in manufacturing units. The conversion of
fuel, solid, liquid or gaseous, to kinetic energy is the basis for the
transformation of raw material to the finished good, and these resources are
helpful for the production activity and without these resources production
can not be possible. So if energy resources are available it may be a positive
sign for industrial growth.

f) Infra-Structure: -
A good infra-structure is an important factor for industrial growth, infra
structure is related to development process, it shows structure of road,
building, availability of institutions etc. and if we have a good infra structure
it may be helpful for industrial development.

2- Socio Economic Factors: -

Socio-Economics Factors can be explained as: -

a) Capital Formation: -
Formation of capital is basic requirement of industry and it plays a vital role
for the establishment of manufacturing unit. In modern manufacturing
world not only the product but its marketing also needs tremendous capital
investment. The large industrial establishment requires such huge money.
So to keep pace with the changing nature of manufacturing process large
amount of capital is required therefore capital is an important factor for
industrial development.

b) Availability of Labour: -
Along with capital, raw material, labour is very dynamic and active factor for
industry. Availability of labour is an essential pre-requisite for industrial
location. This condition is more applicable particularly in labour intensive
industries. Normally we have different categories of labour i.e. skilled, semi
skilled and unskilled labour which is properly managed in industry. So
availability of labour may influence industrial growth.

c) Transportation: -
 Transportation and communication has been reduced in last century, still
the role of transport in the process of manufacturing units can not be
ignored. Transportations may be used for movement of raw material,
finished goods and manpower from one place to an other place. The
advancement of transportation methods reduces the expenditure and a well
designed transportation system may be helpful for an improved industry
structure.

d) Market Demand & Market Supply: -

Market demand and supply are also important for industry because most of
production strategies are made considering market demand and supply and
therefore it is important that an industrialist must consider the market
demand and supply to avoid surplus or shortage of goods.

e) Market Structure: -
There are various types of market structures. Market structure is very much
effective in the process of industrial development. Therefore if market
structure is suitable for any industry it may be helpful for industrial growth
and development.

f) Management: -
Management of production process, market strategies, supply and demand,
future expectation, speculations etc are very important for industrial growth,
and it is directly related to industrial development and localization.

g) Government Policies: -
Government policies are also the factors which may effect the industrial
development if all the government polices are in the favour of industrial
development it may be helpful for industrial localization and growth.

h) Tax Structure: -
Tax structure and tax policies may be responsible for industrial development
e.g. if heavy taxes are imposed on the industry it may be against the
industrial development and industrial growth and development would be
minimized due to low profit margins.

j) Political Stability: -
Politically stable country can easily increase the industry because if there is
political stability in a country it may be helpful to prepare good policies
which may be helpful for industrial localization and growth.

k) Law and Order Situation: -

Law & Order situation is an important factor for industrial growth, as if law
& order conditions are suitable it may attract industrialist to invest more
and in this regards it may increase the industrial development process.

Q-3 Write down the importance of Industry?

And. Importance of Industry / Role of Industry for Economy of a Country: -
Importance / role of Industry for the economy of the country can be
explained as with the help of following points.

i)- Increase in Production: -

The first benefit of industry is that it is very much helpful in this sense that
it increases the productivity level of the country which results in removal of
shortage in the country.
ii) Employment Opportunities: -
Industry may be helpful for the employment of the people, because an
installation of an industry requires men power, therefore when industrial
process is started it responses in an employment opportunities.

iii) Reduces Dependent on other Countries: -

Industry also results in reduction of the dependence on other countries, as if
any country has a capacity to product numbers of goods, it reduces the
dependence to buy goods from any other country.

iv) Imports Reduce:-

Most of the countries import goods from abroad due to fact that they do not
have sufficient production capacity, that is why they have to import from
abroad, in case if a country is capable to produce goods, then it does not
need to import goods and so we can say that industrial development may be
helpful to reduce the imports.

v) Exports May be Increased: -

Industrial process may be helpful for increasing the export level, because
when a country is in position to produce sufficient goods then it may be
possible to export extra goods. So we can say industrial development may be
helpful to export goods.

vi) Increase in Foreign Exchange: -

As if there is an increase in exports of the country it may result in an
increase in the foreign exchange of the country, because due to export a
country can get foreign exchange from abroad.

vii) Balance of Payment and Trade: -

As when exports are greater than imports it results in surplus balance of
payment & trade and this all is possible when we have a developed
industrial setup, sufficient industrial goods of best quality.

viii) Terms of Trade: -

When amounts of exports is greater than amount of imports, this results in
favourable terms of trade and favourable terms of trade is a good sign of any
economy.

Q-4 Write a note on Iron and Steel Industry?

Ans. Iron and Steel Industry: -
Production of iron is one of the oldest manufacturing industries of the world.
The exact date at which people discovered the technique of iron
manufacturing is not known. The earliest iron implements discovered by
Archaeologists in Egypt about 3000 BC, however iron ornaments were used
even earlier. Now days modern machinery, tools, equipments are made of
iron and in fact modern industry depends upon Iron.

a) Iron Manufacturing: -
At present time about 90% of Iron is converted into steel due to the factor of
its durability and useful usage of steel for long period of time. The main
steps which are involved in the process of manufacturing Iron and Steel are
given as below: -

i) Pig Iron: -
 The basic materials used for the manufacturing of Pig-Iron are Iron-Ore,
Coke, and Limestone.

a. The coke is burned as a fuel to heat the furnace;

b. As it burns, the coke gives off carbon monoxide,
c. Carbon monoxide combines with iron oxides in the Iron-Ore which
reduces them to metallic iron.
(This is basic chemical reaction in the blast furnace i.e. it can be
explained with this equation Fe2O + 3CO = 3CO2 + 2Fe)
d. The Limestone in furnace used as an additional source of Carbon
Monoxide and is combined with Iron-Ore. This mixture is called Pig-Iron,
it contains about 92 % Carbon, 3 4 % Silicon, 0.5 3 % Manganese,
0.25 2.5 % Phosphorus and 0.04 2 % Sulphur.

ii) Steel: -
Pig-Iron is smelt in steel furnaces, and is freed from all impurities then a
small percentage of Carbon is added to the pure Iron to convert it into steel.
However from this Pig-Iron different types of steel are obtained with the help
of following methods.

a) Open Hearth Process: -

In this process Pig Iron is heated about 1650 0C (about 3000 0F) as melting
point of steel is about 1370 0C, impurities are removed from the Pig-Iron
Mixture to obtain the steel.

b) The Bessemer Process: -

This process was introduced in the middle of 19 th Century. This process
contains in the pear shape furnace, air has been replaced by the pressure to
remove the impurities. However this process can not totally removed the
impurities from Pig-Iron Material.

c) Basic Oxygen Process: -

It is an improvement over Bessemer process, in this process steel is refined
in a pear shaped furnace that tilts sideways for charging and pouring. Air
ahs been replaced by high pressure stream of nearly pure Oxygen. The
oxygen is combined with impure material and helps to purify the steel from
impurities.

d) The Crucible Process: -

This is an old and expensive method; in this method wrought iron is melt in
clay and graphite pot and carbon and alloys are added directly to the molten
iron which helps to purify steel.

e) The Electric Process: -

In some furnaces, electricity is used instead of fire supplies the heat for the
melting and refining of steel. Electric furnaces are particularly valuable for
producing stainless steel and other highly alloyed steel that must be made to
exciting specifications. In this process all the process is done in closed
chamber. This process is used in developed countries like France, Sweden,
Italy and Japan.

b) Classification of Steel: -
Steels are grouped into five main classifications: -

i) Carbon Steel: -
 More than 90% of all steels are carbon steels. They contain varying amounts
of carbon and not more than. It is used for the manufacturing of machines,
automobiles bodies, structural steel for building, ship hulls, bed springs and
pins (paper and thump).

ii) Alloy Steel: -

These steels have various specific compositions containing certain
percentage of vanadium, molybdenum that makes steel strong, tough and
resistant to shocks and vibrations and used automobiles gears and axles.

iii) High Strength Low Alloy Steel: -

It is called HSLA Steels, they contains less alloys steel because they contain
only small amount of alloys elements and have been specific processed to
have much more strength than others.

iv) Stainless Steels: -

Stainless steels contain chromium, nickel and other alloys elements which
keep them bright and resistant in spite of moisture or the action of acids and
gases. These are used pipes and tanks of petroleum refineries, chemical
plants, Jet Planes for space capsules, surgical instruments and equipment.

v) Toll Steels: -
These type of steels contain specific alloys elements which give them extra
strength, hardness and resistance. These are used for manufacturing of
tools, cutting and shaping equipments for various operations.

c) Production and Distribution of Iron and Steel in the World

Production and world wise distribution of Iron and Steel can be given as
below: -

i) U. S. A: -
U.S.A is considered to be the largest producer of iron and steel but its
production has declined to some extent. Most of the iron and steel is used to
make automobiles, ships, weapons and aeroplanes. The major iron and steel
regions of USA are located in Northern part of USA which are as under: -

a) Pitts-burg District , b) Lake Erie Region ,

c) Chicago-Gary Region d) Duluth
e) Birmingham Region f) The Middle Atlantic Region

ii) Canada: -
Canada has a large iron and steel industry, two of the leading centres
Hamilton and Sault Saint Marie are located the Grate Lakes areas.

iii) Germany: -
Germany occupied the second place in steel manufacturing until the World
War II, which it has now lost. The iron and steel areas of Germany are in the
Ruhr Coal Field in Europe. This region extends from Dortmund to Duisburg
and they are a chain of factories.

iv) France: -
Both the iron and steel are found in France. Huge Iron and steel industry
has developed in the Lorraine area with Metz, Briey, Nancy and Longway as
the centre.
v) Spain: -
 Spain is also a producer of iron and steel, however Spain produces steel and
steel industry in Spain is located at Bilbao.

vi) China: -
The iron and steel industry was introduced by Japanese. The industry was
started at Anshan and Penhsihu. Now presently China has a wide range of
Industrial Development and industry is located in Hankow, Hanyang,
Shanghai, Peking and Canton.

vii) India: -
Iron and steel are found in India and the main iron centers are at Jemshed
Pur, Tata Iron and Steel Work have been established in India.

viii) Japan: -
Japan is not only one of the leading industrial country of the world but it is
also one of leader in iron and steel Industry.

ix) USSR
Since 1931 former USSR attained the 3 rd place among the steel producing
countries. After the 2nd World War it became to 2nd place. Southern Ukraine,
Yenakiyero and Donetz are the important areas of Iron and steel industry.

x) Brazil: -
The development of the production of steel in Brazil is spectacular. Since
1973 production of steel has been witnessed. Apart from Brazil, other South
American countries are not well developed in iron and steel industry. So in
this region we can say Brazil has a developed steel industry.

xi) Other Countries: -

A steel and iron industry may be present in Bulgaria, Sweden, Italy, Poland,
Australia, Egypt, Turkey and Pakistan.

Q- 5 Write a note on Cotton Textile Industry?

Ans. Cotton Textile Industry: -
Cotton textile industry is the oldest among all manufacturing activities. The
history of cotton textile industry can be traced even in the early phase of
human civilization. The sign of the existence of cotton textile industry was
well established in early civilization like Indus Valley, Egyptian, Roman etc.
and with the passage of time it was spread all over the world. Now at present
days cotton textile industry is considered to be a backbone of any economy.

Major Textile Producing Countries: -

The main textile producing countries in which cotton textile industry is
constructed are as follow: -

a) China: -
China is the largest producer of cotton textile. China has a huge population
and has become self sufficient in her requirements. Shanghai is the chief
center of the textile industry. Other include Tienstin, Tsigtao, Hankow and
Canton. Approximately china produces about 275 million meters production
of fabric.

b) India: -
India is also a producer of textile products. Bombay is the most ideal place
for the textile industry in India. About 50% of the mills are situated in
 Bombay. Calcutta is the second largest center of textile industries. Others
important centers include Ahmedabad, Poona, Kanpur, Madras and Delhi.
India produces about 238 million meters of fabric.

c) USSR: -
The cotton textile industry has been well established in USSR, most of the
industrial setup is in Kazakhstan and Ukraine areas, some other centers of
cotton textile products are located at Moscow, Tashkent and Samarqand.
Annual production of textile products is about 200 million meters.

d) USA: -
USA produces textile products about 194 millions meter yearly and is an
important center of textile goods. The states of Rhode Island, Massachusetts,
Boston, Waterbury and New Bedford are very important for textile
production.

e) Japan: -
Japan is also a producer of textile goods and about 215 million meter fabric
is produced in this country even than there is not an availability of raw
material for cotton products. The main cotton textile industry production
centers are Nagoya, Tokyo, Yokohama and Osaka.

f) Pakistan: -
Pakistan has not only become self sufficient in cotton textile requirement but
also become one of the largest exporter of cotton cloth and other products.
The main centers of textile production are Faisalabad, Karachi, Multan,
Hyderabad, Rawalpindi, Kotri, and Lahore. Approximately annual
production of cotton textile goods is 31 million meters.

g) UK: -
England is also a producer of cotton textile goods and approximately
produces 24.7 millions meter fabric annually. The major centers of textile
industries are Manchester, Lancashire, Midland, West Riding and Scotland.

h) Brazil: -
Brazil is a producer of textile industry, the major centers of cotton textile
industries are Rio-de-Janeiro, Saupaul and Minas Gareas. Annual
production of cotton textile is 22.42 millions meter.

i) Egypt: -
Cotton textile recently has been developed in Egypt with the help of Japan,
Alexandria, Cairo and Suez are the main centers of textile. Annual
production of cotton textile goods is about 13 millions.
j) Other Countries: -
Other countries are also the cotton textile products, like South Africa,
Nigeria, Italy, Germany, Spain, France Turkey, Indonesia and Belgium.

Q-6 Write a note on Woollen Textile Industry?

And. Woollen Textile Industry:-
Woollen manufacturing industry is perhaps older than cotton textile
industry. The transformation of the fleece of sheep into fabric is one of the
most ancient and fundamental of manufacturing processes. Man has been
using wool for his clothing before the birth of Christ. It is mainly used in
temperate or cold lands, its use is winter is also common in Tropical areas
 as it prevents the escape of heat from the body, and does not get wet easily
from rain.

Wool as raw material is impure in nature and highly variable fibber is sold
primarily in the form of fleece of sheep. Arriving at the mills, wool undergoes
a cleaning process that shrinks its weight by one third or even up to two
third. Sorting of Fibbers into separate Pills, Wool Fibbers are passed through
the process of Carding (Cleaning/arranging and making then straight,
Categorizing as the requirement

Woollen industry produces variety of cloth with different types of raw wool
like Worsted Clothes (Merinos, Hosiery, Carpets), Woollen Clothes
(Blankets, Flannel), Shoddy Clothes (Mixed Cloth), Felt (A fabric produced
without weaving but by beating and rolling the wool fibbers).

Major Woollen Cloth Producing Countries: -

The details of major woollen cloth producing countries are given as below: -

a) England: -
It is an old industry of UK and had monopoly in woollen textile goods before
the World War-II and had to import large amount of wool from Australia,
New Zealand to the woollen mills. The main centers of woollen textile goods
are Yorkshire, Bradford, Halifax and Huddlers. Annual production of woollen
textile goods is about 80.94 million meters.

b) Russia: -
Russia was a leading in the production of woollen textile goods before 1991,
after the separation of Russian States from Russian the woollen textile
production has been declined and these states are fulfilling the demand of
common wealth. Approximately production of woollen textile good is about
70.08 million meters.

c) USA: -
Woollen textile industry has arrived late here in USA but today we can see
that every state has woollen mills. The main centers are Maryland,
Massachusetts, Rhode Island States and Philadelphia. USA has to import a
large amount of wool from Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina. Annual
production of woollen textile goods is about 93.01 million meters.

d) Japan: -
Japan is a leading country in Asia that produces woollen textile goods.
Japan has to import fine wool from Australia and New Zealand. The main
centers of woollen textile products are Nagoya, Osaka and Yokohama. Japan
exports surplus woollen fabrics to various other countries and annual
production is approximately 36.05 million meters.

e) France: -
Annual production of woollen textile goods is about 33.04 million meters.
France is well known producer of woollen cloth among European countries.

f) Germany: -
Germany has achieved an important position in woollen textile products, as
being a cold country there is a vast market for woollen fabrics. The main
centers of woollen textile products are in Hamburg. Annual production of
Germany is about 23.06 million meters.
g) China: -
China is also a producer of woollen textile goods in Asia and about 26.77
million meters woollen cloth per year is produced in china. The main centers
of woollen textile industry in China are Shanghai, Tienstin, Tsigtao, Hankow
and Canton.

h) India: -
India has also a woollen textile industry and about produces about 10
million meters woollen fabric and main centers of woollen textile industry are
Ahmedabad, Poona, Kanpur, Madras and Delhi.

j) Other Countries: -
Besides the above mentioned countries woollen textile industry is found in
Yugoslavia, Italy, Turkey, Brazil and Mexico.

Q-6 Write a note on Silk Industry?

Ans. Silk Industry: -
Silk has been a luxury apparel fabric since olden times and stands in a class
by itself to this day. There are tow main types of silk in the world i.e. Natural
Silk and Artificial Silk.

a. Natural Silk: - Natural silk is the fibber of silk that is obtained from Silk
Worms. The mulberry leaves are the main food of silk worms. The
production of natural silk is depends upon the amount of leaves of mulberry
trees.

b. Artificial Silk: - Artificial silk is obtained from Rayon and Tatryon. These
fibbers resemble like natural silk and comparatively cheaper which are being
used mixed with natural fibbers like cotton and wool.

a) Important Silk Producing Countries

The main silk producing countries are given as below: -

i) Japan: -
Although the industries of Japan were destroyed during the World War II,
but after the end of the war, Japan has gained the position in industrial
sector and now Japan is producing Natural Silk as well as Artificial Silk.

ii) Italy: -
Italy is also an important silk producing country of Europe, the Po-Valley of
Italy is the center of this industry. Although this industry suffered a lot
during the World War II, but now Italy has regained the position and exports
a large number of silk goods of Natural and Artificial Silk.

iii) Russia: -
The states of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Crimea are famous
for production of Natural Silk and in various parts of raw material for
Artificial Silk is available in large quantity. So Russia exports Artificial and
Natural Silk to various countries of the world.

iv) China: -
China is known as a home of Natural Silk. This is an important cottage
industry of this country. The main centers of Natural Silk are Si-Kiang
Valley, Yang-Tse-Kiang Valley, Min Valley and Shantung Peninsula are the
most suitable placed for the production of Natural Silk.
v) Korea: -
Korea has an ideal condition for the growth of Silk Worm. The government
gave incentive to run this cottage industry on large scale. Therefore, now
Korea is not only an important producer of Natural Silk but also exports
Natural Silk products to other countries.

vi) France: -
France is a second largest Natural Silk producing country of Europe, but
now this industry has been declining due to shortage of cheap labour.
However France produces Natural Silk and exports the Silk products to
other countries.

vii) U. S. A: -
USA is the leading Artificial Silk producing country of the world. The main
centers of Artificial Silk Industry are Georgia, North & South Kerolena,
Tenesi and Virginia

viii) England: -
The industrial revolution came first in UK among European countries. This
country got a leading position amount Artificial Silk products
manufacturing. Now UK is exporting its surplus Artificial Silk products to
various countries.

ix) Germany: -
Artificial Silk industry had been established in Germany before the World
War II, but due to war this country could not retain its position. Most of the
Artificial Silk industry is situated in Rhur & Alb River Valley, where raw
material is available in enough quantity. Germany exports surplus
production to other countries.

x) India: -
Before partition the Artificial silk Industry has been established in this
region. The leading states in this industry are Maharashtra, Karntaka,
Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal which are helpful to export Artificial Silk
products to other Countries.

xi) Pakistan: -
This industry has been established in various parts of Pakistan after
independence. Few mills of Artificial Silk are working at Gharo near Karachi,
Kala Shah Khaku near Lahore, Sheikhupura, and Faisalabad.

Q-7 Write a note on Fertilizers Industry?

Ans. Fertilizers Industry: -
Fertilizers manufacturing is a chemical industry and is based on Atoms
(solid, liquid and a gas) which help to increase the fertility of land. For the
growth and development of a man, nature has provided to him different
things and elements such as proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins etc.

In this age of modern agriculture, essential mineral must be put back to

achieve the sustained food supply and to offset the losses which result from
cropping. The modern research shows that plants need different types of
mineral for their growth and these minerals like Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Magnesium, Potassium, Sulphur, Calcium and Iron. So to obtain good crops
 from the soil we must use any kinds of fertilizer. Scientist divide fertilizers in
three kinds.

a) Kinds of Fertilizers: -
The main kinds of fertilizers are: -

1- Natural Manure: -
Animal and human waster are considered as natural manure as these
contain all elements which a required to the land.

2- Green Manure: -
Nature had made some plants which when decayed decomposed are used as
manure e.g. Gowara & Genter plants.

3- Artificial Manure: -
These manures are prepared by a chemical process and possess the quality
to improve the deficiency of the elements in land. Normally three kinds of
manures are used.

i) Nitrogenous Fertilizers: -
This category includes Nitrogen Elements like Ammonium Sulphate Urea,
Nitro Lime-Stone, Ammonium Sulphur and Nitrates.

ii) Phosphorus Fertilizers: -

This category includes Phosphorus Elements like Nitro Phosphate and
Ammonium Phosphate.

iii) Potash Fertilizers: -

This category includes Potash as a raw material to increase the fertility of
land.

b) Use of Fertilizers: -
Fertilizers may be used for following purposes: -

Increases crops yields

Improve quality of crops.
Increasing farm income
Improve the soil level
Restore the fertility of land
Increases the productivity level.

c) Worlds Fertilizers Production: -

World-wise production of fertilizers can be explained as: -

i) USA: -
USA has an important position in the production of fertilizers and it has be
capability to produce all types of fertilizers and USA produces 9950
thousand tons Nitrogenous Fertilizers, 7509 thousand tons Phosphorus
Fertilizers and 1956 thousands tons of Potash Fertilizers per year.

ii) Russia: -
Russia is included an important producer of artificial fertilizers, and has the
capability of export the sufficient quantity of fertilizers to other countries.
Russia produces every 9130 thousand tons of Nitrogenous Fertilizers, 3588
thousand tons of Phosphorus Fertilizers and 8384 thousand tons of Potash
Fertilizers.
iii) China: -
China is a largest country according to population in Asia. China has
achieved a distinguished position after the revolution in agriculture field.
China has been using Artificial Fertilizers also and is in position to produce
all kinds of fertilizers. Annually China produces 4600 thousand tons of
Nitrogenous Fertilizers, 1307 thousand tons of Phosphorus Fertilizers and
320 thousand tons of Potash Fertilizers.

iv) India: -
India is also in position to produce Nitrogenous and phosphorus Fertilizers
and about 45 units are engaged in the production of fertilizers and in near
future 17 more units are going to become functional to fulfil the requirement
of the country. However India is not self sufficient in production of fertilizers
and imports from abroad. Annual production of India is about 2256
thousand tons Nitrogenous Fertilizers, 850 thousand tons of Phosphorus
Fertilizers.

v) Pakistan: -
After the independence of Pakistan we have not unit of Artificial Fertilizers.
Now more than 10 units are working in Pakistan, which produce
Nitrogenous and Phosphorus Fertilizers. Annually Pakistan produces 1569
thousand tons of Nitrogenous Fertilizers and 960 thousand tons of
Phosphorus Fertilizers.

vi) France: -
France is 2nd largest country which produces Artificial Fertilizers and
annually France produces 1476 thousand Tons of Nitrogenous Fertilizers,
1169 thousand Tons of Phosphorus Fertilizers and 1649 thousand Tons of
Potash Fertilizers.

vii) Japan: -
After World War-II, Japan has achieved prominent place in the industrial
field. Japan is capable to produce Nitrogenous and Phosphorus Fertilizers
and annual production of Japan is 1448 thousand Tons and 700 thousand
Tons respectively.

viii) Germany: -
Germany has an important position in the production of Artificial Fertilizers
and in position to export its sufficient production to other countries. Annual
production of Germany is 1305 thousand Tons of Nitrogenous Fertilizers,
722 thousand Tons of Phosphorus Fertilizers and 2445 thousand Tons of
Potash Fertilizers.

ix) Netherlands (Holland)

In European countries, Holland occupies an important position in Artificial
Fertilizer producing countries. Holland not only self sufficient in its own
requirement but surplus is being exported to other countries and annual
production of Nitrogenous and Phosphorus Fertilizers is 1298 thousand
Tons and 264 thousand Tons respectively.

x) Italy: -
 Italy is also a producer of Artificial Fertilizers and produces 1032 thousand
Tons of Nitrogenous Fertilizers and 494 thousand Tons of Phosphorus
Fertilizers.

d) International Trade of Fertilizers: -

USA, Russia, France, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Italy are the exporter of
Fertilizers and Argentina, Brazil, Indonesia, Turkey, Pakistan, India are the
importer of the Fertilizers.

Short Questions & Answer

Q-1 How many types of manufacturing in the World?

Ans. There are four types of manufacturing, which are given as below: -

a) Household Manufacturing (Includes Cottage Industry)

b) Community Base Manufacturing (Manufacturing for Particular
Community)
c) Simple Manufacturing Process (Includes Skills Base Manufacturing)
d) Complex Manufacturing (Large Scale, Multi-Steps and Multiple
Products)

Q-2 when the people of Subcontinent had started the use of Industry?
Ans. People of Indo-Pak started the use of industry before the birth of Christ

Q-3 Enlist the main point which can explain the role of Industry?
Ans. An Industry can play a vital role for any country and any economy, it can be
explained as: -
i. Increases Production
ii. Remove the Shortage
iii. Employment Opportunities
iv. Export Promotions
v. Foreign Exchange
vi. Favourable Balance of Payment
vii. Favourable Terms of Trade

Q-4 Write in Brief about Iron Steel Industry?

Ans. Today China stands first in producing countries, many countries of the
world are regarded as main manufacturers in iron steel industry which are: -
China, Japan, India, South Korea, Brazil, UK, Italy, Germany, France, USA,
Canada, Ukraine, South Africa, Australia and Poland.

Q-5 What are the main kinds of Fertilizer Industry?

Ans. In agriculture essential minerals are required to increase the fertility of land
to get maximum output and produces from land, so for this different types of
fertilizers are used. Main kinds of fertilizers are given as: -
Natural Manures (Plants and Animals Decay)
Green Manures (Leaves of plants like Gowara Janter and Sun Plants)
Artificial Manures
Nitrogenous Fertilizers
Phosphorus Fertilizers
Potash/Potassic Fertilizers
Q-6 Enlist the Name of Countries which are leading in production of
Industrial Products?
Ans. Countries Leading in Industrial Products

Iron and Steel Industry: -

i. Russia
ii. Japan
iii. USA
iv. China
v. Germany
vi. France

Cotton Textile Industry

i. China
ii. India
iii. Japan
iv. Russia
v. USA
vi. Pakistan

Woollen Textile Industry

i. UK
ii. Russia
iii. USA
iv. Japan
v. France
vi. Germany
Natural Silk Industry
i. Japan
ii. China
iii. Korea
iv. Italy
v. France
vi. Russia

Artificial Silk Industry

i. USA
ii. Japan
iii. Russia
iv. UK
v. India
vi. Pakistan

Fertilizers Industry
i. USA
ii. Russia
iii. China
iv. India
v. Pakistan
vi. France

Q-7 How many types of Silks are used for making Silk Cloth?
Ans. Mostly two types of silk are used for making silk cloth i.e. Natural Silk and
Artificial Silk. Natural Silk is obtained from Silk Worms, which eat the leaves
of mulberry trees and Artificial Silk is made with the help of Artificial Silk
Fibbers which are Rayon, Nylon, and Textron etc.

Multiple Choice Questions & Answer

Select the Correct Answer from given choices

1- In which economic activity industrial sector can be included?

a) Primary Activity b) Secondary Activity ()
c) Tertiary Activity d) Quaternary Activity

2- How many times iron-ore is melted for making it into the stainless steel?
a) 2 Times b) 4 Times ()
c) 3 Times d) 5 Times

3- How many types of silk are used in the world?

a) Four b) Three
c) Two () d) Five

4- In which country industrial revolution was took place in Europe?

a) Britain () b) France
c) Germany d) Italy

5- When the Alfred Weber presented the theory of Industrial Revolution?

a) 1850 b) 1901
c) 1757 d) 1909 ()

6- What is the name of particular industry, where goods are prepared by

hands?
a) Large Scale Industry b) Cottage Industry ()
c) National Industry d) Complex Industry

7- After melting Iron-Ore is converted into?

a) Pig Iron () b) Cast Iron
c) Wrought Iron d) Stainless Steel

8- First Cotton Textile Mill in India was established in

a) Bombay b) Utter Pradesh ()
c) East Punjab d) Kolcata

9- Which type of fuel is mostly used for smelting of Iron-Ore?

a) Wood b) Coal (Rock) ()
c) Mineral Oil d) Natural Gas

10- Which country is leading in Iron and Steel Industry in Asia?

a) South Korea b) Iran
c) China () d) Pakistan

11- Which country of world is leading in Iron and Steel Industry?

a) Canada b) Mexico
c) USA () d) Panama
12- Which country had started the use of machines in the cotton textile industry
for the first time in the world?
a) Britain () b) Germany
c) Russia d) France

13- Which is leading producer of wool in Southern Hemisphere?

a) Argentina b) Australia ()
c) South Africa d) New Zealand

14- Which country is leading producer of fertilizers in the world?

a) USA () b) China
c) Russia d) India

15- How many types of Artificial Fertilizers are produced in the world?
a) 5 Types b) 2 Types
c) 8 Types d) 3 Types ()

Chapter # 05 World Population

1. Detailed Questions and Answers

2. Short Questions and Answer
3. Multiple Choice Question (MCQs)

Detailed Questions and Answer

Q-1 What do you understand by Growth? Explain the various
reasons/factors which affect the population growth and density of
Population?
Ans. As we know that different countries have different areas, different resources
and in the same ways population of the countries may be varied according to
their regions and atmosphere. So this regards we discuss population in
contents of following concepts.

a) Population Growth: -
Every year more than 87 million people are being added to the worlds
population. Every year increase in the population is known as Population
Growth. Population Growth is not simply a problem of numbers but it is a
problem of human welfare and development. Rapid population growth can
have serious consequences for the well being of all humanity, as most of the
problems of people are related to the over-population.
b) Density of Population: -
Density of population means how many people are living in a specific or
particular area. Normally density of population is measured as per squire
kilometre. So we can say that density of population is number of people
living per squire kilometre.

c) Factors are Responsible for High Population/ Density of Population: -

The main factors which are responsible for the population growth or density
of population are given as: -

1) Physical Factors
2) Socio Cultural Factors.
3) Demographic Factors.

1) Physical Factors: -
Physical factors can be explained as: -

i) Location: -
Geographical location plays an important role in determining the regional
pattern of population distribution. If location of any region is suitable for
population growth, it may result in an increase in an increase in the growth
or high density of population i.e. about 75 % of the worlds population live
within in the 1000 KM of the coastal areas, because it is suitable for
population growth.

ii) Altitude: -
Altitude is related to area above the sea, so it may be considered a factor
which may affect the population density of the area. At low altitude
population density is high as compared to high altitude level.

iii) Climate: -
Climatic conditions are very important for population density or growth like
Equatorial Zones is supposed to be a dense population area.

iv) Soil: -
Soil is also an important factor which may influence the population density
or growth of the population. Fertile soil may increase the population density
of the area as there are availability of agricultural facilities.

2- Socio-Cultural Factors: -
Socio-cultural factors can be explained as: -

i) Urbanization: -
Urbanization is movement of people from villages to cities. This process
results in change in the density of population e.g. when people move from
the villages to cities. It increases the population of cities.

ii) Industrialization: -
An factor is an industrial process, people prefer to live in those areas where
industry if available because industrial process help them to get job, to enjoy
the necessities of life, so they move in those areas which contain industrial
setup.

iii) Technological Advancement: -

 Technological development may affect the population growth and density.
Due to technological development people may prefer to join those areas
which are fully occupied and have technological development

iv) Political Stability: -

Political stability may be a factor which influences the population density or
growth i.e. countries with stable governments tend to have a high
population density e.g. Singapore and Unstable countries tend to have lower
population densities as people migrate e.g. Afghanistan.

v) Economical Factors: -
Economic Good job opportunities encourage high population densities,
particularly in large cities and limited job opportunities; cause some areas to
be sparsely populated.

3- Demographic Factors: -
Change in population may be taken place due to natural increase and
medium of migration in the population. Demography is the study of
population which explains the variations in the population the main
demographic factors are: -

a. Increase in Birth Rate is also responsible for high population

density.
b. Low Death Rate may result in an increase the population.

Q-2 Write a note on Demography of Population?

Ans. Demography of Population:
Demography is a study of population which explains the overall variations in
population. It can be explained with the help of this Demographic Model: -

The Demographic Transition Model

The Demographic Transition Model attempts to show how population
changes as a country develop.
The model is divided into four stages.

1- Stage 1: -
Birth rate and death
rate are high - low
natural increase -
low total population
2- Stage 2: -
Birth rate is high -
death rate is falling -
high natural increase
(population growth)
3- Stage 3
Falling birth rate -
low death rate - high
natural increase
(population growth)
4- Stage 4
 Birth rate and death rate is low - low natural increase - high total population
(The Demographic Transition Model does not take into account migration).
Population Structure / Population Pyramids
The population structure for an area shows the number of males and
females within different age groups in the population. This information is
displayed as an age-sex or population pyramid. Population pyramids of
LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries) typically have a wide base
and a narrow top. This represents a high birth rate and high death rate.
Population pyramids of MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries)
typically have a roughly equal distribution of population throughout the age
groups. The top obviously gets narrower as a result of deaths. Population
pyramids for every country in the world can be found here. Population
pyramids are used to show the structure of the population according to age
and sex.
Q-3 Explain the Distribution of Worlds Population?
Ans. Population of the world can be explained as: -

i) Asia Continent: -
Asia supports over half the population of the world. According to statistical
data total areas of Asia is 12,262,691 squire miles which occupies about 30
% of world and total population of Asia is 3766 millions that is about 60.60
% of total worlds population and density of Population is about 307 people
per squire mile. In spite of the great size of population, there are areas like
Sin Kiang, Tibet and Himalayas, where due to irregular relief, low density of
population is found. Also in Iran and Arabia on the western side of Asia only
few people live due to aridity but where water has been arranged, people live
in large number. High density areas are few in number in Asia like China,
India, Bangladesh and Pakistan etc.

ii) Europe: -
The continent of Europe has highest average density of population in the
world. Europe excluding Russian Federation comprises less than four
percent of the total worlds population. According statistical record Total
area of Europe is 4,100,000 squire miles which covers 7 % of the world and
about 728 millions people are living in Europe that is about 11.70 % of
World Population and density of population is about 82 people per squire
mile. Distribution of population is very uneven and living in urban areas and
the most populated countries in Europe are Germany, UK, Italy and France.

iii) Africa: -
Africa is in fact a complex of diverse regions offering different conditions for
human inhabitation and influenced by factors that have hampered an
efficient adjustment of people to resources in many parts of the continent.
Statistical Data explains that total area occupies by Africa is about
11,698,111 squire miles which is about 20 % of world, about 840 Millions
people are living in Africa which is about 13.50 % of total population and
density of population is about 51 people per squire mile. Distribution of
population is very un-even and scattered and mostly populated areas are
Egypt, Algeria, Kenya, Nigeria etc.

iv) Australia (Oceania): -

The island continent of Australia is located in Hemisphere. The general term
is Oceania is used to include Australia, New Zealand and certain other
important land masses. It covers about 3,306,741 squire miles which is
 about 6 % of the world, total population living here is about 32 millions
which is about 5 % total worlds population and density of population is
about 10 people per squire mile. In this region death rate is very low and
most of the population is living in Australia and New Zealand i.e. Sydney,
Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, New Castle, Auckland etc.

v) North America: -
North America is the third largest continent in the world ranking after Asia
and Africa and comprises Canada, USA, Mexico, Central America and West
Indies Most of the population is connecting in the manufacturing regions.
According to statistical record total Area of North America is 8,747,613
squire miles which is about 16 % of the world, Population is about 486
millions (319 + 117 North + Central America) which is about 7.80 % of total
population and density of population is about 41 people per squire mile.
vi) South America: -
South America has an area roughly the same as the USA and Canada
combined. According to statistical data total area of South America is about
6,898,579 squire miles which is 12 % of total area, population of South
America is about 354 millions that is 5.70 % of total population and density
of population is about 51 people per squire mile.

vii) Antarctica: -
Antarctica is the coldest and windiest spot on the planet. In fact, the lowest
temperature on earth was recorded in Antarctica -89.6 C (-129.3 F) and
the mean winter temperature is -40 to -70 C (-40 to -94F) and winds are
commonly measured at up to 200 miles per hour. According to statistical
data shows that total areas of Antarctica is about 5,500,000 squire miles
which is about 6 % of total Area and officially no one is living here and so
density of the population is 0 people per squire mile.

Statistical Data of World Population

Sr # Area Population

Continents Total Area % of Total Population % of Total

Density

Square Miles (in Millions)

1 Asia 17,150,000.00 29.88% 3,766,000,000.00 60.68% 219.59

2 Europe 4,100,000.00 7.14% 728,000,000.00 11.73% 177.56

3 Africa 11,698,111.00 20.38% 840,000,000.00 13.54% 71.81

4 North America 8,747,613.00 15.24% 486,000,000.00 7.83% 55.56

5 South America 6,898,579.00 12.02% 354,000,000.00 5.70% 51.31

6 Australia 3,306,741.00 5.76% 32,000,000.00 0.52% 9.68

7 Antarctica 5,500,000.00 9.58% 0.00 0.00% 0.00

Total 57,401,044.00 100.00% 6,206,000,000.00 100.00% 108.12

Q-4 What do you understand by migration? What are the various types of
Migration?
Ans. Migration is a process of change in residence of the people. It may be
defined as

A permanent or semi-permanent change of residence with no restrictions on

the distance involved in the movement.

Migration like fertility and mortality holds a place of prominence in

geographical analysis of population change in any area. Migration can not
consider a mere shift of people from one place of residence to another place
but it is a process which has a three fold impact i.e. i) on the area
experiencing in migration, ii) on the area experiencing out migration and iii)
on the migrants themselves. Whenever migration process is taken place it
modifies the area of origin, the area of destination as well as the way of life of
the migrants.

1) Migration Type: -
Actually migration is classified into two main categories: -

a. Internal Migration (change of residence with in the country)

b. International Migration (change of residence from one to an other
country)

a) Internal Migration (Domestic Migration): -

Internal Migration refers to movement of people with in the country and
Internal migration is further classified into four types: -

i) Rural to Urban Migration: -

Rural to urban migration carries the rural folk to the growing urban centres
is mostly seen in the less developed countries due to the push and pull
factors. In less developed countries due to high rural densities and where
rapid urban-industrial development is taking place, both push of the rural
areas and pull of urban areas generate migratory tendencies among the
people.

In rural areas appalling poverty, unbearable unemployment, low and

uncertain wages, uneconomic landholdings and poor facilities for education,
health and other services work as a push factors. On the other hand urban
areas may include better employment opportunities; regular and higher
wages, fixed working hours, better amenities of living and better facilities of
life work as pull factors.

ii) Urban to Urban Migration: -

Urban to urban migration takes place between one urban centre to the
other, is more common in highly urbanized countries of the world, although
this migration is taken place in less developed countries in similar
magnitude. As in developed countries most of the population lives in urban
areas but this type of migration is taken place due to economic factors.
People move from one urban area to the other urban area with a view to
improve their employment prospectus, better business opportunities, and
better facilities of the life.

iii) Rural to Rural Migration: -

 The countries that are primary agrarian, movement of people may take place
form one rural area to other. The main reason is that people prefer to do
agricultural activities in those areas which are more fertile to get maximum
crops as there may be good agricultural facilities e.g. availability of
agricultural machinery, water facility, land fertility etc.

vi) Urban to Rural Migration: -

This type of migration is normally seen in advanced and developed countries
and it has seen that it is due to the advance stage of urbanization. It is met
with more in developed countries and less in developing countries. In case of
Pakistan many of the retired personnel tend to settle in their native villages
where they still have their landed property. It is an example of Urban to
Rural Migration.

v) Miscellaneous Migrations: -
Apart from these voluntary migrations, sometimes the migrations are
directed by government concerned or due to some other factors like wars,
strategic exigencies, floods, earthquake etc. These migrations are known as
Miscellaneous Migrations.

b) International Migration: -
International Migration refers to the permanent movement of people from
one country to other country which is due to economic, political or
environmental reasons. Main kinds of International Migrations are given as
below: -

i) Migration Due to Slavery: -

This type of international migration is taken place due to slave trade, as in a
result different people of different countries move from country to other
country.

ii) Migration Due to Political Instability: -

Due to political instability, International Migration may be taken place.
People are no longer forced to migrate as slaves, but because of political
instability international migration may be increased. This happens due to
many factors like.

International Migration may be due to war

International Migration may be due to Independence.
International Migration forced due to Government Ideology (People
may be disagreed to government policies)

c) Migration Due to Economic Reasons: -

Most of the people choose to migrate from one country to another because
they hope for economic advancement, as when they have limited resources,
and are not able to get sufficient rewards against their services or business.
In this situation they prefer to migrate to t hose countries where they believe
that economic opportunities await them.

Q. 5 Define and explain in details the Malthus Theory of Population? How

you can critically estimate this theory?
Ans Malthus Theory of Population: -
Thomas Malthus was a priest by profession. He studied the population
growth of various countries of Europe. Malthus explained his theory of
 population in his book Essay on Population which was published in 1798.
His theory may be defined as

Population increased geometrical progression (i.e.

1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256) and food supply increases in arithmetical
progression (i.e. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10), as a result population outruns the
food supply, therefore rapid growth of population must be checked by mans
of preventive checks otherwise nature restore balance in population and food
supply by positive checks

i) Explanation of Malthus Theory: -

Malthus theory is consisted of the following parts and it can be explained
with the help of following points:

a) Population increased in Geometrical Progression: -

Under normal condition population tends to increase in geometrical
progression this means that population must have to increase in 1, 2, 4, 8,
16, 32, 64, 128, 256 (after 200 years). If population remains unchecked it
doubles itself every 25 years.

b) Food Supply increase in Arithmetical Progression: -

Food supply on the other hands increase as slow in arithmetical progression
it means it increase in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 (after 200 years). This
happens due to the operation of law of diminishing return.

c) Population Outruns Food Supply: -

Since population increases at much faster than of food supply therefore
population outruns foods supply and there is gap between food supply and
population.

d) Preventive Checks must be adopted: -

According to Malthus as due to low foods supply and rapid growth in the
population the result is that population outruns foods supply therefore it is
important that there must be preventive checks to adopt i.e. mad made or
artificial checks like living un married life, late marriages, and voluntary
controls in the married life. If preventive checks are ignored then nature sets
its own course to restore balance in population and foods supply like
Famine, Drought, Earthquakes, diseases and wars because positive checks
are very crude therefore, preventive checks are better than positive checks .

ii) Critical Estimation of Malthus Theory: -

Although Malthus theory is very important and helpful for analyzing
population growth however it has a criticism over and its criticism can be
explained as under :-

a) Lack of Historical Proof: -

This theory says that population increases geometrical progression and food
increases in arithmetical progression but historically we have no proof like
this that a population & food supply of any country have been increases in
this way.
b) Ignores Scientific Discoveries: -
Malthus ignores the scientific research and discoveries that this theory is
based on the assumption in this theory here is operation of law of
diminishing return in foods supply and he ignores scientific research and
development. He in fact could not visualize the possibility of checking the
operation of this law through scientific discoveries.

c) Ignored a vital biological fact of life: -

Malthus ignores and fails to explain the most important biological fact of life
that certain forces also influence the birth rate of a country. Therefore fear of
excessive growth of population is baseless.

d) Neglect the Manpower Aspect: -

Malthus ignored the manpower aspect in population growth. He forgot
according to cannon that a baby comes to the world not only with a mouth
and stomach, but also with a pair of hands

e) Ignores the Relationship between populating and wealth

Malthus also does not included and neglect the concept that there is a
relationship between population and wealth and rich countries of the world
may import food from any country for his people and therefore this shortage
can easily be removed.

f) Increase in Population is not harmful to every country: -

Increase of population is not harmful to every country. It may be harmful
only t an under populated country, because population may also be useful
and can be utilized as manpower.

g) Positive Checks are not Peculiar/seen to over populated

Malthus viewed over population as a heavy burden on earth, which had been
automatically lessened by God in the form of famine, earthquakes, diseases
and wars in the past, but he ignores that this checks have not compulsory
for over-populated country we may see these checks in low populated
countries also.

h) One Sided Theory: -

This theory is one sided theory because it explains only side and it also
ignores that rate of increase in population and number of population
increase is due low rate of death and not due to increase in population.

iii) Application of this Theory: -

The Malthus theory, inspite of its weakness is considered by some experts
applicable of Pakistan to some extent due the following reason: -

a. Population of Pakistan is increasing very rapidly at the rate of 3% per

annum which is very highest rate in population increase.
b. Foods production is not increasing at this rate, that is why Pakistan
so far could not attain self sufficiency in food.
c. The average expectation of life is very low due to malnutrition.
 d. The standard of living of the people is perhaps the lowest in the world
due to non availability of necessary facilities.
e. There is almost complete absence of preventive checks in the country
expect in big cities.
f. An increase of population is often checked by positive checks such as
floods, earthquakes and epidemics etc.

Conclusion: -
Form above discussion we may conclude that Malthus theory is an important
aspect and it contains an analytical approach about the population increase and
food supply and although there are some critical estimated points which may help
to bring more efficient approach of this theory.

Short Questions & Answer

Q-1 What is Demography?

Ans. Demography is a subject in which we study about the world population. In
demography detailed study is done especially population as a world problem,
growth of population, density and distribution of population. We also study
of migration of population from one area to other area.

Q-2 What does Natural Growth of Population means?

Ans. After the industrial revolution of 1750 AD, world population became 1.5
billions. This was the result of natural growth. Natural Growth means an
increase in population by natural birth which is 1.3 % per annum.

Q-3 What do you know about the Distribution of Population?

Ans. Population of world is unevenly distributed. Asia occupies 30 % of the earth
accounts 60.60 % of population, Europe occupies about 7% on earth
accounts 11.70 % population etc. About 90% of population is living only on
the 1% of land at northern hemisphere, and before 100000 years world total
population was bout 5 lac. In 01 AD, total population was 12 crore which
reached to 6 billions in 1999 AD. It can be explained with the help of this
table given as below: -

Statistical Data of World Population

Sr # Area Population

Continents Total Area % of Total Population % of Total

Density

Square Miles (in Millions)

1 Asia 17,150,000.00 29.88% 3,766,000,000.00 60.68% 219.59

2 Europe 4,100,000.00 7.14% 728,000,000.00 11.73% 177.56

3 Africa 11,698,111.00 20.38% 840,000,000.00 13.54% 71.81

4 North America 8,747,613.00 15.24% 486,000,000.00 7.83% 55.56

 5 South America 6,898,579.00 12.02% 354,000,000.00 5.70% 51.31

6 Australia 3,306,741.00 5.76% 32,000,000.00 0.52% 9.68

7 Antarctica 5,500,000.00 9.58% 0.00 0.00% 0.00

Total 57,401,044.00 100.00% 6,206,000,000.00 100.00% 108.12

Q-4 Do some experts consider population of a country as its wealth?

Ans. According to many experts the numbers of persons in a country are
considered as the wealth or asset of the country. Some famous French
economists have mentioned that man is more precious than the wealth of
jewels & gold mines and is a source of all productive activities.

Q-5 What do understand by census of Population?

Ans. In every civilized country to study the population, the resident of that
country are counted such a process is know Census. There is specific time
for conducting census after fiver or ten years in every country. The first
modern type of census was performed in Sweden Europe. Census helps to
provide the data regarding change in population. According to population
statistics there are about 45 big cities which are situated in Asia.

Q-6 What is meant by Population Explosion in the World?

Ans. In most of underdeveloped countries, their population is increasing so
rapidly as compared to their resources, which can be alarming danger for
their economy which is considered as population explosion.

Q-7 Why the plain areas of the World are more densely populated than the
mountainous areas?
Ans. The mountainous areas are mostly having rough surface & difficult means of
transportation, so people feel difficulties in getting their daily needs thus
people prefer to live in plan area, where they can get their daily needs easily.
The climatic conditions are also important which may influence density of
population. If climatic conditions are favourable it may increase the density
of population.

Multiple Choice Questions & Answer

Select the Correct Answer from given choices

1- What was the estimated population of the world during the period of Christ?
a) 1 Crore b) 10 Crore ()
c) 1.5 Crore d) 15 Crore

2- Which continent has the lowest population in the world?

a) Australia b) Antarctica ()
c) S. America d) Africa

3- How much area of the world in un-populated?

a) 20 % b) 40 % ()
c) 10 % d) 80 %

4- Which continent of the world is densely populated?

 a) Africa b) America
c) Asia () d) North America

5- What is the percentage of density of population per square miles in the

world?
a) 300 people/square mile b) 108 people / square mile ()
c) 500 people/square mile d) 50 people / square mile

6- In which country of Europe first census was completed in 1749?

a) Germany b) England
c) Sweden () d) France

7- When first census was conducted in Sub-Continent?

a) 1850 b) 1901 ()
b) 1910 d) 1875

8- When the fifth census of Pakistan was held?

a) March 1951 b) March 1998 ()
c) March 1961 d) March 1971

9- Which factors are responsible for the growth of population in the world?
a) Location b) Climate ()
c) Altitude d) Soil

10- How much percent of newborn babies were injected during 1990?
a) 5% b) 10 % ()
c) 15 % d) 20 %

11- Which country is at top according to population?

a) India b) China ()
c) Russia d) Britain

12- Who much population in inhabited on one forth of the world?

a) 90 % () b) 40 %
c) 30 % d) 50 %

13- Closed population means, when migration is _________________?

a) Stopped () b) With Gaps
c) In Progress d) With Occasion

14- What is annual birth rate of a child per thousand in Pakistan?

a) 50 child / 1000 b) 41 child / 1000 ()
c) 30 child / 1000 d) 20 child / 1000

15- There is how many countries of under developed world where less than one
dollar is spend for heath per person.
a) 20 Countries b) 25 Countries ()
c) 30 Countries d) 15 Countries
Chapter # 06 Agriculture and Commodities

1. Detailed Questions and Answers

2. Short Questions and Answer
3. Multiple Choice Question (MCQs)

Detailed Questions and Answer

Q-1 What do you know about Agriculture? Explain the various factors which
are responsible for Agricultural Development?
Ans. Introduction: -
Word Agriculture is derived form two Latin words Agri means Land and
Culture means cultivation or tilling. Land is to be considered the most
important aspect of production or especially agricultural production. Man
has lived on the years. Before the innovation of agriculture, all humans
obtained the food through gathering wild plants, hunting for animals or
fishing. As time passed human members grew in number and fishing and
hunting increasingly became important in supplementing the demand for
food. To meet the scarcity of food the necessity of food production was soon
realized by man. It is roughly assumed that such crude farming appeared
about 10,000 to 11000 years ago. However agriculture may be defined as: -

Agriculture is an art, science and industry of managing the growth of plants

and animals for human use

1) Factors Responsible for Agricultural Development: -

Today, agriculture has become an industry. Therefore, like all other
industries, its development depends upon multiple factors. To analyse these
factors for the development of agriculture we can classified as: -

a) Physical Factors b) Economic Factor

c) Cultural Factors d) Political Factors

a) Physical Factors/Geographical Factors: -

Physical or geographical factors can be explained as: -

i) Land Availability: -
Availability of land is an important factor that is directly responsible for the
developmental process in agricultural development because we first of all
need land to start cultivation and if suitable land is available it may be
helpful to increase the productivity of produces of agriculture.
ii) Soil: -
Soil is a natural body developed from variable mixture of the broken and
weathered-minerals and decaying organic matters i.e. plants and animals.
Plants need food for their growth and development like all other living things.
So, we can say, soil fertility and soil types absolutely control the yield.

iii) Climatic Conditions: -

Climate controls agriculture more than any other factor. If climatic
conditions are suitable, it may result in abundant crops. Therefore we can
say climatic conditions are very much important for agricultural
development.

iv) Temperature: -
For plant growth certain upper and lower limits of temperature. Temperature
may be varied according to the landscape. Some plants grow at high
temperature and some plants grow at low temperature. Therefore suitable
temperature may be helpful for agricultural development.

v) Rainfall: -
Rainfall is another element which is responsible for plant growth and
distribution and limits certain areas for specific plant or agriculture
practices. Therefore we can say, a rainfall may be helpful for agricultural
development.

b) Economics Factors: -
The main economics factors can be explained as below: -

i) Capital Formation: -
Formation of capital is basic requirement of Agriculture and it plays a vital
role for the establishment of manufacturing unit. In modern manufacturing
world not only the product but its marketing also needs tremendous capital
investment. The large Agricultural establishment requires such huge money.
So to keep pace with the changing nature of manufacturing process large
amount of capital is required therefore capital is an important factor for
Agricultural development.

ii) Availability of Labour: -

Along with capital, raw material, labour is very dynamic and active factor for
Agriculture. Availability of labour is an essential pre-requisite for
Agricultural location. This condition is more applicable particularly in labour
intensive industries. Normally we have different categories of labour i.e.
skilled, semi skilled and unskilled labour which is properly managed in
Agriculture. So availability of labour may influence Agricultural growth.

iii) Transportation: -
Transportation and communication has been reduced in last century, still
the role of transport in the process of manufacturing units can not be
ignored. Transportations may be used for movement of raw material,
finished goods and manpower from one place to an other place. The
advancement of transportation methods reduces the expenditure and a well
designed transportation system may be helpful for an improved Agriculture
structure.

iv) Market Demand & Market Supply: -

Market demand and supply are also important for Agriculture because most
of production strategies are made considering market demand and supply
 and therefore it is important that an Agriculturalist must consider the
market demand and supply to avoid surplus or shortage of goods.

v) Market Structure: -
There are various types of market structures. Market structure is very much
effective in the process of Agricultural development. Therefore if market
structure is suitable for any Agriculture it may be helpful for Agricultural
growth and development.

vi) Management: -
Management of production process, market strategies, supply and demand,
future expectation, speculations etc are very important for Agricultural
growth, and it is directly related to Agricultural development and
localization.

vii) Government Policies: -

Government policies are also the factors which may effect the Agricultural
development if all the government polices are in the favour of Agricultural
development it may be helpful for Agricultural localization and growth.

viii) Tax Structure: -

Tax structure and tax policies may be responsible for Agricultural
development e.g. if heavy taxes are imposed on the Agriculture it may be
against the Agricultural development and Agricultural growth and
development would be minimized due to low profit margins.

c) Social / Cultural Factors: -

Like physical and economic factors, development of agriculture of any region
/country is controlled by cultural or social problems e.g. Excessive
subdivision of land, pressure of population, limited land, lack of water, lack
of education, poor health of farmers, land ownership pattern, destruction of
crops due to flood etc.

d) Political Factors: -
Due to political instability, agriculturalist may not be in position to promote
agricultural sector. It contains many factors which causes hindrance for him
like market demand and supply, mysterious forces of market, trade policies,
industrial laws etc. All these problems could be only solve by a government,
which is entirely a political and responsible.

Q-2 What do understand by classification of Agriculture / Types of

Agriculture? Explain in details the various kinds of farming?
And. Classification/Types of Farming: -
The activity of farming is very complex and varied by nature, it is by no
means as easy task to classify the agricultural types of the world. A
simplified classification on exiting types of farming based on their
techniques, methods and ways of working. However main types of farming
can be explained as: -

i) Shift Farming/ Shifting Cultivation: -

It is most primitive form of cultivation that is used in South East Africa,
Central Africa or Tropical Areas. It includes two things, first; land is cleared
for planting in part by slashing (burn plants/herbs), second; farmers grow
crops on cleared land for few years and then leave it for many years (20-25
years) and after a while farmers return to this left land and clear land and
grow crops for few years i.e. 2-3 years.
ii) Pastoral Nomadism: -
Pastoral Nomadism is used in dry climates, where agriculture is difficult or
impossible and this type of farming or agriculture is done by people who are
called Pastoral Nomads. Actually Pastoral Nomads depend on animals rather
than crops for their survival. The life of Nomads is highly dependent on their
animals. The animals provide them food (meat, milt, and dairy products),
clothing (made from wool, hair or skin), shelter (tents made from animal
skin) and transport (horses, camel, and yaks). They live in large belt of arid
and semiarid land that occupies about 20% of total land. The number of
animal may be varied according to the group of animal i.e. 25-60
Goats/Sheep, 10-25 Camels/Horses/Yaks.

iii) Subsistence Farming: -

In subsistence farming every farmer grows his own food and vegetable and
kept animals for meat and milk. Farmer has to depend very little on outside
world. He always produces crops, animals and foods for his own use. Such
type of farming is carried on in Pakistan, India, China, Japan and other
densely populated countries of Asia.

iv) Commercial Farming/Agriculture: -

Commercial farming / agriculture is to generate produces for sale off the
farm. Farmers in relatively developed countries use commercial farming. In
this type of farming all the produces, crops, vegetables, fruits, cattle and
outputs are for the commercial purposes. Farmers produce these
commodities just to sell them in the market. They produce every product
according to market demand and market supply on the basis of lag period
applications (Cob Web Theorem).

v) Mixed Farming / Agriculture: -

Mixed farming includes the keeping of commercial livestock and crop
farming. It can be seen in Western Europe, USA, Africa etc. Actually in
mixed farming; farmer manages his land in such way to get maximum crops
and fodder for the animals. For this he distributes land, uses shift
cultivation, cultivation of land in substitutes etc.

vi) Dairy Farming: -

Dairy farming is most important type of commercial farming, practiced on
farms, outside the large urban areas. It includes production of the dairy
products including milk, butter, creams, dry milk, packet milk etc. for the
commercial purposes. It can be mostly seen in Australia, New Zealand,
America, Asia etc.

vii) Mediterranean Agriculture / Farming (Farming in Coastal Areas): -

Mediterranean farming / agriculture is a unique and diverse biological
activity localized in coastal areas. It is a combination of crops, fruits and
livestock that may be commercial or subsistence. The main thing which
makes it unique is that is done basically in coastal areas.

viii) Grain Farming:-

Grain farming includes the production of grains of major crops, because to
get maximum output it is very essential that seeds must be of best qualities,
therefore in grain farming best qualities grains or seeds are produced to sell
them farmers.

ix) Ranching: -
 Ranching is commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. It
includes the farms for grazing purposes; the main aim of Ranching is to keep
grazing animals and production of fodder for these animals. The best
approach to provide fodder is grazing fields. It is practiced in developed
countries where vegetation is too sparse, and soil is too poor to support
crops.

x) Gardening and Fruit Farming: -

This type of farming refers to the cultivation of plant and fruits for
commercial purposes. It contains gardens that include fruit plants and fruits
which are for to sell them in market. We can see this farming in America,
Europe, and Asia including Pakistan etc.

xi) Plantation Farming: -

Plantation is forms of commercial farming, in this type of plants is grown
and sells in the market e.g. Nursery of plants. We can see this farming in
most of the countries of the world i.e. America, Africa and Asia.

xii) Truck Farming: -

Cultivation of vegetable on commercial basis is called Truck Farming. As
vegetables are perishable and it is usually carried on in the out sites of big
towns and cities and industrial centres. We can see this type of farming in
big cities of every country.

Q-3 Explain the Procedure of Cultivation?

And. Procedure of Cultivation: -
Cultivation is very complicated process and it needs special expertise to
perform this activity. Different crops need different conditions and methods,
however a common steps or procedure can be explained with the help of
following steps:-

i) Selection of Land:-
For cultivation of any crops first of all land is selected for the cultivation of
specific crops. It is done by segregating a particular land for selected crop.

ii) Preparation of Land: -

After the selection of land, then land is prepared for the particular crop. This
all is done by levelling the land, clearing land from herbs, ploughing and
watering the selected land.

iii) Checking Fertility Level of Land: -

After the preparation of land, fertility level of land is checked and if it is
necessary than some required fertilizers may be used to increase the fertility
of the land.

iv) Selection of Good Seeds: -

Now seeds are selected for the particular crops and in this regards goods
seeds are used which may be of the best quality and can yield maximum
output or produce.

v) Cultivation of Crops: -
After the selection of best quality seed, cultivation process of crops is started
and this process is carried by sowing of seeds of any selected crop.

vi) Watering to the Plant: -

 Different plant and crops need water during the growing process of plant
and according to the need of plant water is given to the plant.

vii) Use of Pesticides: -

Chemical pesticides are used for pest control activation and to control
growing insects.
viii) Harvesting of Crop:-
When crops are ripped, it is observed the colour of crops and is decided the
harvesting date. Harvesting process can be done by the use of manual
labour and small machinery. The harvested crops take some day to dry on
the field itself.

ix) Threshing of Harvesting Crop: -

Dry Crops are threshed to get final produce. It may be done by small tractor
or threshing machine. Now farmer is in position to get final crop.

ix) Storage of Crops: -

After threshing and cleaning of crops. Dried and cleaned crop is packed
according to the requirements and standard of the farmer.

x) Sell in to the Market: -

Now it is time to sell the final produce in the market according to the market
and prescribed prices of the produce.

Q-3 Write a detail note on Wheat?

And. Wheat is most widely grown plant of the genus Triticum. Wheat is a tall,
annual plant attaining an average height of 1.2 M or 4ft. The leaves of wheat
resemble of grass as it is member of the grass family cultivated for food since
7th millennium BC 6750 by the people of temperate zones (Pakistan,
Afghanistan, and Iran, Anatolian Plateau and Abyssinia and now the most
important grain crop of these regions.

a) Type of Wheat:-
Wheat is categorized into following main groups which can be explained as:-

i) Winter Wheat:-
This variety of wheat comprises the great bulk at least 75% of the worlds
aggregate. It is sown in the fall and harvested in the late spring or early
summer. In Pakistan this type of wheat is cultivated.

ii) Spring Wheat: -

Spring wheat is planted in spring and harvested in the late autumn, it is
cultivated in those areas where winters are extremely served and snow
covers landscape during the summer, so in winter wheat can not be
cultivated. In Canada, United States, China and Russian Federation we can
see spring and winter wheat as due to weather variation.

iii) Hard Wheat: -

Hard Wheat absorbs more water and makes strong bread flour which can
absorbs more water. It has large loaf and light in weight. It grows in those
areas where annual rainfall is less than 35 inches. It is produced in USA,
Canada etc.

iv) Soft Wheat:-

Soft wheat is softer in texture and lower in protein than the hard wheat.
Wheat of this class is mostly used for the manufacturing of cakes, biscuits,
 pastry and family flours. It is grown in Western Europe and other continents
also.

v) Durum Wheat: -
Durum wheat is a kind of wheat that is widely cultivated today. It was
developed by artificial selection of the domestic wheat of Central Europe. It is
used in making macaroni, spaghetti and similar products etc.

vi) White Wheat:-

White wheat is grown in USA and in the north eastern region. It is used for
the manufacturing of cake and breakfast foods. It is grown in Europe,
Australia, and South Africa.

b) Use of Wheat: -
The main use of wheat is in the manufacturing of flour for bread, breakfast,
pastries and wheat starch is used in textile industries. In general hard and
soft wheat are used.

c) Wheat Producing Countries: -

Most of the wheat grows in Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.
The major wheat producing countries are as follow:-

i) USSR: -
It is the largest producer of wheat. Mostly spring wheat is cultivated in the
USSR and winter wheat is also cultivated in this region. Annual production
of wheat is about 45,300 thousand tons.

ii) China: -
It is the second larger producer of wheat. Wheat is basic food of Chinese
people. Although it produces a large amount of wheat but is unable to export
it due to the large population. Annual production of wheat is about 91,100
thousand tons.

iii) India: -
India occupies an important position amongst producing countries. Wheat is
mostly cultivated in plain areas. Annual production of wheat is about 72,100
thousand tons.

iv) Turkey: -
It is an important producer of wheat in Asia. Turkey cultivates wheat is
coastal and plateau areas and per acre yield is high due to the used of
scientific methods. Turkey produces about 18,000 thousand tons per year.

v) Pakistan:-
Most of wheat is cultivated in winter here in Pakistan. The main areas
include the canal irrigated areas of Punjab, Sindh and Khyber
Pukhtunkhah. Annual production of wheat in this region is about 23,525
thousand tons.

vi) USA: -
USA is also a major producer of wheat. It is grown in almost every state of
USA. USA accounts for about 20% of the world demand. Annual production
of wheat in USA is about 58,700 thousand tons.
vii) Canada: -
Canada also produces wheat in cool temperature region. The Canadian
wheat growing region is also known as Bread Basket of the world. The main
regions of wheat producing in Canada are Alberta, Manitoba and
Saskatchewan. Annual production of wheat in this region is about 25,900
thousand tons.

viii) France: -
It is largest producer of wheat in Europe. It is mostly cultivated in the valleys
of Rohr and Sar. Per acre yield is very high due to the use of scientific
methods. It also exports surplus wheat and annual production of wheat is
about 40,277 thousand tons.

ix) Australia:-
The main what producing regions in Australia are Murray Darling and
Mediterranean regions situated in south west. Annual production of wheat
in this region is about 22,600 thousand tons.

x) Argentina: -
Argentina is most suitable region in the world for the production and
cultivation of wheat. The country is sparely populated which makes it
experts to 60% of surplus production of wheat. Argentina produces about
23,525 thousand tons wheat per year.

xi) Other Countries: -

In spite of above mentioned countries some other countries also produce
wheat which are Columbia, Peru, Chile, Brazil, Egypt, Sudan, Algeria, Tunis,
South Africa, Morocco, Germany, UK, Holland, Belgium, Poland and
Hungary.

Q-4 Write a detailed note on Rice?

Ans. Rice is a food crop of great importance. About 40% of the worlds population
depends upon rice as a regular part of their diet. It was found in the areas of
Asia. It is cultivated in China and India since ancient times.

a) Varieties of Rice: -
There are thousands of varieties of rice but rice can broadly be classified into
tow main groups: -

i) Upland or Hill Rice: -

Upland variety of rice is sown on hills and highlands with heavy rainfall. It is
generally sown in the system of shift cultivation. Forests are cleared and rice
is sown. About 15% to 22% of world rice is upland or hill rice.

ii) Lowland or Paddy Rice: -

Lowland or paddy rice is a transplanted crop and requires frequent flooding.
It must be rained on level ground suitable for irrigation. Wet or lowland rice
needs maximum water, so water is enclosed in fields by low walls or earth
called bunds. About 50% to 75% of world rice is lowland or paddy rice.

b) Rice Producing Countries: -

The Mediterranean and monsoon regions are considered as the best regions
of the cultivation of rice. Major Rice producing countries in world are given
as under: -
i) China: -
China is the largest producer of rice in the world. China produces about 35%
of world rice. The main regions of rice production are Yang-Tze-Kiang River,
central China, Red Basin and some parts of southern China. Annual
production of rice in China is about 125,363 thousand tons.

ii) India: -
India is second largest country that cultivates and produces rice. The
provinces of West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Ander Pradesh, Madras and Utar
Pradesh are important centres for rice production. Annual production of rice
in India is about 85,310 thousand tons.

iii) Indonesia: -
The Indonesian mostly eat rice and fish, Rice is cultivated in almost all the
islands, however Java, Sumatra, Borneo, New Guinea and Bali are the most
important areas of rice production. Indonesia produces 34,250 thousand
tons rice per year.

iv) Bangladesh: -
Due to favourable conditions of rice crop in Bangladesh, rice is cultivated
thrice a year in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is not self sufficient in requirement
of rice, so has to import rice from abroad. It accounts 25,600 thousand tons
per year rice production.

v) Thailand: -
Thailand has the most suitable conditions for rice cultivation, so Thailand
produces sufficient quantity of rice every year which may be exported to
abroad. The Valley of Menam River and its delta is the main centre for the
rice production. Annual production of rice in Thailand is about 17,070
thousand tons.

vi) Burma:-
Burma is also an important centre of rice production in Asia. About 2/3 of
the cultivated land is used for rice production. The main centres of rice are
Irrawady Valley and Delta. It accounts about 12,300 thousand tons per year.

vii) Pakistan: -
In Pakistan various qualities of rice is cultivated in mostly Central irrigated
areas of Punjab and Sindh province. Pakistan produces large amount of rice,
which is exported of other counties. Annual production of rice in Pakistan is
about 5,438 thousand tons which occupies about 2,581 thousand Hectares.

viii) USSR: -
The Canal Irrigated areas of Kazakhstan are considered to be a suitable for
rice cultivation. USSR could not produce sufficient amount of rice so has to
import to meet her requirements. Annual production of rice in USSR is
about 5,220 thousand tons.

ix) Egypt: -
Egypt is also to be considered a rice producing country of Africa. The Valley
Delta of River Neil is the main centre of rice. Annual production of rice in
Egypt is about 7,250 thousand tons.
x) Japan: -
Japan is a rice producing country. The main centres of rice production in
Japan are Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku. Annual production of rice in
Japan is about 7,944 thousand tons.

xi) Brazil: -
Due to suitable conditions for agriculture, Brazil is in position to cultivate
rice. The main areas of rice are Colombia, Per, Ecuador, Urugary and
Venezuela. Brazil produces 8,996 thousand tons rice every year.

xii) Philippines: -
Rice is basic crop of Philippines about half of the cultivated area belongs to
rice production. Annual production of rice in Philippines is about 9,445
thousand tons.

Q-5 Write a detailed note on Cotton?

Ans. Cotton is indisputably mans most important textile fibre. It enters into his
daily life more than any other product. Cotton is an important plant as it
fulfils our clothing requirements. It is termed as the kind of all fabrics.
Cotton plant was first time grown in Sub-Continent as far back as 3000 B.C.

a) Types of Cotton: -
There are many varieties of cotton which are divided according to the length
of the fibre and brightness. The main recognized varieties are as follow: -

i) Long Staple Cotton: -

It has 3.5 cm to 6.5 cm of staple length and is of best quality. It is grown in
Egypt and known as Egyptian cotton also.

ii) Medium Staple Cotton; -

It has about 2.2 cm to 3.2 cm of staple length and grown in China, India,
Pakistan, Turkey and Uzbekistan, Australia, Brazil and Greece.

iii) Short Staple Cotton:-

It is of the most inferior grade and staple length is less than 2.2 cm.

iv) Sea Island cotton: -

It has the staple length about 5.3 cm to 6.5 cm and mostly grown in USA, so
it is also called American Cotton.

v) Upland Short Staple: -

It has the staple about 4.2 cm to 5.0 cm and mostly grown in Africa.

vi) Upland Long Staple: -

It has the staple length about 1.5cm to 5.0 cm.

b) Important Cotton Producing Countries: -

The cotton growing and output of cotton has increased incredibly in the
years following the Second World War and cotton crop has been widely
distributed among the world. However main cotton producing countries can
be explained as: -

i) Pakistan: -
In Pakistan cotton is grown in canal irrigated areas of Punjab and Sindh
provinces although the rainfall in cotton growing areas is not sufficient but
 the deficiency is being fulfilled by irrigation water. Pakistan produces large
amount of cotton in surplus. Annual cotton production of Pakistan is about
13,500 thousand bales from the cultivated areas of 3096 thousand Hectares.

ii) China:-
China is a largest producer of Cotton. The main areas, where cotton is
cultivated are the valley of Yang-Tze-Kiang and Hwang Ho but China is not
sufficient in her requirement and has to import. Average annual production
of cotton in China is about 6,320 thousand tons.

iii) USSR: -
USSR has the highest yield amongst Asian counties. At first its production
was very low but after the use of modern techniques now it has become one
the largest exporter of cotton. Annual production of cotton in USSR is about
6,010 thousand tons.

iv) USA: -
USA also produces cotton. The states of Texas, Tennessee, Mississippi,
Arkansas and Georgia are the main centres of cotton. USA produces about
5,060 thousand tons per year.

v) India: -
India is a considered to be a largest producer of cotton. The main centre of
cotton production are Deccan Plateau, Bombay, Madras, UP and East
Punjab. Annual production of cotton is about 4,130 thousand tons.

vi) Turkey: -
Turkey has achieved an important position due to suitable condition for
cotton. The main centres of cotton production are Izmir and Adana. Annual
production of cotton in Turkey is about 900 thousand tons.

vii) Egypt: -
It is the leading cotton producing country and produces a best quality of
long staple cotton due to the use of the modern methods and technology use.
The main cotton producing areas of Egypt are Nile Valley and its Delta.

Q-6 Write a detailed note on Sugarcane?

Ans. Sugarcane is an important plant. Its use started about 400 years ago.
Sugarcane grows about 3 meter to 7.3 meter (about 8 ft to 24 ft) height. It
was first discovered by the Europeans in India. Before sugarcane only honey
was the source of sweetness. Later on Greeks used it as a medicine and for
the preparation of sugar.

a) Types of Sugarcane: -
Like all other crops sugarcane also possesses hundreds of varieties
commercially cultivated in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world,
however, it is distributed into following main kinds: -

i) Tropical Sugarcane Varieties: -

The tropical varieties as name denotes are mostly cultivated in tropical
countries. These are superior types of the sugarcane because they provide
bulk of production and they contain higher sugar contents.

ii) Indian Sugarcane Varieties: -

 Indian sugarcane varieties are poor in quality and low in sugar contents.
These are cultivated in dry climatic and short growing period limit which
results in low yield.

b) Production of Sugarcane in World: -

Sugarcane is produced in tropical areas which are located at 35 0 N and 350 S
of the equator. Plain areas, ricer valleys and deltas are the principal location
of its cultivation. The main sugarcane producing countries are given as
below:-

i) Brazil: -
Brazil is a leading producer of sugarcane. It produces sufficient quantity of
sugarcane due to suitable conditions for the production of sugarcane can
export to other countries. The main centres of sugarcane production are
Bahia, Pernambuco and Saupaulo. Annual production of sugarcane in Brazil
is about 645,300 thousand tons.

ii) Pakistan: -
Pakistan is also a leading producer of sugarcane, the main centres of
sugarcane production are irrigated areas of Punjab, Sindh and Khyber
Pukhtunkhaw. Annual production of sugarcane in Pakistan is about 63,920
thousands tons.

iii) Cuba: -
The economy of Cuba depends upon sugarcane. It is the second largest
producer and exporter of sugarcane. Its production increased after it
stopped receiving aid from USA. The main centres of sugarcane production
are Havana, Jamaica, Trinidad, Barbados and Haiti. Annual average
production of sugarcane is about 14,500 thousand tons.

iv) China: -
China has suitable conditions for the production of sugarcane and itself
sufficient in production of sugarcane. The main centre of sugarcane are
Sikiang and the coastal areas. Annual production of sugarcane in China
about 124,917 thousand tons.

v) Philippines: -
Due to suitable condition for sugarcane, Philippines grows the sugarcane in
its Island of Negroes, Luzon Panay and Mindanao in sufficient quantity and
can export to other countries. Annual production of sugarcane in Philippines
is about 26,601 thousand tons.

vi) India: -
India is the largest producer of sugarcane in Asia, due to the use of scientific
methods the level of cultivation has been increase. The main areas of sugar
production are UP. Bombay, Bihar, Madras, Deccan, Mysore and East
Punjab. Annual production of sugarcane in India is about 348,187 thousand
tons.

vii) Thailand: -
Thailand is also a producer of sugarcane and due to suitable conditions for
sugarcane, Thailand can produce sufficient quantity of sugarcane and can
export to other countries and annual production of sugarcane in Thailand is
about 73,501 thousand tons.
viii) USA: -
Due to extremely cool and hot seasons production of sugarcane is limited to
few areas where the conditions are favourable for sugarcane. So annual
production of sugarcane in USA is 25,960 thousand tons.

ix) Australia: -
Australia is a producer of sugarcane and due to favourable conditions for
sugarcane Australia can produce and export extra produce to other
countries. The major areas of sugarcane production are Sydney, Melbourne,
Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth. The annual production of sugarcane in
Australia is 32,621 thousand tons.

x) Argentina: -
Argentina is a producer of sugarcane and main areas of sugarcane
production are Tikomen and other irrigated areas. Annual production of
sugarcane is about 29,950 thousand tons.

xi) Bangladesh: -
Sugarcane is produced in Bangladesh at Maymon, Kishtia, Dacca, and
Rangpure and annual production of sugarcane is about 6,500 thousand
tons.

Q-7 Write a detail note on Rubber?

Ans. Rubber is the juice of certain trees found in the tropical and sub tropical
areas called Hevea Brasiliensis. This juice goes under certain chemical
processes before assuming its present form. Rubber trees were first
discovered in the Amazon Basin in Brazil. At first it used to be taken raw but
later on after the invention of waterproof sheets and rubber tire, its value
increased. Most of the rubber trees are found in Africa and South America.

a) Use of Rubber: -
Today rubber is one of the most essential produce and valuable for many
purposes. It may be used for tyre, industrial goods, sponge products,
footwear, wire and cables, shoe soles, flooring, fan belts, hot water bottles,
golf-balls, rubber bands, pump housing, pipes, valves, electric cabling, PVC
pipes, electrical instruments and protective gloves etc.

b) Rubber Producing Countries of World: -

Rubber producing countries of the world can be explained as with the help of
following headings:-
i) Malaysia: -
The rubber was first time planted in Malaysia in 1820. Due to suitable
conditions for the cultivation, production of rubber is possible in Malaysia.
The main areas of rubber production are western areas and Sarawak Island.
Annual production of rubber is about 1,190 thousand tons.

ii) Indonesia: -
In Indonesia rubber plant was introduced by Dutch in 18 th Century. It is
cultivated almost all the Islands, Sumatra, Borneo and New Gujnea and
Bali. Annual production of rubber in Indonesia is about 2,050 thousand
tons.

iii) Thailand: -
Thailand is an important producer of rubber, due suitable climatic
conditions for the rubber cultivation; Thailand can export rubber to other
 countries. Annual production of rubber in Thailand is about 3,230 thousand
tons.

iv) Sri Lanka:-

Sri Lank is also the producer of rubber cultivation. The main centre of
rubber cultivation is Ceylon. Sri Lanka can export extra products to other
countries also and annual production of rubber accounts 150 thousand
tons.

v) India: -
India is in position to cultivate and produce rubber. The main areas of
rubber cultivation are Assam and West Bengal. India can produce rubber
about 837 thousand tons per year.

vi) Brazil: -
Brazil is also a producer of rubber, although production level has been
reduced however Brazil is cultivating and producing rubber. The main areas
of rubber cultivation are Amazon Basin and annual production is about 110
thousand tons.

vii) China: -
China is a country that produces rubber. The main areas of rubber
production are Hills of the South East, Yangtze Basin and Coastal Belts.
Annual production of rubber in China is 700 thousand tons.

Q-8 Write a detailed note on Tea?

Ans. Tea is the worlds most popular beverage, being favoured by at least half the
world population. It is national drink of China, Japan, Sri Lanka, India,
United Kingdom and the Russian Federation. Tea was discovered by
Emperor Shenmong of China about 2732 BC and now it is used in all over
the world.

a) Varieties or Kinds of Tea: -

Various grades of tea have emerged from the sorting process, this tea has
been classified broadly into following two main kinds:-

i) Black Tea: -
The black tea is prepared by process fermentation (Chemical Process). The
rolled leaves are dried in the sun; and allowed to heat for some hours in this
ways leaves become black after sorting process it is packed for sale.

ii) Green Tea: -

For the preparation of green tea, leaves are roasted in frying pans or dried by
heat, leaves are constantly stirred with stick and rolled a little, when leaves
become dry it results in green tea.

b) World Tea Production: -

Now at this time tea is available in all over the world and main tea producing
countries can be discussed below: -

i) India: -
India is a producer of tea, and main areas which are most suitable for tea
cultivation are Northern Bengal, Assam and the Nilgri Hills, Chota Nagpure
Plateau area. Annual production of India is 820 thousand tones.

ii) China: -
 China is known as a home of tea but due to use of unscientific methods the
production level has been decline. The main areas of tea are Valley of Yang
Tze-Kiang River and on Hilly Regions of Szechwan areas. China produces
about 835 thousand tons per year.

iii) Sri Lanka: -

Due to availability of cheap labour and use of scientific methods, Sri Lanka
has most suitable conditions for the cultivation of tea. The main centres of
tea are Ceylon. Annual production of tea in Sri Lanka is about 308 thousand
tons.

iv) Kenya: -
Kenya is also an important tea producing country of Africa which has the
suitable climatic conditions for the cultivation of tea. Annual production of
tea in Kenya is about 325 thousand tons.

v) Indonesia: -
Indonesia is a country of so many islands, enjoys almost all the favourable
conditions for tea cultivation. Indonesia produces a large amount of surplus
tea, and in position to export. Annual production of tea in Indonesia is about
165 thousand tons.

vi) Japan: -
Japan is a producer of tea and the main centres of tea cultivation are
Honshu, Shikuku and Kyushu. Due use of scientific methods Japan can
produce large amount of tea and yearly production of tea in Japan is about
100 thousand tons.

vii) Bangladesh: -
Tea is a main exporting crop of Bangladesh, here climatic conditions are very
suitable and labour is very cheap. The main areas of tea are hilly Area of
Chittagang and Sylher. Annual production of tea in Bangladesh is about 56
thousand tons.

viii) Vietnam: -
Vietnam is also a producer of tea and due to suitable conditions for tea
cultivation, Vietnam can produce large amount of tea and annual production
of tea in Vietnam is about 110 thousand tons.
ix) Zimbabwe: -
Zimbabwe is also a tea producer and in position to cultivate tea, conditions
are most suitable and annual production of tea is about 22 thousand tons.

x) Turkey: -
Turkey is a larger producer of tea and due suitable climatic conditions
Turkey produces a large amount of tea and annual production of tea is
about 202 thousand tons.

Short Questions & Answer

Q-1 Define agriculture presented by various experts?

Ans. Agriculture includes all productive efforts, which are undertaken by man
having a relatively permanent to expedite and to improve the growth of
crops, vegetables, fruits and animal products for the benefit of man. In
Pakistan about 62 % people are linked with this profession?
Q-2 Write a short note about the history and adoption of agriculture?
Ans. According to many experts, people living in the valleys, rivers and near to the
water started this profession and man adopted the occupation of agriculture
about twenty thousand years ago and about 75% of the people in the world
are related with agriculture directly or indirectly.

Q-3 Write the various types of rice?

Ans. Different types of rice and wheat are given as below:-

i) Upland or Hill Rice: -

Upland variety of rice is sown on hills and highlands with heavy rainfall. It is
generally sown in the system of shift cultivation. Forests are cleared and rice
is sown. About 15% to 22% of world rice is upland or hill rice.

ii) Lowland or Paddy Rice: -

Lowland or paddy rice is a transplanted crop and requires frequent flooding.
It must be rained on level ground suitable for irrigation. Wet or lowland rice
needs maximum water, so water is enclosed in fields by low walls or earth
called bunds. About 50% to 75% of world rice is lowland or paddy rice.

Q-4 In which two season normally wheat is cultivated in the world?

Ans. Normally wheat is cultivated in
i) Winter and
ii) Spring season.

Q- 5 Write a short note on Maize?

Ans. Indian corn or Maize is the worlds third leading cereal crop after the wheat
and rice. In Pakistan Maize is also an important food crop and is considered
as a second food grain and used as a food when wheat and rice are not
available.

a) Origin and History: -

The corn plant is native to the Americas. It was the principal food plant of
the Red Indians when Columbus discovered America. After, with the passage
of time Maize is separated in the rest of the World.

b) Areas of Production in Pakistan: -

In Pakistan Maize is cultivated twice a year, one crop in spring and other in
July or August. In Pakistan it is mostly cultivated in canal irrigated areas. In
Punjab, Multan, Faisalabad, Sargodha, Dera Ghazi Khan, Bahawalpur,
Lahore, Gujranwala and Rawalpindi Division, In Khyber Pukhtune Khaw it is
cultivated in Peshawar, Mardan, In Sindh it is cultivated in Hyderabad
Division.

Q-6 Explain various physical and Economical factors which are essential
for agriculture?
Ans. Main physical or geographical and Economics factors are given as below:-

Physical Factors/Geographical Factors: -

Land Availability
Soil
Climatic Conditions
Temperature
Rainfall
 Economical Factors: -

Capital Formation
Availability of Labour
Transportation
Market Demand & Market Supply
Market Structure
Management
Government Policies
Tax Structure

Q-7 Name various important wheat and rice growing countries of the world?
Ans. The names of various countries that produce wheat are China, USA, India,
Russia, Australia, Turkey and Pakistan, and the names of various rice
producing countries are China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh and Thailand.

Q-8 What was the source of getting sweet by the Europeans before the birth
of Christ?
Ans. Honey was the source of getting sweet by the Europeans before the birth of
Christ. As sugarcane is a crop of warm countries, because the most of the
European countries are situated in cold region of the would where
cultivation of sugarcane is not possible.

Q-9 Why cotton is known as silver fibre? Name the various types of cotton?
Ans. Mostly the colour of cotton is white so it is known as silver fibre, the various
types of cotton are Egyptian Cotton, American Medium Staple Cotton, Sea
Island Cotton.

Q-10 Name the various types of sheep found in the world?

Ans. i) Old British Breed Sheep, ii) Merino Breed, and iii) Mixed Breed

Multiple Choice Questions & Answer

Select the Correct Answer from given choices

1. In which economic activity commercial farming can be included?

a) Primary b) Secondary Economics Activity
()
c) Tertiary Activity d) Quaternary Economic Activity

2- Which crop is exported in large quantity from Sri Lanka?

a) Cotton b) Tea ()
c) Sugar Beat d) Maize

3- In which country mulberry trees are planted to feed silkworm?

a) Russia b) China ()
c) Korea d) Brazil

4- Which method of irrigation is used in Equatorial region?

a) Canals b) Rains ()
c) Kareez d) Tanks

5- Which crops is mostly cultivated in Mediterranean regions?

a) Millets & Barley b) Citrus Fruits ()
 c) Rice d) Ground Nuts

6- According experts about how many years ago man started the occupation of
Agriculture?
a) 25000 years ago b) 27000 years ago
c) 20000 years ago () d) 15000 year ago

7- Approximately how much percent area of the world is under cultivation?

a) 40 % b) 30 %
c) 20 % d) 60 % ()

8- Which type of climate is suitable for the growth of wheat in the world?
a) Hot & Dry Climate b) Cold Regions
c) Temperate Type () d) Heavy Rain Areas

9- When rice cultivation was started in USA?

a) 1575 b) 1699 ()
c) 1650 d) 1850

10- Which is the leading producer of sugarcane in the continent of South

America?
a) Argentine b) Brail ()
c) Peru d) Chile

11- Where the cotton was cultivated for the first time the world?
a) Middle East Countries b) Indo-Pak Subcontinent ()
c) European Countries d) Far East Countries

12- In which continent & country pure rubber was obtained direct form trees?
a) Brazil () b) Mexico
c) Italy d) Japan

13- Which country is the founder of tea plant?

a) China () b) India
c) Saudi Arabia d) France

14- How many percent of sheep are reared in the south temperate region?
a) 50 % b) 45 %
c) 40 % () d) 25 %

15- Which is the leading producer of Soya Bean Oil Seed in the World?
a) Britain (UK) b) USA ()
c) India d) China
Chapter # 07 Mineral and Energy Resources

1. Detailed Questions and Answers

2. Short Questions and Answer
3. Multiple Choice Question (MCQs)
 Detailed Questions and Answer
Q-1 Write a detail note on Iron-Ore with reference to production?
Ans. Iron-Ore: -
Iron is the most important metal because of its exceptional qualities. Iron is
cheap and its shape can be changed easily. The Chinese were first to cast
iron, from the 6th Century and they used cast iron supports for building and
for multi-story.

a) Types of Iron: -
Due to the various characteristics of iron-ore in different parts of the world.
It has been classified into four basic groups/classes, which are given as
below:-

i) Magnetite:-
It is the best quality of iron one having about 72% of iron content. It is black
in colour with very little imputies found in it.

ii) Hematite:-
It contains about 60 % to 70 % of iron continent. It has radish colour and is
also found in limestone areas. Most of the iron ore extracted is of this type.

iii) Limonite: -
It possesses about 50% of iron ore and has yellowish to brown colour. It is
found in France, Germany and other parts of Europe.

iv) Siderite: -
It is the lowest quality of iron ore. It contains 30% to 40% of iron content.
This has various varieties and colours ranging form ash grey to brown. This
contains lot of impurities.

b) Iron-Ore Producing Countries: -

Most of Iron Ore producing countries are found in the Northern Hemisphere
and contains about 70% of the total deposit . The major Iron Ore producing
countries are given as follow: -

i) China: -
China is the main Iron Ore producing centre in the world and major Iron Ore
Producing areas of China are the valleys of Yang Tze Kiang and Hwang Ho. It
is also minded in Aanshan, Teyah, Kiakiang and Swang Howa. It is leading
producer of Iron Ore and annual production is approximately 900
thounsand tons.

ii) Australia:-
The quality of iron ore found here is of high quality having 69% Iron
contents and main centres of Iron Ore are Southern Australia which is
sufficient and can be exported. Annual production of Iron Ore is 420
thousand tons.

iii) Brazil: -
It is also an important iron ore producing country in South America. The
main Iron Ore centres are Minas Garaes States, which contains about 120
miles squire areas that helps to export it. Annuanl production of Iron Ore in
Brazil is 370 thousand tons.

iv) India: -
 India is also a leading producer of Iron Ore and main areas that produce
Iron Ore are Bihar, Orissa, Goa and Mysore. Mines in Bihar produce about
45% to total production and anunal production is about 260 thousand tons.

v) Russia: -
Russia is also a leading producer of Iron Ore. The major iron ore producing
areas are Krivol-Rog Mines, Kerch Mines and Ural Mines. Annual production
of Iron Ore in Russia is about 100 thousand tons.

vi) USA: -
USA is also an important Iron Ore producer, it produces about 10% of total
worlds Production which is not sufficient therefore, USA has to import large
quantity of Iron Ore and annual production of Iron Ore in USA is about 49
thousand tons.

vii) South Korea: -

South Korea is also the producer of Iron Ore and however it could not
produce sufficient quantity of Iron Ore, therefore it has to important from
other countries and annual production of Iron Ore is about 55 thousand
tons.

viii) Sweden:-
It produces high grade Hematite Ore. It is mined at Kirunavaara and
Lousavarra. Annual production of Sweden is about 25 thousand tons.

ix) Canada: -
Iron Ore is also extracted from New Found Land, Ontario and British
Columbia and annual production of Iron Ore is about 35 thousand tons.

Note: Further details can be observed as below: -

Ukraine 72,000
Kazakhstan 22,000
Venezuela 16,000
Mexico 12,000
Mauritania 11,000
Chile 9,316
Peru 7,825
North Korea 5,000
Turkey 4,700
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,950
Austria 2,100
Algeria 2,077
Egypt 1,811
New Zealand 1,800
Thailand 1,550
Greece 1,500
Mongolia 1,387
Malaysia 800
Norway 620
Colombia 600
 Germany 422
Slovakia 392
South Korea 300
Pakistan 250
Tunisia 200
Indonesia 65
Nigeria 62
Zimbabwe 50
Romania 40
Azerbaijan 17
Morocco 10

Q-2 Write a note on Coal with reference to producing countries?

Ans. Coal: -
Coal is an important source of power resource. It was used for heating
purposes thousand of yeas ago. Early humans used wood, straw and dried
dung for fuel. One of the earliest known references to cal was made by Greek
Philosopher and scientist Aristotle. Reports indicate that China provided coal
for smelting copper and for casting coins around 1000 BC. Romans
harnessed energy from coal before AD 400. However in the early 18 th century
the demand for coal escalated when England iron founder John Wilkinson
and Abraham Darby used coal in the form of coke, to manufacture iron.

a) Extraction of Coal: -
Coal is mostly found in beds of sedimentary rocks. These rocks are drilled
though and the coal is extracted. It is due decayed plant and animals with
different chemicals reaction, and with the passage of time coal is formed.

b) Major Types of Coal: -

Coal is carbonaceous rock and therefore the varying amount of carbon
within a rock species can be consider as the basis of classification of coal.
Accordingly, coal can broadly be classified into the four major categories.
These are: -

i) Peat:
Peat represents the most inferior grade of coal that has been formed only
though the very limited degree of decomposition. It is fibrous in character
and contains only about 30% of carbon.

ii) Lignite Coal: -

Lignite is popularly known as brown coal because of its light brown colour. It
contains 45-65% carbon and highest the moisture and is regarded second
phase of cal development.

iii) Bituminous Coal: -

Bituminous coal is hard and mostly used and available grade of coal that
contains much higher proportion of carbon about 60-80 % and less moisture
and oxygen than lignite and is considered to be good quality Coal.

iv) Anthracite Coal: -

 It is a best quality coal and contains about 92-95% carbon and so low in
volatile matter, it burns with almost no smoke. Its deposits are about 5% of
global coal output in world.

c) Major Coal Producing Courntries: -

Main coal producing countries are given as under: -

i) China: -
It is the laregest producer of coalin Asia. It rankds second in the world. Coal
is found in the areas of Shansi, Shensi, Honan, Kansu, Zechawan and
Shantung. Annual production of caol in China is about 3,240 thousand
tons.

ii) USA: -
It the leading producer of coal in world and main centres of coal production
in USA are Appalachian fields, Northern and Southern areas. Annual
production of coal in USA is 975 thousand tons.

iii) India: -
India is also a largest producer of coal in the world and major production
areas are Ranijang, Jhria, Bokaro, Orissa, Assam and Rajashtan. Annual
production of coal in India is about 569 thousands tons.

iv) Australia: -
Australia produces a large amount of coal. The main coal producing areas lie
in New Castle and New South Wales. It also exports sufficient quantity of
coal and annual production of coal in Australia is about 423 thousand tons.

v) Russia: -
Russia is the largest producer of coal. Annual production of coal in Russia is
about 316 thousand tons. Main producing centres of coal in Russia are
Donetz, Karaganda, Pechora and Tola.

vii) Germany: -
The Rohr Mines produces large quantity of Coal in Germany. Besides these it
is also mined in Saar, Saxony and Aechan. Annual production of coal in
Germany is about 182 thousand tons.

viii) Poland: -
Poland is also a producer of coal and after the world war II Silica Coal fields
went in the possession of Poland which are very much helpful for coal
production annual production of coal in Poland is 133 thousand tons.

ix) Pakistan: -
Pakistan produces small quantity of coal. It is of inferior quality. Main
production centres of coal in Pakistan are Makerwal, Dandot, Kalabagh,
Lakhar and other areas of North East Baluchistan. Annual production of
coal in Pakistan is about 49 thousand tons

Note: Further details as per year can be observed as below: -

 Production of Coal by Country and year (million tonnes) [75]

Country 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

China 1834.9 2122.6 2349.5 2528.6 2691.6 2802.0 2973.0 3240.0

USA 972.3 1008.9 1026.5 1054.8 1040.2 1063.0 975.2 984.6
India 375.4 407.7 428.4 449.2 478.4 515.9 556.0 569.9
EU 637.2 627.6 607.4 595.1 592.3 563.6 538.4 535.7
Australia 350.4 364.3 375.4 382.2 392.7 399.2 413.2 423.9
Russia 276.7 281.7 298.3 309.9 313.5 328.6 301.3 316.9
Indonesi
114.3 132.4 152.7 193.8 216.9 240.2 256.2 305.9
a
South
237.9 243.4 244.4 244.8 247.7 252.6 250.6 253.8
Africa
Germany 204.9 207.8 202.8 197.1 201.9 192.4 183.7 182.3
Poland 163.8 162.4 159.5 156.1 145.9 144.0 135.2 133.2
Kazakhst
84.9 86.9 86.6 96.2 97.8 111.1 100.9 110.8
an
Total World 5,301.3 5,716.0 6,035.3 6,342.0 6,573.3 6,795.0 6,880.8 7,273.3

Q- 3 Write a note on Petroleum Product?

Ans. It is the most important and reliable source of energy as it is a king of fuels.
Petroleum, or crude oil naturally occurring oily, bituminous liquid composed
of various organic chemicals. It is found in large quantise below the surface
of the earth and is used as fuel and as a raw material in the chemical
industry. In fact, modern industrial civilization depends on petroleum and
its products.

a) Historical Background: -
By the time the Renaissance began in the 14th century, some surface
deposits were being distilled to obtained lubricants and medicinal products,
but the real exploitation of crude oil did not begin until the 19 th century. The
industrial revolution had by then brought about a search for new fuel and
the social changes it effected had produces a need for good, cheap oil for
lamps, people wished to be able to work and read after dark.

b) Characteristics of Petroleum: -
Chemical composition of all petroleum is principally hydrocarbons, although
a few sulphur- containing and oxygen containing compounds are usually
present.

c) Types of Petroleum: -
Three broad classes of crude petroleum exist: -

i) Paraffin Base Oil:

It contains high proportion of the lighter hydrogen such as methane and is
commercially the most important.

ii) Asphalt Base Oil: -

It comprises mainly of the heavier hydrocarbons and is of less commercial
significances.

iii) Mixed Base Oil: -

 it is an intermediate group with mixed properties of the lighter and heavier
grades of oil.

d) Uses of Petroleum: -
Mineral oil when extracted in its crude form is black in colour. It is then
refined from where it adopts different types depending upon the impurities
present in it. Main products of mineral oil are gasoline, petrol, diesel oil,
kerosene oil, wax, tar etc. it forms important raw material of petro-chemical
industry.

e) Major Oil Producing Countries: -

i) Russia: -
It is one the leading produce of oil in the world and contributes about 12% of
total oil production. The main oil producing centres are Baku Pilline,
Gronzy, Mailcop, Bakowal, Second Baku, Farghan Valley and Sukhlain
Island. Annual production of oil is 9,934 thousand barrel.

ii) Saudi Arabia: -

It is leading oil producing country in Middle East. Commercial production
began very late but since then it has assumed as important position with a
few years. Main areas are Damam, Abaqia, Qatif, Ghowar and Bafa. Annul
production oil is about 9,760 thousand barrel which has about 11.8 % of
total oil.

iii) USA: -
It is larger producer of oil in world annual production of oil in USA is about
9,141 thousand barrel which contribute about 11.1 % of total world
production. Main producing centres are Appalachian Oil Fields, Eastern
Fields, Mid-Continent Fields, Gulf Coast Fields, Rocky Mountains Fields and
California Oil Fields.

iv) Iran: -
Main oil producing areas in Iran are Masjid-e-Sulaiman, Haftkel, Gach
Saran, Agha Jari, Naft Shah and Lali. It contributes about 5.1 % in total oil
production of world and annual production is estimated to be 4,177
thousand barrel.

v) China: -
China is also a producer of oil, the main oil producing areas are Sinkiang
and Kansu. It produces about 3,966 thousand barrel per year which helps
world to provide about 4.8 % of total Oil.

vi) Canada: -
Petrol was firstly explored from the State of Ontario in Canada in 1959 and
afterward from Porvesok. Her the oil reserves are spread from Elgrta and
Manitoba to Columbia. Annual production of oil in Canada about 3,294
thousand barrel which contributes about 4% of world production.

vii) United Arab Emirates: -

Petroleum and natural gas exports play an important role in the economy,
especially in Abu Dhabi. More than 85% of the UAE's economy was based on
the exports of natural resources and petroleum products. Main oil producing
centres are Abu Hasa, Abu Jidu and off shore centres. Annual production of
oil is estimated to be 2,795 thousand tons which is equal to about 3.4 % of
world production.
viii) Brazil: -
Brazil is also a producer of Oil and he Brazilian economy is the world's sixth
largest by nominal GDP and the seventh largest by purchasing power parity.
Brazil is one of the world's fastest growing major economies. Economic
reforms have given the country new international recognition. Annual
production of Oil is about 2,577 thousand barrel which is equal to 3.1 % to
total oil production.

ix) Kuwait: -
Oil was discovered in Kuwait in 1938 while rapid expansion started after
World War II. Main Oil Producing Centre in Kuwait is Bargan Oilfield.
Annual production of Oil in Kuwait is about 2,496 thousand barrel and it is
estimated to be 3.0 % of total world production.

x) Iraq: -
It had an important position amongst the oil producing countries, her oil
reserves are sufficient and major producing centres are Kirkuk, Nafat
Khaneh, Aenzala, Baghdad, Khanquin, Hadithah, Qayarah and Basra.
Annual production is about 2,400 thousand barrel which contributes about
2.9 % of world production.

f) World Trade of Oil and Petroleum: -

Petrol is dominating the total volume and volume of the world trade amongst
all the items of the trade. The development of the modern world is possible
only on the basis of petrol. There are two types of counties using petrol (i.e.)
those which are having petrol but are backward in industry therefore they
have surplus petrol and secondly those which are industrially developed but
either have not petrol or no sufficient quantity.

Saudi Arabia is on top of petrol exporting counties. Apart from it, Dubai,
Zula, Arab Emeritus, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq etc.

Petrol importing countries are Germany, Britain, Canada, France, India,

Pakistan and Japan.

Short Questions and Answer

Q-1 How many types of minerals found in the world?

Ans. Following types of the minerals are found in the world.
i) Basic Minerals ii) Power Minerals, iii) Precious
Minerals

Q-2 Name the various types of Iron Ore?

Ans. Various types of Iron Ore are Magnetite, Hematite, Limonite and Siderite

Q-3 In which Country the natural gas was used for domestic purposes?
Ans. Natural Gas was used for domestic purposes in USA.

Q-4 Name the various types of Rock Coal in the world? In which type of
rocks mineral oil is found in the world?
Ans. Various types of Rock Coal are Anthracite, Bituminous, Lignite and Peat.
Generally the mineral oil is found in sedimentary rocks in the world.
Q-5 Which country of the world had produces first atomic power station?
Name the methods which used for the production of electricity in the
world?
Ans. The first atomic power station was built in Russia and main methods of
producing electricity are Hydro Electricity, Atomic Electricity and Solar
Electricity.

Q-6 How much percentage of energy is produced from the natural gas in the
world? In which country water was used first time to produce
electricity?
Ans. Now a dayss about 15% of energy is being produced by natural gas in the
world. The water was first time used to produce electricity in France.

Multiple Choice Questions & Answer

Select the Correct Answer from given choices

1- Mining is which economic activity of the following.

a) Primary () b) Secondary Economics Activity
c) Tertiary Activity d) Quaternary Economic Activity

2- Which mineral helped in bringing Industrial revolution in the world?

a) Chromites b) Iron ore & Coal ()
c) Cooper d) Zink

3- How many types of Iron Ore are found in the world?

a) Two b) five
c) Four () d) Six

4- Which country of Europe export Iron Ore in large quantity?

a) Britain b) Italy
c) France d) Sweden ()

5- Which country of world had used coal first time?

a) China () b) Russia
c) Iran d) India

6- Which mineral is considered as cheapest and useful among the entire

mineral found in the world?
a) Copper b) Iron Ore ()
c) Lead d) Zink

7- Which is the leading producer of gold in African countries?

a) Kenya b) Union of South Africa ()
c) Uganda c) Egypt

8- On which country the first Atomic bomb was used?

a) UK b) Japan ()
c) France d) Russia

9- Which country had used rock coal for the first time?
a) Germany b) China ()
c) India d) USA
10- Which is the leading Oil producer in Asian continent?
a) India b) Saudi Arabia ()
c) Indonesia d) China

11- How much percent of natural gas is being used for industrial purposes?
a) 24 % b) 15 % ()
c) 40% d) 60 %

12- Which source is used to get solar energy?

a) Water b) Rays of Sun ()
c) Natural Gas d) Coal

13- How much percent of electricity is being produced by the help of water?
a) 10% b) 15%
c) 25% d) 60%

14- Which continent is leading in the production of Hydel Electricity?

a) North America b) Europe ()
c) Africa d) Asia

15- Where the first Atomic Energy Power Station was found in the world?
a) UK b) Russian Federation ()
c) China d) Germany
Commercial
Geography
(Pakistan)
Chapter # 01 History and Location of Pakistan

Detailed Questions and Answers

Short Questions and Answer
Multiple Choice Question (MCQs)

Detailed Questions and Answer

Q-1 Mentioned the Historical Movement of Pakistan?

Ans. Archeological explorations have revealed impressive ruins of a 4,500-year old
urban civilization in Pakistan's Indus River valley. The reason for the
collapse of this highly developed culture is unknown. A major theory is that
it was crushed by successive invasions (circa 2000 B.C. and 1400 B.C.) of
Aryans, Indo-European warrior tribes from the Caucasus region in what is
now Russia. The Aryans were followed in 500 B.C. by Persians and, in 326
B.C., by Alexander the Great. The "Gandhara culture" flourished in much of
present-day Pakistan.

The Indo-Greek descendants of Alexander the Great saw the most creative
period of the Gandhara (Buddhist) culture. For 200 years after the Kushan
Dynasty was established in A.D. 50, Taxila (near Islamabad) became a
renowned center of learning, philosophy, and art.

Pakistan's Islamic history began with the arrival of Muslim traders in the 8th
century. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Mogul Empire dominated
most of South Asia, including much of present-day Pakistan.

British traders arrived in South Asia in 1601, but the British Empire did not
consolidate control of the region until the latter half of the 18th century.
After 1850, the British or those influenced by them governed virtually the
entire subcontinent.
 In the early 20th century, South Asian leaders began to agitate for a greater
degree of autonomy. Growing concern about Hindu domination of the Indian
National Congress Party, the movement's foremost organization, led Muslim
leaders to form the all-India Muslim League in 1906. In 1913, the League
formally adopted the same objective as the Congress -- self-government for
India within the British Empire -- but Congress and the League were unable
to agree on a formula that would ensure the protection of Muslim religious,
economic, and political rights.

The idea of a separate Muslim state emerged in the 1930s. On March 23,
1940, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the Muslim League, formally
endorsed the "Lahore Resolution," calling for the creation of an independent
state in regions where Muslims constituted a majority. At the end of World
War II, the United Kingdom moved with increasing urgency to grant India
independence. However, the Congress Party and the Muslim League could
not agree on the terms for a constitution or establishing an interim
government. In June 1947, the British Government declared that it would
bestow full dominion status upon two successor states -- India and
Pakistan. Under this arrangement, the various princely states could freely
join either India or Pakistan. Consequently, a bifurcated Muslim nation
separated by more than 1,600 kilometers (1,000 mi.) of Indian territory
emerged when Pakistan became a self-governing dominion within the
Commonwealth on August 14, 1947. West Pakistan comprised the
contiguous Muslim-majority districts of present-day Pakistan; East Pakistan
consisted of a single province, which is now Bangladesh.

The Maharaja of Kashmir was reluctant to make a decision on accession to

either Pakistan or India. However, armed incursions into the state by
tribesman from the NWFP led him to seek military assistance from India.
The Maharaja signed accession papers in October 1947 and allowed Indian
troops into much of the state. The Government of Pakistan, however, refused
to recognize the accession and campaigned to reverse the decision. The
status of Kashmir has remained in dispute.

Q-2 Explain the location of Pakistan?

Ans. Pakistan is a new state. It came into being one 14 August 1947. It is a
traditional society with a low literacy rate trying to acquire modern
technology. It is a developing country with a high rate of population growth.
It has in the recent past been heavily burdened with foreign debt. It has an
unfavourable balance of trade, although the manufacturing sector is
growing. The past 9/11 events have coincided with marco-stability and an
economic breakthrough.

Pakistan is the Land of Pure, is strategically placed all the crossroads of

Asia. The official name of the state is Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Capital of
Pakistan is Islamabad but the first capital of Pakistan was Karachi from
1947 to 1959. Then President of Pakistan Ayub Khan shifted the capital
from Karachi to Islamabad in 1959.

a) LOCATION OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan is located between 23 degree North to 37 degree North and 61
degree East to 77 degree East as far as the latitudinal and longitudinal
extents are concerned.

b) Geo-Strategic Position:
 Pakistan is surrounded by various countries:
East..India
West & North West ..Afghanistan
South West Iran Iran
North...China
South..Arabian Sea

c) AREA OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947. Its official name is Islamic
Republic of Pakistan. It has an area of 7,96,096 square kilometers. Area of
Pakistan is four times as larger as UK and one fourth of the size of India.
58% area of Pakistan is consists of Mountains and plateaus, while 42% area
of Pakistan consists of plains and deserts.

d) POPULATION
According to censes of 1998 total population of Pakistan was 14 Crore 23
Lacs & Eighty Thousand and the current population is more than 15 Crore.
98% of the total population is Muslim while 2% Christians, Hindus, Parisis
and Ahmadis also live in this country and density of population in Pakistan
is 164 persons per sq. km.

e) IMPORTANCE OF LOCATION OF PAKISTAN

The importance of location of Pakistan can be explained as

i) Pakistan and China:

China is situated in the north of Pakistan. Length of common border
between Pakistan and China is 600km. Silk route connects these two
countries. These countries have warm relations, and their friendship is
stronger than Himalayas. China has helped Pakistan in the development of
many projects including the defence projects.

ii) Pakistan and India:

In east of Pakistan is India, which is demographically second to China in the
world. Length of common border between Pakistan and India is about
1600km, cease fire line between Pakistan and India of Kashmir is not
including in it. India has emerged as an agricultural, industrial and military
power in the region. Since independence, India and Pakistan have never felt
themselves at ease with each other. Moreover, four wars have been fought
between these two countries until now. As a result, no progress could be
made in the region. Both countries have been spending the major part of
their budget on their defence. These countries have gone too far away in the
race of nuclear weapons and missile technology. The dispute of Kashmir
between these two countries is still pending in the UNO. Now once again
they are trying to resolve it peacefully. The earlier the peaceful solution is
found the better it is for them. 3.

iii) Pakistan and Iran:

Iran is in the West of Pakistan. The common border between Pakistan and
Iran is 900 KM long. Pakistan and Iran have very close brotherly relations.
The two countries united together by the bonds of Islam for fourteen
centuries and they have always been cooperating with each other in the
fields of diplomacy, economy, culture and education.

iv) Importance for Afghanistan and Central Asian States:

Afghanistan lies in West of Pakistan common border between Pakistan and
Afghanistan is called Durand line which is 2552Km long which was marked
 in 1893. Afghanistan and Central Asian countries are too far away from
coastal areas and they are land locked countries. These countries have to go
through the land of Pakistan to reach the sea. They are famous for their oil
and gas fields. They are included among the agriculturally high productive
countries. Thus they are important in regard to our future needs.

The total population of Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan,

Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan is even less than Pakistan through they are six
times larger in area. If we join these countries with a motor way, it will
definitely open the door of fortune for them as well as for Pakistan.

v) Importance of Coastal Area of Pakistan:

The industrial progress of most of the Western countries depends on the oil
of the Gulf countries. Geographically, Pakistan is located in the South Asia.
Persian Gulf is located in the south-west of Pakistan. Persian Gulf has a
geographic importance and countries like Iran, Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia,
Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, United Arab Emirates etc are located along it. These
Muslim countries possess the wealth of oil, which has enhanced their
importance. Pakistan has cordial relations with these countries.

vi) Religious Cultural and Trade Importance of Pakistan:

In the north west of Pakistan, there is a narrow strip of the Wakhan Valley (9
14 km wide) that separates Pakistan from Central Asian Islamic countries.
These Central Asian countries are land locked but rich in natural resource.
Pakistan has religious, cultural and economic relations with these countries.

vii) Trade Rout between East and West:

On the southern side of Pakistan lies the Arabian Sea, which is the part of
the Indian Ocean. Pakistan links the east with the west. Most of the trade
between east and west is through Indian Ocean. So Pakistan lies on an
important trade route of the world. Pakistan through Arabian Sea is linked
with the Muslim countries of Persian Gulf. All of them are rich in oil. The
Persian Gulf has always been the center of the big powers politics. Karachi,
Bin-Qasim and Gawader are important sea ports of Pakistan.

viii) Relations with Islamic Countries:

Pakistan has good relations through Indian Ocean with the Islamic
countries. In this respect South-East Asian Muslim countries (Indonesia,
Malaysia, Buruni-Daruslam) and South Asian Muslim countries (Bangladesh
and Maldives) are important. So Pakistan has an important strategic
position in the Islamic world.

ix) Center of the Muslim World:

Pakistan is situated in the center of the Muslim World. To the west of
Pakistan starting from Afghanistan and Iran, stretches a long chain of
Muslim countries.

x) Position in the Third World:

Pakistan is a great supporter of the unit of the third world countries. The
organization of non-aligned countries provides great importance for its
useful role in the third world.

xi) Economic Cooperation Organization (E.C.O)

In 1964 Regional Cooperation Development was signed among Pakistan, Iran
and Turkey. While in 1984 it was renamed as E.C.O. Later on its number of
 members was also increased from 3 to 10. Now Pakistan, Iran, Turkey,
Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and
Kyrgyzstan are member of this organization. The main object of the ECO is
to promote trade among Pakistan, Iran and Turkey and other member
countries.

xii) Fortress of Islam:

Pakistan is an ideological country which was obtained on the basis of
Islamic ideology, where roots of Islam are very strong. Many Islamic
countries follow Pakistan. Many Islamic leader call Pakistan the Fortress of
Islam.

xiii) Pakistan is an atomic power:

Pakistan became an atomic power in 1998 when Pakistan made atomic
blasts at Chaghi. Pakistan is also the first Islamic Power in the region where
the Pakistan is situated with India, China and Russia also other atomic
powers.

xiv) Importance of Pakistan from Defense Point of View:-

Pakistan is situated in the region of great political, economic and military
importance. Among its neighbouring countries, people of Republic of China
and Russia are recognized as supper power of the worlds politics. India is
another atomic power, which is also neighbouring country of Pakistan

Q-3 Explain the relations of Pakistan with other countries?

Ans. A number of factors such as popular traditions, attitude and thinking of the
people, past history, ideology of a nation etc. determine relation with other
country. Bharat is immediate neighbour of Pakistan, both countries have
more than one thousands mile long common boarder. The attitude of both
nations largely determined by the memories to pre-independences period.
The historical background of their relation is that Muslims of the Sub-
Continent preserved their separate identity even in the most unfavourable
circumstances and therefore demanded for the separate homeland when
they relived a grave threat to their existence in the United India. Hindustan
always dreamed of Hindu Raj could not tolerate or even imagine Muslims
claims of separate identity. But Muslim won the battle against the wishes of
Hindus, after a long period of suffering and sacrifices in shape of Pakistan
on August 14, 1947. The successes of Muslim brought great grief and
sorrows for Hindus. They concentrated all their efforts, energies and
resources for the sole of objective, making the Pakistan a part of India.

Two wars 1965 and 1971 have been fought between Indo-Pak, Kashmir
issue is the main problem between India and Pakistans relation until and
unless the Kashmir issue is not solved the Indo-Pak relation remain
unpleasant, Efforts are being made to improve the relationship with India in
the light of Shimla agreement.

Short Questions & Answer

Q-1 In how many parts, Pakistan was consisted of when it cane into being
on August 14, 1947?
Ans. When Pakistan came into being it had two parts i.e. East Pakistan
(Bangladesh) and West Pakistan. The West Pakistan was consisted of Sindh,
Punjab, Baluchistan and NWFP. Pakistan lies 24 oN and 37oS Latitude and
between 60oE and 75.5oE longitude. There was distance of about 1000 miles
 between east and west of Pakistan and India lies between East and West
Pakistan. In the north of Pakistan, China is situated and famous Karakoram
Highway (Silk Route) connects us with China.

Q-2 When Allama Iqbal presented his historical address in meeting of All
India Muslim League?
Ans. Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal had delivered his famous speech at the All
India Muslim League annual meeting at Allah Abad in 1930 and presented
the Ideas of Independent state for Muslim. In 1933 Chaudhary Rahmat Ali
had introduced the world Pakistan in his Pamphlet for the very first time.

Q-3 Who presented the Two Nation Theory in Indo-Pak Subcontinent?

Ans. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan had presented the two Nation Theory in Subcontinent
for very first time.

Q-4 What was the ratio of Muslims population in India at the time of
partition?
Ans. At the time of Independence, total population of Muslims was 10 crores out
of 40 crores of total Sub-Continent population.

Q-5 Explain about the boundaries of Pakistan?

Ans. On the East, Pakistan is bounded by the Indian States of Punjab and
Rajasthan, on our South we have Arabian Sea on South-West we have
common border with Iran, on our west Frontier with Afghanistan on our
North-East we have the border with China.
Multiple Choice Questions & Answer

Select the Correct Answer from given choices

1- When Lord Mountbatten announced the partition of Indo-Pak Subcontinent?

a) 16 June 1945 b) June 1947 ()
c) 15 July 1945 d) 1 Jan 1947

2- Who presented Pakistans Resolution on 23 March 1940at Minto Park,

Lahore.
a) Ch. Muhammad Ali b) Maulvi Fazal-ul-Haq ()
c) Hussein Shaheed d) Liaqat Ali Khan

3- Through which pass the Silk Route joins Pakistan and China?
a) Khyber Pass b) Khnjrab Pass ()
c) Bolan Pass d) Shandur Pass

4- Who was the Chairman of Boundary Commission of Indo-Pak

a) Lord Mountbatten b) Lord Minto
c) Sir Red Cliff () d) Lord Carson

5- Which was the Capital of Pakistan?

a) Lahore b) Hyderabad
c) Multan d) Karachi ()

6- When did Pakistan come into being on the map of world

a) 23rd March 1940 b) 23rd August 1947
th
c) 14 August 1947 () d) 20th August 1939

7- How long was the distance between East and West Pakistn?
 a) 5000 Miles b) 3000 Miles
c) 2300 Miles d) 1000 Miles

8- When did Pakistan recognize the Government of Bangladesh?

a) February 1974 () b) 23rd March 1971
st
c) 21 September 1970 d) December 1971

9- Which country lies in North and North East of Pakistan?

a) India b) Japan
c) China () d) Afghanistan

10- In which year the Durand line between Afghanistan and India was
established
a) 1875 b) 1897 ()
c) 1947 d) 1960

11- What is the name of Sea situated South of Pakistan?

a) Persian Gulf b) Arabian Sea ()
c) Red Sea d) Mediterranean Sea

12- How much long is the boundary lies between Pakistan and Iran?
a) 1000 Miles b) 500 Miles ()
c) 75 Miles d) 800 Miles

13- How many countries are members of SAARC Union?

a) 10 Members b) 8 Members
c) 4 Members d) 7 Members ()

14- Which Seaport of Pakistan is being connected with Central Asian States
through roads?
a) Karachi b) Pansi
c) Jewani d) Gawadar ()

15- Name the zone in which most areas of Pakistan are situated?
a) North Frigid Zone b) Torrid & Temperate Zone ()
c) South Frigid Zone d) South Temperate Zone
Chapter # 02 Physical Environment of Pakistan

Detailed Questions and Answers

Short Questions and Answer
Multiple Choice Question (MCQs)
 Detailed Questions and Answer

Q-1 Write a detail note on Physical Features of Pakistan?

Ans. Pakistan emerged on the world map on August 14, 1947 as a sovereign
independent state carved out of the South Asian Sub-Continent. It lies 24oN
and 37oS Latitude and between 60oE and 75.5oE longitude. It is surrounded
on its three side by powerful neighbours i.e.

Iran and Afghanistan on the West

The USSR and China in the North
India in the East
The Arabian sea in the South

a) Area of Pakistan: -
Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947. Its official name is Islamic
Republic of Pakistan. It has an area of 7,96,096 square kilometers. Area of
Pakistan is four times as larger as UK and one fourth of the size of India.
58% area of Pakistan is consists of Mountains and plateaus, while 42% area
of Pakistan consists of plains and deserts.

b) Population of Pakistan: -
According to censes of 1998 total population of Pakistan was 14 Crore 23
Lacs & Eighty Thousand and the current population is more than 15 Crore.
98% of the total population is Muslim while 2% Christians, Hindus, Parisis
and Ahmadis also live in this country and density of population in Pakistan
is 164 persons per sq. km.

c) Physical Features of Pakistan:-

There are five main types of physical features found in Pakistan these are:-

i) Mountainous Zone ii) The Indus Basin

iii) Rivers iv) The Plateau
v) The Deserts vi) Coastal Areas

Q-2 Write a detail note on Mountain Zones of Pakistan?

Ans. Mountainous Zone of Pakistan are consisted of the Northern and Western
areas of Pakistan are consisted of mountains these mountainous zones are
distributed as: -

a) Northern Mountains: -
The Northern Mountains are consisted of the following ranges: -

i) Himalayas: -
The Himalayas ranges cover the sub-continent on the North. The Western
parts of these ranges enter Pakistan through Kashmir. These ranges are
consisted of:-

The Silwak Hills which rise in the North and North West where
Upper Indus Plain ends. These hills merely range between 320 to
1000 meter. The rivers coming down from these hills form waterfalls
as they enter the plains and this water is used for the generation of
electricity.
 Mountain Ranges of Lesser Himalayas which occur in the Northern
Hazara and Muree. Most of Pakistans Hills resort like Muree, Ayubia,
Nathiagali, Abbotabad and the beautiful valleys of Kaghan lie amoung
the mountain regions. The highest mountain range of the Lesser
Himalayas is PIR PANJAl is about 4,000 meters.

The Great Himalayas which begin in the North of Pir Panjal. The
have an average height of about 6,500 meter. The highest peak of
these ranges is Nanga Parbat which is about 8,250 meters high. The
beautiful valley of Kashmir also lies here. The River Indus originates
from these mountains.

Ladakh Mountain Ranges Which is started from the Great Himalayas

to climb down further North. These are about 3,000 meter high and
known as the Ladakh Range.

ii) The Karakoram: -

The Karakorm range rises in the North West of the Himalayas. The ranges
extends from the North of Kashmir to Gilgit. The average height of the ranges
is 7,000 meters. The highest mountain peak of Pakistan K-2 is situated in
this range. Its height is about 8,900 meters. Gilgit valley is surrounded by
mountains covered with snow in winter. As summer begin the snow melts
and the valley wakes up once again. The rivers, streams and brooks begin to
flwo in the rocky beds. Green grass grows on the all side.

iii) The Hindukush: -

The Hindukush Mountains range lies North West of the Karakoram. Most of
it is located in Afghanistan and the highest peak is Tirch Mir which is about
7,700 meters. The Hindukush Mountain forms a barrier to the movement of
winds. In summer rain bearing winds coming form the Bay of Bengal and
Arabian Sea can not cross these mountains and cause severs rains in
Pakistan. In winter these mountains stop winds blowing from Central Asia
and saving people from the intense cold.

b) Western Mountains: -
The Western Mountains spread in the North South direction from the
Hindu Kush down through the tribal lands of the NWFP and eastern
Baluchistan runs a range of dry, scrubby,1500 to 2500-meter mountains
called the Suleiman Range in the NWFP and the Kirthar Range in
Baluchistan. The regions most famous feature is the Khyber Pass into
Afghanistan. These are further divided into following ranges: -

i) Mountains of Swat and Chitral: -

Three mountains ranges enter from the Hindukush to River Kabul. Three
rivers flow through these ranges. River Swat, River Chitral, River Kunar and
River Pankora. The Lawarac Hill in Chitral have heavy snowfall, which
blocks all the routes to Chitral. Work has been started on a tunnel. After its
completion the pass will remain open throughout the year. The average
height of these mountains is about between 2,800 meters to 7,500 meters.

ii) Koh-I-Sufaid: -
The Koh-e-Sufaid Ranges have an east west trend and rise to an average
height of 3,600 meter. They are commonly covered with snow and the
Sikeram, the highest peak in Koh-e-Safaid Ranges rises to 4,760 m.
Similarly, the elevation of Waziristan Hills ranges from 1,500 and 3,000 m.
Some rivers flowing in the region have formed passes through which armies,
 peoples and cultures have moved. Among them, the Khyber Pass is the most
important. It connects Peshawar in Pakistan to Kabul in Afghanistan.

iii) Waziristan Hills: -

The Waziristan Hills are arid and extend to the bank of River Gomal. Three
rivers, Gomal, Kurram and Tochi flow through these hills. The bank of these
rivers are not very high and they form mountains. The Tochi pass leads to
Ghazni. The Gomal is more important for most of the trade beween Pakistan
and Afghanistan is done through this pass.

iv) The Suleiman Range and Kirthar Hills

The Sulaiman-Kirthar Mountain Ranges extending from south of Gomal
River, lie between Balochistan Plateau and the Indus Plains. On reaching the
Murre-Bugti Hills, they turn northward and extend up to Quetta. Further
south, they meet the Kirthar Mountains, which merge in to the Kohistan
area of Sindh. The Sulaiman Mountains rise to an average height of 600 m
that decreases southward. Takht-e-Sulaiman (3,487 m) and Takatu (3,470
m) are the highest peaks of the Sulaiman Ranges.

Q-3 Write a note on followings

a) Indus Basin b) Rivers c) Plateau
d) Deserts e) Coastal Areas
Ans. Details of above can be explain as: -

a) The Indus Basin: -

To the south of the Himalayas and the Salt Ranges begins a vast plain,
which extends to the shores of the Arabian Sea. This plain is irrigated by the
Indus and its tributaries. It is called the Indus Plain. It can be dividing into
on the basis of its features which can be explain as: -

i) Uppers Indus Plain: -

The Beas Rivers (Beyas) joins Sutlej before entering Pakistan. The water of
these rivers flows into the Indus near Mithankot. The part above Mithankot
is called Upper Indus Plain. It lies about 200 to 300 meter above the sea
level. The rivers have made the Indus Plain fertile. There are few dry hills
near Sargodha, Chiniot and Sangla. The Western part of plain was once a
desert which is called Thai.

ii) Lower Indus Plain: -

South of Mithankot, the Indus and it tributaries join to make a great river. In
the Lower Indus Plain, three barrages have been built across the Indus to
divert its water into canals for irrigating land. They have brought prosperity
to Central Sindh but the Eastern part still is desert. As the Indus continues
its journey toward the Arabian Sea, it flow slowly and forms the Indus delta
Thatta. Here the Indus spreads into many channels.

b) Rivers: -
After the independence of Pakistan, a water control treaty signed between
India and Pakistan in 1960 guaranteed that Pakistan would receive water
from the Indus River and its two western tributaries, the Jhelum River & the
Chenab River independent of upstream control by India. The project, Indus
Basin Project, consisted primarily of the construction of two main dams, the
Mangla Dam built on the Jhelum River and the Tarbela Dam constructed on
the Indus River, together with their subsidiary dams. The Pakistan Water
and Power Development Authority undertook the construction of the
Chashma-Jhelum link canal - linking the waters of the Indus and Jhelum
 rivers - extending water supplies to the regions of Bahawalpur and Multan.
Pakistan constructed the Tarbela Dam near Rawalpindi - standing 2743
metres (9,000 ft) long and 143 metres (470 ft) high, with an 80 kilometre (50
mile) long reservoir. The Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad is 915 metres (3,000
ft) long and provides additional supplies for Karachi. The Taunsa Barrage
near Dera Ghazi Khan produces 100,000 kilowatts of electricity. The
extensive linking of tributaries with the Indus has helped spread water
resources to the valley of Peshawar, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The
extensive irrigation and dam projects provide the basis for Pakistan's large
production of crops such as cotton, sugarcane and wheat. The dams also
generate electricity for heavy industries and urban centres.

c) Plateau: -
The form the middle regions between the lofty hills and low lying plains.
They support variable quantities of life. The three major plateaus formations
in Pakistan are given as under: -

i) Pothwar Plateau: -
The Pothwar Plateau lies to the North of the Salt Ranges with an elevation of
about 300 to 600 meter. The streams flowing through the region have eroded
fertile land from the slopes uncovering the barren rocks underneath. At
some places farming is possible. The main rivers of the plateau are Soan and
Hero flow from the East to West to join the Indus. The Soan Valley is a site of
an ancient civilization.

ii) Salt Ranges: -

The slat ranges begins in the Jogi Lilla Hills and Bakralla Ridges on the West
Bank of River Jhelum. It runs North laog the river for some distance and
then passes through Bannu District and goes on the combine with the
Suleiman Range. The average height of the Salt Ranges is about 700 meters
and it rises to about 1,500 Meters near Sekesar 1. The Salt Range Mountains
are barren but rich in minerals.

iii) Baluchistan Plateau: -

The vast Plateaau of Baluchistan lies west of the Suleiman and Kirthar. Its
height varies between 600 and 900 meters. The Toba Kakar and Chaghai
Ranges in the North separates it from Afghanistan in the Central Brahul,
which forms the backbone of the plateau.

Most of the North Western part of the Plateau is a desert. There are salt
water lakes out of which Hamun Mahkel is the largest. The main river of the
plateau is ZHOB. Mony valuable minerals like coal, iron, chromites, copper
and natural gas have been found in many parts of this region. The
Government is doing its best to exploit this mineral wealth.

d) Deserts: -
Details of deserts in Pakistan is given as below: -

i) Thal: -
It lies south of the salt ranges forming a Triangle between Indus and
Jhelum.

ii) Cholistan: -

1 Sekesar : Soan Valley

 It lies towards the south of the Sutlej stretching along the couse and forming
a cast area of sand hills which are locally known as the Thar and then finally
merging into the Rann of Kutch towards the coast.

iii) Pat: -
A small tract of desert land in the Kacchi plains on the southern slopes of
the Sulieman lying west of the Indus is locally known as the Pat desert.

e) Coastal Areas: -
Longest Coastline Of Pakistan is Balochistan coastline which is 771 kms
long while the total length of the coastal areas of Pakistan is about 1100 km.
The coastal areas of Pakistan are in the province of Sindh and Balochistan.
These coastal areas are on the shore of Arabian sea and it connects Pakistan
with other countries of the world through a sea route. Gawadar and Karachi
are two prominent ports on these coastal areas of Pakisan. The city of
Gawadar is developing very sharply because of the seaport. Gwadar is a
district along the sea in south of the Makran. The coastline of Gwadar
District is about 600 Kilometers long. Gawadar port can become a trade hub
for all the neighbouring land locked central Asian countries of Pakistan.

Short Questions & Answer

Q-1 Explain how may types Pakistan can be divided according to Physical
features?
Ans. Pakistan is divided into following parts according to the physical features
which are given as below.

Mountain Ranges
Indus Plain
The Plateaus
Rivers
Deserts
Coastal Areas

Q-2 Explain the important passes situated in Pakistan?

Ans. The important passes of Pakistan are: -

Khyber pass
Tochi Pass
Kurram Pass
Gomal Pass
Bolan Pass
Khunjerab pass
Khojak pass
Lak pass
Darra (kohat pass)
Babusar pass

Q-3 Name the main rivers coming from Hindukush Mountains?

Ans. Terch Mir is the highest peak of Koe-e-Hindukush Mountain and the rivers
are given as below: -
Kubul River
Panj KOra River
Konar River
Q-4 In which province the Kirthar Mountain is situated?
Ans. Koh-e-Kirthar is a mountain of Sindh Province and it occupies no plantation
no greenery el no greenery elsewhere.

Q-5 Name the Western and Eastern tributaries of Indus River?

Ans. Eastern tributaries of Indus River are Satluj, Bias, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum
and its western tributaries are Kabul, Swat, Konar, Kurram, Tochi, Gomal
and Bolan Rivers.

Q-6 What do you know about Upper and Lower Indus Plain?
Ans. The upper Indus Plain includes the areas of Attock to Mithon Kot in Sindh.
Most of areas got alluvial soil brought by the rivers. Due to scarcity of
rainfalls, diversity in crops cultivation is found here. The Lower Indus Plain
includes the areas from Mithon Kot to Thatta (Sindh). Due to very small
amount of rainfalls, cultivation is performed by different irrigation methods.

Q-7 What conditions are found in deltaic Indus Plain of our country?
Ans. The Indus delta begins from Thatta (Sindh) up to the Coast of Sindh. The
cultivation is performed by different irrigation methods. It has mangrove
swamps and marshy conditions.

Q-8 Which are included in Salt Range and which type of Minerals are found
in Pothwar Regions?
Ans. The areas of Salt-Range begins in the east near the Jhelum in the Jogi Tila
and Bakralla ridges and runs southwest to the north of the river jhelum for
same distance befor turning northwest to cross the Indus near Kalabagh.
The Mineral found in Pothwar regions are salt, mineral oil, coal, iron ore and
limestone.

Q-9 Most of the areas of Baluchistan Plateau are dryExplain?

Asn. The Baluchistan Plateau lies to west of Suleiman and Kirthar Mountains. It
has very little rainfall in most parts, so cultivation is performed at very small
scale with the help of irrigation methods.

Q-10 In which province the Salty Water Lake Hamoon-Meshkhel is situated?

Ans. In the northwest desert areas of Baluchistan Plateau a large lake of salty
water is found named Hamoon Meshkhel and several rivers join this lake.

Q-11 Write a note on Deserts of Pakistan?

Ans. The Thal, Cholistan and Tharparkar are the deserts of Pakistan. The areas of
Thal and Cholistan are situated in Punjab. The Tharparker is the largest
desert of Sindh, these are the driest part of Pakistan.. The huge sand dunes
and some scattered, stunted, thorny bushes found here.

Multiple Choice Questions & Answer (MCQs)

Select the correct Answer from given choices

1- In how many parts Pakistan can be divided according to its physical features
a) Two b) Three
c) Four () d) Five

2- In which direction high mountains of Pakistan are situated?

a) South b) North & North East ()
c) Southwest d) East
3- In which province Salt Range and Pothwar Plateaus are situated?
a) NWFP b) Sindh
c) Baluchistan d) Punjab ()

4- In how many parts 'Indus Plain' can be divided?

a) Four b) Two ()
c) Five d) six

5- In how many parallel series our north-eastern Mountains can be divided?

a) Three b) Four ()
c) Five d) Two

6- Which is the highest mountain lies in north east of Pakistan?

a) Banhyachal Mountain b) Himalayas Mountain ()
c) Terch Mir d) Kanchanga Changa

7- What is the name of the highest peak of Pakistan?

a) Takht-i-Sulaiman b) K2 Godwin Austin ()
c) Terch Mir d) Kirthar Range

8- In which range lies the highest peak of our country?

a) Pir Panjal Range b) Karakoram Range ()
c) Hindukush Range d) Silwak Range

9- What is the height of Terch Mir Peak of Hindukush?

a) 21,000 Ft b) 25,230 Ft ()
c) 22,600 Ft d) 23,500 Ft

10- Which is the important river, which comes form Suleiman Range?
a) Swat River b) Bolan River ()
c) Konar River d) Kabul River

11- Which is the biggest River of Pakistan?

a) Kurram River b) Indus River ()
c) Konar River d) Chenab River

12- Which river flows through Khyber Pass then joins the Indus River at Attock?
a) Swat River b) Kabul River ()
c) Satluj River d) Tochi River

13- What is the name of Hills situated near Sargodha, Rabwah and Sangla Hill?
a) Waziristan Hills b) Karana Hills ()
c) Silwak Hills d) Kala Chitta Hills

14- Which is the highest place in Salt Range areas?

a) Sohawa b) Attock
c) Sakesar () d) Chakwal

15- What is name of the desert area, which lies between the Indus and Jhelum
River?
a) Nara Desert b) Thal Desert ()
c) Tharparkar d) Cholistan Desert
Chapter # 03 Climate of Pakistan

Detailed Questions and Answers

Short Questions and Answer
Multiple Choice Question (MCQs)
 Detailed Questions and Answer

Q-1 Write a detail note on Climate of Pakistan?

Ans. Pakistan lies on the western margin of the monsoon region. The climate of
Pakistan is more continental then other part of the sub-continent.The
climate of Pakistan is relatively dry. The basic conditions found in various
parts of the country can be determined by examining each climatic elements
and its implication.

a) Temperature: -
There is a great variability of temperature due to the diversity of land forms
and variable temperature in the hottest months are very hot, excepts in the
mountainous location. In the plains the hottest month is June and in hills
stations July is a hottest month. The temperatures in the hilly areas vary
from place to place due to change in altitude.

b) Summers:
Summer may vary in different areas of Pakistan and these variations can be
explained as: -

i) Hilly Areas: -
The mean temperature of June in Dorsh 2 is 31 0C, 28.5 0C at Muree, 31 0C at
Quetta and 38 0C at Nushkil.

ii) Plain Areas: -

In the plain areas the hottest months are very hard. The average
temperature for June is 38 0C or more The extreme maximum rises above
47 0C and the mean minimum 33 0C.

iii) Costal Areas: -

In the coastal areas like Karachi, the summers are milder. It has June
means maximum of 35 0C. Stratus cloud cover reduces the daily maxima.

iv) Hottest Place in Pakistan: -

The hottest place in Pakistan is Jacobabad where the mean maximum for
June is 49 0C and mean minimum is 33 0C. It is probable that nowhere else
in the world is there a population cultivating crop in such intense heat. The
daytime heat is sometimes relived by cooler nights and the temperature at
Jacobabad at night can fall to 21 0C at night.

c) Winters: -
Winter may vary in different areas of Pakistan and these variations can be
explained as: -

i) Hilly Areas: -
The temperature in the coldest month, January is low in the north and
North Western mountain. Chitral has mean of maximum temperature 09 0C
and mean minimum of -1 0C these areas usually snowbound.

ii) Plain Areas: -

2 Drosh is a town of Chitral District in Gilgit. It is located at 3533'29N 7147'33E with an altitude of 1,100 m
(3,609 ft
 In the plain areas the temperatures are moderate and pleasant. The mean
maximum for January in Lahore is 24 0C and mean minimum of 19 0C.
iii) Coastal Areas: -
In the coastal areas like Karachi, the winters are mild and moderate and
average temperature is between 9 0C -- 23 0C.

iv) Rainfall: -
Rainfall in Pakistan is concentrated with in the 3 months (July, August and
September). These are also called the Summer Monsoons. These winds blow
from the Arabian sea to the Bay of Bengal. These are full of moisture and
cause rainfall in different parts of the country. The rainfall varies from place
to place.

Q-2 Explain the influence of Climate on Human Life, Agriculture and

Economy of Pakistan? In which way the climate of Pakistan affect the
way of different regions?
Ans. Science has brought many comforts to human being. Earth ahs become a
better and more comfortable place for people to live and work in. However,
we have not been able to control our physical environment effectively.
Climate is an important part of our environment. It has a great influence on
people, their life and occupations. Here in Pakistan there is a variety of
climates which influence the activities and occupation of people live in the
region of Pakistan. Pakistan has are four seasons: a cool, dry winter from
December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the
summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through
September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November.
The onset and duration of these seasons vary somewhat according to
location. The climate and influence of climate can be explained as: -

a) Climate of Northern Mountains Part of the Country: -

The winters are very serve and are not only felt by men but also on
vegetation. The growth of trees is retarded and the grass under the snow
dies. The activities of people are reduced and very limited. People can not
work outdoors. Farming becomes impossible. The snow blocks the roads and
goods can not be transported from one place to other places. Many people go
down to the plains in search of works and livelihood during this period.
Normal activities of life start once again with the beginning of summer. The
snow melts away and green grass starts to grow. Men, women and children
make the best use of this brief summer. They plough their fields as soon as
possible so that the crops are sown and harvested before the winter arrives.
The northern mountains forests are an important source of timber and
certain industrial raw material. These areas receive most of the rainfall and
snow melts, so they are large source of water supply to the rivers. This water
is then utilized for irrigation and generation of hydro electricity. The people
of this region are tough and good tempered and make very good soldiers.
People of such areas wear soft dresses in summer season and heavy clothes
specially warm dresses in winter season.

b) Plain Areas of Pakistan: -

The climate of these areas is extreme. Winters are very cold and summers
are very hot. These extreme climatic conditions have made people patient
and hardy. They are hard working people. Their patience and endurance
make them good soldiers. Farmers keep busy ploughing the fields and
transplanting paddy in the extreme hot and humid weather. The Indus and
its tributaries carry large quantity of water. This water is used for irrigation
purposes. These areas are fertile and it is suitable for agricultural activities.
 Light clothes are used during summer and heavy woven clothes are used
during winter. Plain areas are mostly highly populated and education and
other essential facilities are available.

c) Southern Areas of Pakistan: -

Southern part of Pakistan includes Bahawalpur and Khairpur Divisions and
Mianwali and Muzaffargarh Districts, which are desert lands. Here the
summer are extremely hot and rainfall scanty. Dust storms change the size,
shape and even location of sand dunes. In some areas, where canals bring
water from distant rivers, people do some farming. Elsewhere, they raise
sheep and cattle. They mover from place to place in search of pastures. They
avoid travelling during the day. Their camel caravans move after sun set.
The people of this region wear thick, coarse clothes and turbans to protect
themselves from the hot winds. These people use very simple food.
Frequently they use milk and lassi. They also use Vegetables, Meat and
Dates are the part and parcel of the meal of these regions.

d) Baluchistan Plateau: -
The climate of these areas is extreme. Winters are very severing in most
parts of the regions. Like Northern Mountains, the Baluchis women do
excellent embroidery. The cold and arid climate is suitable for the cultivation
of Peach, Apple and Cherry Trees. The amount of rainfall is small. However
in certain areas where soil is fertile, irrigation water is brought from higher
regions, through underground canals called Kareez. The people of cool are of
Baluchistan Plateau use meat and tea. Plain areas people use mil and soft
drink. The people of cool areas wear warm and wool dresses and plain areas
people use soft and loose dresses.

e) Coastal Areas of Pakistan: -

The climate here is usually moderate. The sea and land breezes play an
important role in making the climate equable. Most of people are engaged in
fishing, shipping and chemical industries. Salt is produced from marine
water. People use fish and meat and wear cotton dresses.

f) Conclusion: -
From above discussion we can conclude that variation of climatic conditions
will tend to change they way of living of different people. Similarly it will have
an effect on the development of the country.

Q-3 How climate influence the Vegetation? or Differentiate between

Climate and Vegetation?
Ans. Climate influences the vegetation cover through the element of rainfall and
temperature. Plains of all types and description depend upon the varying
amount of solar energy and moisture, decaying growth. But as we move
away form these areas and according as the rainfall decreases, the tall trees
give place to vast grass land and the latter also are transformed into barren
deserts where high extremes of temperature with no rainfall is only able to
support certain thorny bushes having long roots which go deep down into
the earth for their moisture.

a) Major Classification of Vegetation -

Major classification of Vegetation can be explained as: -

The Perennial Vegetation or Forest

The Annual Vegetation or Grass Land
Nominal Vegetation or The Deserts.
Q-4 Explain how climate effects on the Agricultural Crops?
Ans. Temperature and quantity of rainfall constitute the climate and determine
the weather of the region. They influence the human nature, the vegetation
and the land produces of the areas they relate. The region having high
temperature and scarcity of rainfall have a dry climate and are generally
Barren. The people are lazy, hot tempered and short love areas of high
temperature and with sufficient quantity of rainfall, have a moist climate
and the people have similar nature but their productivity rate is higher with
a result that such areas are thickly populated. The coal temperature climate
has pleasant weather and the people have a longer span of life. Their
productivity rate is comparatively low.

Pakistan has a temperature dry condition type of climate and deficiency rain
is the general characteristics. The land can only be brought under
cultivation where irrigation facilities are available. In other words the land
becomes productive if the irrigation facility is made available. Minimum
mean temperature during January is noted to 4 0C and maximum mean
temperature in July is 32 0C to 43 0C

Q-5 Explain how the climate effects on the agricultural crops?

Ans. Temperature and quantity of rainfall constitute the climate and determine
the weather of the region. They influence the human nature, the vegetation
and the land produces. Pakistan has a temperature dry conditional type of
climate and deficiency rains in the general characteristics. The land can only
be brought under the cultivation where irrigation facilities are available. In
other words the land becomes productive if the irrigation facility is made
available. Therefore, a suitable climatic conditions are very helpful for the
cultivation of crops.

Short Questions & Answer

Q-1 What is meant by weather? How will you define climate?

Ans. The atmospheric conditions at any place for a short time (a day, a week, or
even a month) is known as weather. The general picture of weather is called
climate, thus to have a general picture of atmospheric conditions of a place
the average conditions of weather are obtained temperature, pressure, wind,
rainfall etc. is called climate.

Q-2 What do you know about the weather of Punjab Province, Sindh
Province, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunekhaw?
Ans. In the Punjab the temperature reaches maximum during summer months
and severe cold in winter months. This is because of distance from Arabian
Sea. The Province of Sindh also has severe hot weather during summer
months and cold in winter months. The coastal areas have moderate
temperature during summer. The areas of Baluchistan plateau are mostly
dry and sandy, these areas also receive less amounts of rains. Temperature
is very hot in summer and low in winter. In Khyber Pakhtunekhaw the
temperature reaches maximum during summer months and severe cold in
winter months.

Q-3 which type of weather is found in mountain areas of Pakistan?

Ans. The temperature of winter becomes very severe and it poring too many
months. The summer temperature is moderate and for the short period.
Q-4 How our climate effects the economy of Pakistan?
Ans. The style of living, confessions, dress, food and production of various areas
of Pakistan is interlinked with climate of Pakistan.

Q-5 Which factors are responsible for the climate of any particular areas or
a country?
Ans. There are following factors which may effect the temperature of any country
oar areas which are: -

Distance from Equator,

Height from Sea Level
Distance from Sea
Direction of Wind
Direction of Mountains
Slope of Land
Characteristics of Soil
Distance from Sun
Ocean Currents.

Q-6 What do you know about winter rainfalls in Pakistan?

Ans. The northern mountains and southern region & the western part of Indus
plain get good amount of rain from western disturbances of cyclone winds
coming from the Caspian Sea, which result in winter rainfall in Pakistan.

Q-7 How Pakistan can be divided according to diversity in climate?

Ans. Pakistan can be divided into the following climatic regions.

Sub-Tropical Continental Highland Type (H)

Sub-Tropical Continental Plateau Type (BSH)
Sub-Tropical Continental Low Land Type (B)
Sub-Tropical Coastal Areas Type (BWH)

Multiple Choice Questions & Answer (MCQs)

Select the correct Answer from given choices

1- In which temperate zone, Pakistan lies?

a) Frigid Zone b) Hot Temperate Zone ()
c) Torrid Zone d) North Temperate Zone

2- Which area of Pakistan has monsoonic conditions?

a) In Western Boarder b) In Eastern Boarder ()
c) In Southern Parts d) In Central Parts

3- Which type of monsoon becomes responsible for bringing rainfall in most of

the areas of Pakistan?
a) Winter Monsoon b) Summer Monsoon ()
c) Spring Monsoon d) Autumn Monsoon

4- Which type of season is mostly found in coastal areas of Pakistan?

a) Warm Temperate () b) Severe Cold
c) Very Hot d) Semi Dries

5- Which city of Pakistan gets highest amount of rainfalls?

a) Karachi b) Lahore
 c) Murree () d) Peshawar
6- How many seasons are found in Pakistan?
a) Three b) Six
c) Two d) Four ()

7- Which province has the hottest place of Pakistan?

a) Sargodha (Punjab) b) Jacobabbad (Sindh)
c) Peshawar (NWFP) d) Quetta (Baluchistan)

8- Which season is responsible in bringing most rainfalls in our country?

a) Trade Winds (Winter) b) Monsoon ()
c) Variable Wind (Summer) d) Cyclone Winds (Autumn)

9- Which areas of our country receive most rains in winter?

a) North Eastern Mountain b) North Western Mountain ()
c) South Western Mountain d) Noth Eastern Mountain

10- Which are areas of Pakistan are considered as a natural forests?

a) Southern Mountain b) Western Mountain
c) Eastern Mountains d) North Eastern Mountains ()

11- Which areas of our country remain covered with snow through out year?
a) More than 1500 ft above the sea
b) 18000 ft above the sea level ()
c) More than 1000 ft above the sea
d) More than 15000 ft above from sea

12- Which type of houses, people of mountainous areas prefer to live?

a) Flat Roof Houses b) Stanting-Slope House ()
c) Huge Fort Like House d) Mud Houses

13- Which crop is mostly cultivated in humid & irrigated areas of Pakistan?
a) Wheat b) Rice ()
c) Millets d) Maize

14- Which types of climate is required for cotton textile industry?

a) Hot & Dry b) Humid ()
c) Cool d) Severe Cold

15- What is main occupation of the people living in plain areas of Pakistan?
a) Fishing b) Agriculture ()
c) Mining d) Cattle Rearing
Chapter # 04 Soil And Natural Vegetation

Detailed Questions and Answers

Short Questions and Answer
Multiple Choice Question (MCQs)

Detailed Questions and Answer

Q-1 Define Soil and what are the various kinds of Soil?
Ans. Soil is defined as thereat of the unconsolidated material covering the surface
of the earth which supports plant growth. In other words it is the upper
layer of the earth's crust composed of organic, inorganic and mineral
articles.

a) Types of Soil: - Main types of soils are given as under: -

i) Alluvium Soil:
Soil material are transported and deposited by the running water is known
as Alluvium Soil.

ii) Aeolian Soil:

Soil material are transported and deposited by winds is known as Aeolian
Soil.

iii) Residual Soil: -

When soil materials are remained unchanged and in stationary position this
type of soil is called Residual Soil.

iv) Sandy Soil:

Sandy Soil is formed due to coarse textured; it is composed of sands and
other particles.

v) Clayey:
It is a best quality of soil and considered as a fine textured soil which is very
much helpful for cultivation of crops.
vi) Loam Soil:
Loam Soil is a mixture of sand and clay which is also helpful for irrigation
purposes.

Q-2 Write a note on the Soil of Pakistan?

Ans. The soil of Pakistan varies due to differences in physical features, climate
and natural vegetation. A good variety of soil is abundantly available in
Pakistan and is mainly dry due to meagre rainfall climatic conditions.
Various types of soil in Pakistan can be explained as:-

a) Indus Basin Soil: -

The Indus Basin comprises of a vast area of alluvial plains deposited by the
Indus and its tributaries. Most of the material is recent in organic,
calcareous and low in organic content. This can be further distributed as:-

i) Banger Soils: -
Banger Soils cover a vast area in the Indus Plain including most of the
Punjab, Peshawar, Mardan, Bannu and Sindh Plains. It is consisted of
calcareous of medium to fine texture. These are low in organic but very
fertile when irrigated and fertilized.

ii) Khaddar Soils: -

Khaddar Soils cover and present along the rivers and consisted of organic
contents which are usually free from salts. These soils are formed due to
floods which add layers of silt loam and clay.

iii) Indus Delta Soil: -

Indus Delta Soils cover the entire area of Indus Delta from the south of
Hyderabad to the coast. These soils are formed from sub-recent alluvium
and estuarine deposits. Clayey soils develop under floodwater and cover abut
one third of the areas. These soils can be used for the cultivation of rice by
means of irrigation. However in the lower part of the delta these soils have
become extremely saline and barren except for weedy vegetation.

b) Mountain Soils: -
Mountain Soils occur in the highland areas of the north and west. Along the
steep crests and slope shallow residual soils have developed. Mountain soils
are normally consisted of calcareous with low organic contents. In the
mountain valleys these contents are highly organic. In the sub-mountain
regions of Pothwar Plateau texture is consisted of lime contents, however
with the plenty of water these contents are productive. In the lowest parts of
inter mountain valleys the strong contents are developed which may be
helpful for the cultivation of crops.

c) Sandy Soils: -
Sandy Soils cover some parts of western Baluchistan, Cholistan and the
Thal Desert (Thal Desert Soil occurs in large sections of the Sind Sagar
Doab). Sandy Soils include rolling to hilly sand soils and clayey flood plains
soils where the soils are formed of deep sand, as in Baluchistan they are
moderately calcareous and largely Aeolian. In certain places old alluvium is
mixed with sand and used for agricultural purposes as in the Thal area
because irrigation water is available. However the arid and semi arid desert
areas have few possibilities of improvement beyond very poor grazing.

Q-3 Define Natural Vegetation and Explain the various kinds of the Forests?
Ans. Natural vegetation means any plants or trees that grow on their own
naturally without any form of human intervention. Certain type of plants of
trees have a natural place of origin or habitat, and before humans began to
harvest vegetation and cut down trees, this type of vegetation would grow
naturally without any form of man-made chemicals such as pesticide, to
manipulate its growth. Each place on earth had a community of plants that
were natural and adapted to a specific area, and, more importantly, had
grown accustomed to that climate zone. It is this type of plant community
that is referred to as "natural vegetation.

The vegetation of Pakistan varies with elevation, soil type, and precipitation.
Forests are largely confined to the mountain ranges in the north, where
coniferous alpine and sub alpine trees such as spruce, pine, and deodar
cedar grow. The southern ranges of the Himalayas, which are of lower
elevation, receive heavy rainfall and have dense forests of deodar, pine,
poplar, and willow trees. The more arid Sulaimn and Salt mountain ranges
are sparsely forested with a type of mulberry called shisham, a broad-leaved,
deciduous tree. Dry-temperate vegetation, such as coarse grasses, scrub
plants, and dwarf palm, predominates in the valleys of the North-West
Frontier Province and the Baluchistan Plateau. The arid western hills are
dotted with juniper, tamarisk (salt cedar), and pistachio trees. The area of
Zirat, Baluchistan, has juniper forests that are believed to be 5,000 years
old; however, they are dwindling due to deforestation. Dry-tropical scrub and
thorn trees are the predominant vegetation in the Indus River plain. Known
as rakh, this vegetation is native to the region and can survive temperatures
higher than 45C (113F). Riverine forests, found in the Indus floodplain,
require six weeks of monsoon flooding to sustain them during the dry
months. Irrigated tree plantations are found in Punjab and Sind. Mangrove
forests in the coastal wetlands are an integral part of the marine food chain.

a) Forest in Pakistan: -
The forests of Pakistan may be classified into seven groups on the basis of
their location and features. These forests can be explained as: -

i) Northern & North Western Mountains: -

These are the main natural forests of our country. Due to sufficient rainfall
in these areas the growth of ever green trees with pointed leaves is
maximum. These forests are located in the districts of Rawalpindi,
Abbotabad, Mansehra, Malakand, Swat, Dir and Chitral. The wood of these
trees is soft and used for building and construction work. These are also a
good source of low grade timber. These types of forests include large number
of coniferous trees such as Deodar, Kail, Spruce, Fir and chir etc.

ii) Shrub Forests of Foothill & Plains: -

These forests are found in the sub-mountainous regions and grow at an
altitude of about 100 feet and mostly can be seen in Gujarat, Jhelum,
Rawalpindi, Mardan, Kohat, and Attock Districts. The height of these trees is
about 100 ft. The wood of these trees is hard and is generally used for
making furniture and can also be used as fuel and can also be used for
building and constructions. Main plants Shrub Forests are Phulai, Kao,
Chinar, Mulberry and Wild Olive.

iii) Baluchistan Forests: -

Baluchistan Forests are not the dense forests due to scarcity of rainfall and
found in D..G. Khan and D. I. Khan. Only thorny bushes grow here and
 there. The main trees found in this region are Chilghoza, Pines, Pencils,
Junipers and Chestnuts. These plants are the source of dry fruits.

iv) Tidal Forests: -

These forests are found in coastal areas of Pakistan. The remain under the
influence of the high tides twice a day and grow in Karachi and Kutch along
the coast of Pakistan. The major type of Tidal Forests are Mangrove type of
vegetation, Coco-Nut and Grass. These forests are helpful for the provisions
of fire-wood.

v) Riverine & Bela Forests: -

These forests grow on the swamps along the great rivers and are also known
as Belas which are mostly found in the Lower Indus Plain. The main variety
of these plants is Shesham and Babul, which may be used for making
furniture and used for fuel.

vi) The Rakhs: -

These are dry Shrub Forests found in the arid plains way from the urban
centres. The main types of plants are Jand, Karil, Farash and Bakani. The
wood of these plants is used for irrigation purposes.

vii) Artificial Forests or Canal Forests: -

Artificial Forests are planted where canal water is abundant. They are the
result of planted where canal water is abundant. They are the result of tree
plantation programmes and mostly found in Punjab and Sindh. Changa
Manga forest of Lahore is the largest irrigated forest plantation, other
includes Chichawatni, Khanewal, Burewala and Thal. These forests include
the trees of Shisham, Sumbal, Dharek, Mulberry and Acacia. These forests
may be helpful for the provision of wood as a fuel or construction and
building purposes and for the increase of beauty of the areas.

Q-4 Explain the importance of forests in Pakistan?

Ans. Forests are very important natural resource. Forests play a dominant role in
the development of a country. Let us see how much forests are important in
the economy of any country.

a) A Source of Water:
The climate of Pakistan is generally arid and semi-arid. Water is available for
the irrigation of agriculture. The northern mountainous areas of Pakistan
receive more rain and snow. These areas are the main source of water for
rivers. The forests on the slopes of hills stop soil erosion. They also slow the
speed of the flow and irrigate the plains regularly.
1
b) A Source of Energy:
In Pakistan energy resources are limited. The forest wood is used as fuel and
meets the deficiency of coal.

c) A Source of Wood & Timber:

Forests provide timber, fire wood, gum and other useful articles which are
very important for the trade of a country.
1
d) A Source of Pleasant Climate:
Forests make the climate of an area very pleasant. They lessen the intensity
of heat.
1
e) A Source of Rain Fall:
 Forests cause, to a great extent, rainfall in a region. The presence of forests
measures the amount of water vapours that cause rainfall.
1
f) Protection from soil erosion:
The roots of the trees keep the soil intact. It stops the soil erosion and the
layer of fertile soil does not wash away and soil fertility remains unaffected.
Due to lack of forests the rivers carry huge amount of sand and silt that fill
our dams and artificial lakes and destroy hydroelectric power projects.
1
g) Protection from Water Logging and salinity:
Forests are very useful in water logged and salinity affected areas. Trees
absorb water from the soil and lower water level of underground reserves.
1
h) Attainment of Herbs:
Forests, herbs are used for the preparation of medicines.
1
j) Promotion to Tourism:
Forests promote tourism. There are many places in the northern and
northwestern mountainous area of Pakistan, which are covered with forests
and known for recreations.
1
k) Importance for wild life:
Forests are very important for wild life (animals and birds).
1
l) Source of Employment:
Forests provide employment to a large number of populations in Pakistan.
1
m) Sour of Fruits and fodder:
Forests provide different kinds of fruits and fodder to animals.
1
n) Importance in National Economy:
Forests have an important role in the economy of Pakistan. About 5 million
people have been directly or indirectly engaged in this sector.

Short Questions & Answer

Q-1 Which factors are responsible for the growth of forests?

Ans. The main factors which are responsible for the growth of forests are
Temperature, Rain Fall and soil.

Q-2 Describe the forests of north-eastern and north-western mountains of

Pakistan?
Ans. In the north-eastern mountain forests there is enough rainfall during
summer season so natural forests are found here. The trees here are mostly
evergreen which do not shed their lease during autumn, while the north-
western forests are not so dense and tall these are found in small numbers
in few areas. The rain occurs in small quantity.

Q-3 Describe about the Mangrove Forests found in coastal areas of our
country?
Ans. Now coastline of Sindh Province the thorny bushes and bush type natural
smaller trees are found. These are being used a kitchen fuel and called as a
Mangroves Forests.

Q-4 Describe about the conditions of forests found in Baluchistan Province?

Ans. Due scarcity of water and lesser rainfalls in Baluchistan province only few
amount of forests are found. There are tree like Chalgoza, Sfeda and
Walnuts in few areas.

Q-5 Explain what is meant by Bela Forests in our Country?

Ans. There are found on the bank of rivers routes especially in flood root areas of
Punjab and Sindh.

Q-6 What we call the artificial forests of Punjab and Sindh?

Ans. These forests are known as un-natural or artificial forests. The purpose of
these forests is to get wood for the fuel, to stop the erosion of land created by
the rivers and to safeguard our borders etc. the example of these is forest of
Changa Manag.

Q-7 Which province of our country is at the top in the production of

forests?
Ans. The province of Khyber Pukhtunkhaw is the leader in the production of
forests.

Q-8 What is meant by soil?

Ans. Soils are the t op covering of the earth surface in which growth of plants take
place.

Multiple Choice Questions & Answer (MCQs)

Select the correct Answer from given choices

1- Which is the important f actor responsible for the difference of forests in

Pakistan?
a) Temperature b) Rainfall ()
c) Soil d) Human Struggles

2- Which types of natural vegetations are found in the desert areas of Pakistan?
a) Coniferous Forests b) Thorny Bushes ()
c) Grassland d) Artificial Mountain

3- Which is the largest artificial forest of Pakistan?

a) Chichawatni b) Changa Manga ()
c) Perowal d) Kassowal

4- Which type of gas is provided by the forests for human beings?

a) Carbon Dye Oxide b) Nitrogen
c) Oxygen () d) Hydrogen

5- Which is the favourite profession of people of Pothwar and Baluchistan

plateaus?
a) Large Scale Agriculture b) Gardening
c) Fishing d) Herding ()

6- Which area of our country has coniferous type of forests?

a) North West Areas b) North-Eastern Mountain ()
c) Coastal Areas d) Deserts Areas

7- Which province is leading in more forest covered area in Pakistan?

a) Punjab b) Sindh ()
 c) Khyber Pukhtunkhaw d) Baluchistan

8- What is the name of upper portion of our earth and which type of plants are
grown upon it?
a) Plateau b) Soil & All ()
c) Deserts d) Oasis

9- Which mineral is found in the areas having red colour soil?

a) Copper b) Leads
c) Iron () d) Zink

10- What is the name of soil brought by the rivers?

a) Sandy Soil b) Transported Soil ()
c) Residual Soil d) Gravely Soil

11- Which type of colour is having vegetation matter soil?

a) Yellowish b) Whitish
c) Reddish d) Blackish ()

12- How many type of soil are present according to the structure?
a) Two () b) Four
c) Nine d) Six

13- When the trees planting weeks are celebrated every year in Pakistan?
a) Winter Season b) Autumn Season
c) Summer Season d) Spring & Rainy Season ()

14- How much area of Pakistan has been covered by under forests?
a) 8% b) 7%
c) 3% d) 4.8 %

15- According to experts how much areas of Pakistan must be covered under the
forests?
a) 50 % b) 60 %
c) Between 20-25 % () d) 10 %
Chapter # 05 Irrigation of Pakistan

Detailed Questions and Answers

Short Questions and Answer
Multiple Choice Question (MCQs)

Detailed Questions and Answer

Q-1 Define Irrigation? Mention the various means of Irrigation in Pakistan?

Ans. Irrigation is a process of water supply for the cultivation of crops. As rainfall
is not sufficient in Pakistan and the agricultural progress depends upon the
development and extension of means of irrigation. About 76% of total area
cultivated in Pakistan depends upon the irrigation. There are four main
means of irrigation system in Pakistan which are given as below:-

a) Canals
b) Tube Wells
c) Kareez
d) Persian Wheels

a) Canals Irrigation System: -

Canals are the most important means of irrigation. The canal network of
Pakistan is considered to be the one of the best in the world. Huge sums of
money have been spent largely on irrigation. The Indus and its tributaries
provide excellent facilities for irrigation. Canals start from Dams or Barrages
on a river. A number of distributaries feed out the main canal and feed the
farmers course. The canals system in Pakistan can be explained as: -

i) Canals System on the Indus: -

The canals system on the Indus is stared from Kalabagh and ends on Kotri.
The major distribution on Indus is: -

a) Kalabagh
The first dam is at Kalabagh, canals have been dug to irrigate the desert and
sandy areas of Mianwali and Muzaffargarh.

b) Chashma
 The second is Barrage, which diverts the water of the Indus River into
Jhelum through Chashma Jhelum link Canal.

c) Taunsa
The canals of Taunsa Barrage irrigate the areas of Muzaffargarh and Dera
Ghazi Khan

d) Gudu
Three canals emerge from Gudu Barrage. They supply water to 5 millions
acres land in Jacobabad, Sukkur and Larkan.

e) Sukkur
Another dam at Sukkur has been constructed at Sukkur from where seven
canals branch out to irrigate another 5 millions acres of land of Sukkur and
most of the canals are larger than Panama and Suez Canals.

f) Kotri
A barrage has built at Kotri from where four canals irrigate 2.7 millions
acres of land of Kotri.

ii) Canals System on the Upper Indus Tributaries: -

Canals system on the upper Indus tributaries includes the Jehlum River,
Chenab River, Beas River, Sutlaj River and Ravi River. Its tributaries are: -

a) The Canals of River Ravi

Upper Bari Doab (originates from Madhupur headworks in India) and Lower
Bari Doab (originates from the Balloki Headworks) are two important canals
of river Ravi. These canals are very important for the production of summer
crops. The upper Bari Doab is and old canal which was constructed in 1868.
Apart from this the Sidhnai Canal rises from the left bank of the Ravi where
the Headworks have been built at Sidhnai.

b) The Canals of River Chenab

The Upper Chenab flows from the Marala Weir in the Sialkot district and
Lower Chenab flows from the Khanki weir and irragates a vast wheat and
cotton area of Rachna Doab. The haveli system of canals is also located in
this Doab that comes out from Trimmu Head Works.

c) The Canals of River Jhelum

Chaj Doab has two important canals i.e. Upper Jhelum and Lower Jhelum.
The upper Jhelum canal originates at the Mangla Weir in Jhelum district. It
joins the Chenab at Khanki and gives its surplus water to lower Chenab
Canal. The Lower Jhelum canal flows from the River Jhelum at the Rasul
Weir in district Gujrat.These canals irrigate a large part of the Triple Canal
Project and have increased agricultural production. These two canals along
with lower Ban Doab link the three rivers i.e. Jhelum Chenab and Ravi.

d) The Canals of River Sutlej

There are three Head Works on river Sutlej i.e. Feroze-Wala, Sulaimanki and
Islam, whereas fourth is on the Puhjnad. These canals irrigate the area of
Nili Bar and Bahawalpur.

e) Triple Project: -
 The upper Jhelum, Upper Chenab and Lower Bari Doab Canals form
together the Triple Project which was designed to carry extra water from the
Jhelum to Chenab and then to the Ravi.

iii) Canals System in West of the Indus: -

Canals system in the west of Indus includes the Swat River, Kurram Garhi
Project and Warsak Canals which can be explained as: -

a) Upper and Lower Swat Canal: -

These canals have been taken-out from the Swat River which is a tributary
of the River Kabul. These canals irrigate the plains to the north of River
Kabul.

b) Warsak Canals: -
A dam has been built at Warsak on River Kabul from which two canals
branch out. They A dam has been built at Warsak on River Kabul from
which two canals branch out. They supply water for irrigation to Peshawar
Division about 1,230,000 acres of land.

c) Kurram Garhi Project: -

A big reservoir of water has been made by building a dam on Kurram Bara
River. Small canals irrigate an area of about 275,000 acres of NWFP.

b) Persian Wheels: -
Persian wheels have been set up on the well areas where there are no canals
and the depth of the sub-soil water is low. Camels or a pair of bullocks drive
these. These wells supply water to agricultural farms. Well have dug in some
canal areas to make up the deficiency of water. In the sub mountain areas
particularly in the districts of Sialkot and Gujarat well are an important
source of irrigation.

c) Tube Wells: -
The availability of cheap hydro electricity, the Persian Wheels have been
replaced by Tube Wells which not only irrigate the fields but also act as a
treatment for water logging and salinity.

d) Kareez: -
Kareez are an important and clever means of irrigation. They are
underground channels, which take their water from wells to arable lands.
This is done to avoid the evaporation of water. They are mostly found in the
areas where the humidity is low and water supply is limited. Kareez is being
practiced in Baluchistan.

Q-2 Write a detail note on the Water Resources of Pakistan?

Ans. Water resources of Pakistan include over two dozen rivers, several lakes,
dams, canals and wider stretch of the ocean. Rain cycle is ultimate source of
watering the rivers, which are formed by melting of the mountain snows.
While flowing down the hilly areas these rivers make many beautiful
waterfalls. However the some important water sources of Pakistan can be
discussed as: -

a) Lakes: -
Lakes are formed when course of water is blocked / stopped at some place.
Lakes beautify the landscape and become popular spots for recreation of
human being fishing and tourism. Such lakes also help into reducing
 flooding, irrigation in dry season, this water may be used for hydro power
generation etc. some important lakes in Pakistan are: -

a) Mangla Lake e) Saif ul Malook Lake

b) Tarbela Lake f) Gilgit Lake
c) Saido Sharif Lake g) Kahora Lake
d) Change Mangla Lake h) Laloosar Lake

b) Springs: -
A spring is a point where water flows out of the ground. A spring may flow
the whole year or only sometimes. This depends on the water getting into the
ground all of the time (rain) or only once in a while (snow melting). There are
many springs in Northern region of our beloved country. The water of spring
is very pure but water coming through the limb rocks is not so pure some
useful minerals dissolved in it which may be useful for medicine purpose.
Some important spring are: -

a) Chitral d) Chagi
b) Hunza e) Koh-e-Sultan
c) Chalas

c) Dams: -
Dams control the flow of water. They prevent flooding and are responsible for
regular supply of water in the adjoining area. The design of a dam is
prepared according to the position site and availability of the building
material. Dams are usually made of rock, sand, gravel and earth. Dams are
made strong with steel and concrete. Smaller dams are known as barrages.
Some famous dams of Pakistan are: -

a) Rawal Dam d) Khanpur Dam

b) Mangla Dam e) Hub Dam
c) Trabela Dam

d) Rivers: -
The evaporated water is converted into ran and snow on the mountain
range. The snow and glaciers melt due to sunlight and water flows down in
the form of streams. The union of these streams form river. A vast area of
land is irrigated by building dam and barrages on the rivers. Main rivers of
Pakistan are:-

a) Chenab River n) Swan River

b) Dasht River o) Kundar River
c) Dshtiari River p) Kunhar River
d) Gamila River q) Kurram River
e) Ghaggar Hakra River r) Lyari River
f) Gilgit River s) Malir River
g) Gomal River t) Panjkora River
h) Hub River u) Rivi River
i) Hungol River v) Shigar River
j) Hunza River w) Sutlej River
k) Indus River x) Swat River
l) Jhelum River y) Tochi River
m) Kabul River z) Zhob River
e) Sea
Pakistan has 700 Kilometre long stretch of sea running along the boarder of
her soil. The six hundred and fifty thousand square kilometre expanse links
the country to vital spots and trade routes.

Q-3 Write a note on important Dams in Pakistan?

Ans. Three main dams Mangla, Tarbela and Warsak were constructed for the purpose of
generating electricity and irrigating agricultural land. In addition, there are 23
barrages/head works/syphons; main irrigation canals are 45, which have extended up
to 40,000 miles. Similarly, there are 90,000 water courses, which are extended up to one
million miles.

a) Tarbela Dam
The world's largest earth-filled dam on one of the world's most important rivers-
the Indus - is 103 km from Rawalpindi. The dam was completed in 1976 at a cost of
Rs.18.5 billion. Over 15,000 Pakistani and 800 foreign workers and engineers worked
during its construction. It is the biggest Hyde power station in Pakistan having capacity
of generating 3,478 MW of electricity. Its reservoir is 97 km long with a depth of
137 meters while total area of the lake is 260 Sq Km. The Demand Power House can be
visited after acquiring permits from the Water and Power Development Authority
(WAPDA)along with a No-Objection Certificate(NOC) from the Ministry of Interior.

b) Mangla Dam
The Mangla Dam on the River Jhelum is one of the longest earth-fill dams in the world.
The Indus Basin treaty of 1960 with India paved the way for its construction. The treaty
provided for two dams, one on the River Jhelum at Mangla and the other on the Indus
at Tarbela. World's third largest earth-filled dam is only 115 km south-east of
Rawalpindi. One has to turn left from Dina Town and the dam on river Jhelum is about
14 km to the east. The dam is 3,353 meters (11,000 ft) long and 116 meters high above
the river bed with acrest elevation of 1,234 feet. It is designed to store 5.88 MAF water
and also used for power generation. In the centre of the dam there is the Gakkhar Fort
from where one can have a panoramic view of the lake. The Dam and Power House can
be visited after acquiring permits from the Water and Power Development Authority
(WAPDA) along with a No-Objection Certificate (NOC) from the Ministry of Interior.
Besides the main dam, Sukian Dyke, 17,000 feet in length, and a small dam 3,700 feet
long to block the Jari Nala were also constructed. Jari Dam is 11 miles from New
Mirpur. Mangla Dam has two spillways on the right side. The main spillway has a
normal service capacity of 900,000 cusecs. It has nine gates 36 feet wide and40 feet
high. The second is an emergency spillway. Its design provides for a future increase
of 48 feet in height.

c) Warsak Dam:
The gigantic multi-purpose Warsak Dam on River Kabul is situated 30 Kilometre
north-west of Peshawar in the heart of tribal territory. It has a total generating capacity
of 240,000 KW and will eventually serve to irrigate 110,000 acres of land.

The 250 ft. high and 460 ft. long dam with reservoir of 4 square miles had a live storage
capacity of 25,300 acre-feet of water for irrigation of 119,000 acres of land and meeting
power generation requirement. A spillway with nine gates is capable to discharge
540,000 cusecs of flood water

d) Khanpure Dam: -
This beautiful lake/dam is 48 km from Islamabad on Taxila-Haripur Road. It is
an ideal place for day trip/picnic, boating, angling and watching migratory birds
during winter. Khanpur Dam has been constructed in a narrow gorge on the Haro
River. It is a multipurpose project which supplies drinking water to Islamabad and
 Rawalpindi and irrigation water to NWFP (110 cusecs) and Punjab (87cusecs).
Khanpur village, from which the dam derives its name, has been submerged by the
reservoir, so a new Khanpur town has been built downstream of the Dam. The dam
is167 feet high and stores 106,000 acre feet of water. Construction was started in 1968
and completed in 1983 at a cost of Rs.1352 million.

e) Ghazi Barotha Hydro Power Project

Ghazi Barotha Hydro Power Project is a Run-of-the-River power project on the
Indus River located downstream of Tarbela Dam. The project provides the nation with a
continuous peak power of 1450mw, 24 hours a day. The project was completed during
the fiscal year 2003-2004. This is a major run of river and environmentally sustainable
project designed to meet the acute shortage of peak power demand in the country.
Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project with a generation capacity of 1450 MW and an
average energy output of 6600 GWh (Giga watts) is a large, renewable and emission free
source of energy towards WAPDAs Vision 2025 goals. The Project has three main
components, a Barrage, a Power Channel and a Power Complex. Some barrage and
power channels of Ghazi Barotha Hydro Power Project are: -

i) The Barrage located 7 km downstream of Tarbela Dam, provides a pond which

re-regulates the daily discharge from Tarbela by diverting the flow into the Power
Channel. Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project holds the record for the biggest
concrete lined

ii) Power channel in the world which conveys a design flow of 1600 cumecs
(56,500cusecs) of water from the barrage to the power complex. The channel is
52 km long with a bed slope of 1 in 9600, a water depth of 9 m, a base width of
58.4 m and a velocity of 2.33 m/sec.

iii) The Power Complex is located near the confluence of the Indus and Haro
rivers. It comprises a fore bay , a siphon, spillway , two head ponds, a power in
take structure, penstocks, a power house with five 290 MW each turbo
generators and a tailrace channel.

f) Misriot Dam
Misriot dam is located 12 km south-west of Rawalpindi. This small dam has an artificial
lake with boating and fishing facilities. Fishing permit may be obtained from
fishing guard at Misriot. It has a pleasant landscape and walkways beyond the lake
among eruptions of black rocks.

g) Tanaza Dam
It is a small dam located at about 35 Km south-west of Rawalpindi on Dhamial Road.
Ideal for a day trip, the lake has a quiet atmosphere

Q-4 What do you know about the important Barrages of Pakistan?

Ans. Pakistan takes pride in its achievements in the construction of several barrages.
Historically, Pakistan has been designing and constructing weirs and barrages, which
has led to the state-of-the-art present-day knowledge. Even before the creation of the
country, the areas now included in Pakistan were under-going developments to build
some gigantic and remarkable engineering works. In 1871, the weir across River Ravi
was built at the head of Bari Doab canal in Punjab. The building of Khanki headworks
was undertaken in 1890-92. The headworks of Rasul on Jhelum River were built in
1901. Between the period 1900-1950 the following were constructed: Marala weir on
River Chenab, Balloki headworks on River Ravi and Ferozpur, Sulemanki, Islam and
Panjnad on River Sutlej, Trimmu on River Jhelum and Sukkur and Kalabagh on River
Indus. Between 1950-52, three barrages were constructed on the Indus River at Kotri,
Taunsa and Guddu. Later, as part of the Indus Water Treaty, the following barrages
 were constructed between 1962-75: Sidhanai on Ravi, Rasul on Jhelum, Qadirabad
and Marala on Chenab and Chashma on Indus.

a) Chashma Barrage: -
Chashma Barrage was constructed in 1971 on the River Indus near the village of
Chashma, about 35 miles downstream of Jinnah Barrage. It was constructed to divert
the water released from Tarbela into River Jhelum through the Chashma-Jhelum Link
Canal, which has a capacity of 21,700 cusecs. The barrage was also designed to feed
the Paharpur canal that is located on the right side. The river valley at Chashma is 6.5
miles wide. The barrage is 3,536 feet long with 3,120 feet of clear waterway and with a
maximum design discharge of 1.1 million cusecs. The total designed withdrawal for
canals is 26,700 cusecs. The maximum flood level height of Chashma Barrage is 37
feet. The barrage has 52 bays, each 60 feet wide. The length of the left and right guide
bank is 4,302 ft. The Chashma Right Bank Canal, a lift-cum-gravity canal, is being
executed at a cost of US$ 633 million. The canal is 71 miles long, with 37 miles of feeder
canals and a capacity of 2,500 cusecs. it would benefit an area of 261,000 acres. Low-
head hydropower generation is being tapped from several barrages in Pakistan. A
similar project of Rs 17.822 billion is under execution at Chashma, which is expected
to complete this year. The government has allocated Rs. 986 million for this project for
the year 2001-02.

b) Guddu Barrage: -
Guddu Barrage was constructed in 1962 on River Indus with a maximum design
discharge of 1.2 million cusecs. It is a gate-controlled weir type barrage with a
navigation lock. The barrage has 64 bays, each 60 feet wide. The maximum flood level
height of Guddu barrage is 26 feet. It controls irrigation supplies to 2.9 million acres of
agricultural lands in the Jacobabad, Larkana and Sukkur districts of Sindh and the
Nasirabad district of Balochistan. The cost of the project was 474.8 million rupees. It
feeds Ghotki Feeder, Begari Feeder, Desert and Pat Feeder canals. Guddu has low-head
hydropower potential. A Draft Feasibility of 33.5 MW was conducted with the technical
assistance of GTZ. The purpose of the project is to utilize existing canals and
structures for bed stabilization and water diversion, which results in enormous savings
for the generation of hydel energy. The powerhouse will be equipped with 5 pit type
Kaplan turbines in horizontal setting. Hydraulic Modeling Studies are presently in
progress at the Nandipur Irrigation Research Institute.

c) Jinnah Barrage: -
Jinnah Barrage was constructed in 1946 on River Indus with a maximum design
discharge of 950,000 cusecs. The total designed withdrawal for canals is 7,500 cusecs.
The maximum flood level height of Jinnah Barrage is 28 feet. The barrage has 42 bays,
each 60 ft. wide. The length of the left bank is 4,099 ft and that of the right bank is
5,487 ft. A low-head hydro power generation project is also planned at Jinnah Barrage
costing Rs. 9,882 million which will be spent in 6 years of project duration. A feasibility
study conducted with the assistance of ODA indicated the potential for 144 MW project
through 16 pit type turbo-generators. WAPDA now envisages 96 MW of installed
capacity. 8 units with a gross head of 16 feet will generate power

d) Kotri Barrage: -
Kotri Barrage was constructed in 1955 on River Indus with a maximum design
discharge of 875,000 cusecs. The barrage has 44 bays, each 60 feet wide. The length of
the left and right guide bank is 6,000 ft. The maximum flood level height of Kotri
barrage is 43.1 feet. Kotri Barrage was constructed to irrigate Fulleli, Pinyari and Kolari
canals through lined channels and enhance agriculture in the lower Sindh region. The
need to release some amount of water below Kotri Barrage, which is the last diversion
point on the Indus River System, has been recognized by most experts. The purpose is
to provide the sailaba (flood) Irrigation in an area of approximately 120, 000 hectares
 and keep the 280-kilometer Indus River Reach from the Kotri Barrage to the Arabian
Sea, alive. Furthermore, any amount of water released below Kotri would help in
checking seawater intrusion.

e) Sukkur Barrage: -
Sukkur Barrage was constructed in 1932 on River Indus. It is among the few large
barrages in the world, and has a maximum design discharge of 1.5 million cusecs. The
total designed withdrawal for canals is 47,530 cusecs. The barrage has 54 bays, each
60 feet wide. The maximum flood level height of Sukkur barrage is 30 feet.

f) Taunsa Barrage: -
Taunsa Barrage was constructed in 1959 on River Indus, 18- miles downstream of
Chashma Barrage in district Muzaffargarh. The barrage has a maximum design
discharge of 750,000 cusecs. The total designed withdrawal for canals is 36,501 cusecs.
The maximum flood level height of Taunsa Barrage is 26 feet. The barrage has 53 bays,
each 60 feet wide. The Taunsa-Panjnad Link has been made to supply water to the
Panjnad Headworks. It also feeds the DG Khan and Muzaffargarh canals. The length of
the left and right guide bank is 8,327 ft. The gates, 60 x 22.5 feet in size, are manually
operated. The feasibility for low-head hydel power has been completed through a CIDA
grant, and 120 MW power stations will be installed with 8 pit type turbo generators.

Short Questions & Answer

Q-1 Is the rainfall which occurred in our country sufficient for agriculture?
Ans. The annual rainfall in Pakistan is not sufficient. It is approximately about
less than 20 (Inches)per year. Therefore to meet the requirements of
agriculture different primitive methods of irrigation used in Pakistan which
are like Dhinkli, Well, Reht, Kareez, Ponds, Tanks, Kole, Tube Wells, Canals
etc.

Q-2 Which type of Canals are use for irrigation in our country?
Ans. There are following types of canals, are used in our country, which are: -

i) Permanent Canals are those canals in which water flows through out
the year.

ii) Inundation Canals are those canals in which water flows only for six
months.

iii) Flood Canals are those canals which are used to control critical and
emergency situation of floods some canals have been dug in which
water is transformed to dry areas.

Q-3 Describe various reasons why irrigation is essential for the agriculture?
Ans. Irrigation is very important for agriculture because irrigation convert the
Barren areas into fertile fields. It can provide employment; increase the
fertility of land and helps in enhancing the crop production.

Q-4 Which canals have been taken from River Ravi, Chenab, and Jhelum for
irrigation?
Ans. The list of main canals can be given as under: -

i) River Ravi includes the following canals for irrigation purposes

Upper Bari Doab irrigates District Amritsar and Lahore.
Lower Bari Doab irrigates District Sahiwal and Multan.
 Sidhnai Canals irrigate District Multan and Vehari.

ii) River Chenab includes following canals for irrigation purposes

Upper Chenab Canal irrigates Marala.
Lower Chenab Canal irrigates Khanki.
Rangpur and Main Canal irrigates Haveli Bihadur Shah.

iii) River Jhelum includes the following Canals for irrigation purposes
Upper Jhelum Canal irrigates Mangla.
Lower Jhelum Canal irrigates Rasul.

Q-5 Write about canals which have been taken from Indus River?
Ans. Canals of Indus River can be given as under: -
Canal at Jinnah Barrage Near Kalabagh-Punjab
Taunsa Barrage Canal near D. G. Khan Punjab
Guddu Barrage Canal Sindh
Sukkur Barrage Canal Sindh
Ghulam Muhammad Barrage Canal Near Kotri Sindh

Canals of Western Tributaries of Indus River can be given as under: -

Swat Canals
o Upper Swat Canal from Malakand
o Lower Swat Canal from Abazai

Q-6 Write about Irrigation Projects of Western Tributaries of Indus River?

Ans. The main irrigation projects of western tributaries of Indus River are: -

The Kurram Garhi Project

The Nari Bolan Project
The Gomalzam Project
Tanda Dam Project
The Darwat Dam
The Hab Dam

Q- 7 Write about the Irrigation Projects of Potohar Plateau?

Ans. These projects are: -

The Rawal Dam

The Soan or Rawalpindi (Rawal) Dam
The Cherah Dam
Simly Dam

Q-8 Which link canals were constructed under Indus Basin Treaty?
Ans. There are following link canals were constructed under Indus Basin Treaty.

The Rasul Qadirabad Canal

Qadirabad
The Balloki Salmanki Link Canal
The Chashma - Jhelum Link Canal
Trimmu Sidhnai Link Canal
The Sidhnai Mailsi Bahawal Link Canal
The Taunsa Punjnad Link Canal

Q-9 What are the important characteristics of Canal System of Pakistan?

Ans. Some important features of Canal System of Pakistan are given as under: -

It convert barren areas to fertile fields

Employment opportunities in rural areas
Increase in fertility due to canal water
Economical than other irrigation systems
Helpful in massive production output.

Q-10 Describe about the important of irrigation system of Pakistan?

Ans. Irrigation system of Pakistan is very important for Pakistan because,

It restraints the people migration from rural to urban areas.

Helpful in increasing the forests.
It increases the underground water level.
It provides drinking water after purifying.

Q-11 What are the after effects of canal irrigation in our country?
Ans. If canal water is not used with care, it causes damages to lands largely as
the river water absorbs in earth and accumulates to such as extent that the
water level of inner earth reaches up to upper surface.
Q- 12 What steps were taken to avoid the dangers of water logging & salinity?
Ans. For eradication of water logging and salinity there are following steps which
have been taken: -

Introduction of Kallar Killer Grass

Drainage of water logged water.
With the construction of Pucca Khals in canal areas.
Plantation of w ater absorbing trees.
Encouragement of installation of more and more tube wells.

Multiple Choice Questions & Answer (MCQs)

Select the correct Answer from given choices

1- What is the important factor on which agriculture of our country depends in

various areas?
a) Temperature b) Rainfall
c) Soil d) Artificial Irrigation ()

2- On which river basin our country is situated

a) River Ravi b) River Indus ()
c) River Kabul d) River Chenab

3- Which canal was taken from River Ravi before the partition.
a) Sarhand Canal b) Upper Chenab Canal
c) Jaman Gharbi Canal d) Upper Bari Doab Canal ()

4- Which two district were irrigated by upper Bari Doab Canal before the
partition.
a) District Ludhiana b) Lahore and Amritsar ()
c) District Ferozepur d) Gurdaspur & Pathankot
5- Which canal was taken from chenab after the close of Upper Bari Doab
Canal.
a) Link Canal b) B.R.B. Canal from Chenab ()
c) Balloki Link Canal d) Lower Bari Doab Canal

6- How much rainfall annually occurs in our country?

a) 40 Inches b) 35 Inches
c) 20 Inches () d) 10 Inches

7- Which method is most common for artificial irrigation in Pakistan?

a) Kareez b) Tube Wells
c) Tanks d) Canals ()

8- Which is the famous method of irrigation used in Baluchistan?

a) Tanks b) Kareez ()
c) Tube Wells d) Ponds

9- How many types of canals are being used for irrigation purposes in Pakistan.
a) Four Types b) Two Types
c) Three Types () d) One Type

10- When Indus Basin Treaty took place between Pakistan and India?
a) 1950 b) 1980
c) 1960 () d) 1985

11- Which was the second largest Hydel Project under the Indus Basin Treaty?
a) Warsak Dam b) Mangla Dam ()
c) Tarbela Dam d) Gomal Dam

12- On which river the biggest Hydel Project of Pakistan has been constructed?
a) Indus River () b) Swat River
c) Jhelum River d) Chenab River

13- Which Dams, fulfils the need of water for Rawalpindi & Islamabad cities?
a) Rawal & Simly Dam () b) Warsak & Gomal
c) Mangla Dam d) Terbella Dam

14- Warsak Dam is constructed on _____________ River.

a) Kabul River () b) Chitral River
c) Gomal River d) Konar River

15- In which year WAPDA started the work on reclamation of water logging and
salinity in Punjab.
a) 1947 Lahore b) 1948 Kasur
c) 1949 Sialkot d) 1950 ()
(Sheikhupura Faisalabad)
Chapter # 06 Fishing System in Pakistan

Detailed Questions and Answers

Short Questions and Answer
Multiple Choice Question (MCQs)

Detailed Questions and Answer

Q-1 What do you know about the fishing in Pakistan and what are the major
categories of Fishing?
Ans. Fish is an important source of human food. It is very notorious and provides
us with proteins, vitamins, calcium phosphorous and iron, which gives us
energy and strength. In Pakistan about 2-1/2 Lac people earn their living in
this industry. It is an ancient profession, which is mostly carried out by the
people living in the coastal areas. The average annual consumption per head
in Pakistan is about 34 pounds. Fish are not only caught on the coastal
areas but some fishing is also don in the rivers, lakes and dams in the
interior of the country. Therefore fishing can be divided into two categories
i.e. Marine Fishing and Inland Fishing.

a) Marine Fishing: -
There is an abundance of fish in the coastal areas. In the south of out
country the Arabian Sea is situated. It has a coastline of about 600
miles/965.60 kilometres, which is divided into two parts i.e. Coast of Sindh
and Coast of Baluchistan or Makran.

i) Coast of Sindh: -
The coastline of Sindh includes from Karachi to Katch ismostly carried out
in the harbours of Karachi where, there is a local market of fish. It is about
150 miles / 242 kilometres in length has numerous creeks and a wide
shallow sea. The coastline is more indented and the River Indus brings a
large amount of organic and inorganic matter, which provides food for the
fish. This area is rich in fish. The main types of fish are Jhinga, Prawn,
Shark and Sardine Fish which are exported to Eastern Countries.

ii) Coast of Baluchistan / Makran Coast: -

 The coastal areas of Baluchistan / Makran are about 350 miles / 564
kilometres long. It is not much indented and mainly consisted of sand
dunes, which are less suitable for fishing. It includes the areas of Pasni,
Gwader and Ormara. The main types of fish are Mackeral, Herrings, Sharks
and Sardines. About 80 % of the fish caught in this area are dried, canned,
salted and exported to various Middle East and South Asian Countries. For
the development of fishing government of Pakistan has developed three
fishing harbours, Ice Factories and refrigeration plants.

b) Inland Fishing
Apart from the coastal areas fish is also caught in the interior areas from
rivers, lakes dams, pounds and fish farms. It is known as Inland Fishing.
For Inland Fishing province of Sindh has great importance, there are plenty
of Dhands, Manchar Lake, Lake in Dadu District, Thatta, Kotri and Sukkur
are the source of Inland Fishing supply. The main type of fish is Palla which
is used in local market. A large number of fish farms and nurseries have
been developed in different areas of the Pakistan.

Q-2 Write a detail note on importance of Fisheries, its production and the
actions taken by the Government of Pakistan?
Ans. The term "fisheries" encompasses the entities and practices involved in the
capture and harvest of fish, including both the catching of wild stock and
hatchery operations. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, it also can be a collective reference to both fishermen and
the fish they target.

a) Importance of Fisheries: -
Fishery plays an important role in the national economy. It provides
employment to about 300,000 fishermen directly. In addition, another
400,000 people are employed in ancillary industries. It is also a major
source of export earning. Federal Government is responsible for fishery of
Exclusive Economic Zone of Pakistan, for making policies, inter-provincial
co-ordination, planning, research, quality control, training, exploratory
fishing, stock assessment, fisheries management, fleet improvement, data
collection and export etc.

Pakistan is endowed with rich fishery potential. It is located in the northern

part of the Arabian Sea and has a coastline of about 1,120 km with a broad
continental shelf and its Exclusive Economic Zone extends upto 200 n. miles
from the coast. There are about 16,000 fishing boats in coastal area of
Pakistan which operate in shallow coastal waters as well as in offshore
areas. These fishing boats undertake fishing trips lasting for few hours to
about 25 days depending upon type of fishing. Total production from inland
and marine waters is approximately 0.60 M. tons.

b) Steps Taken by the Government for Fishing Industries: -

Government of Pakistan is taking keen interest to improve this industry and
regarding this government of Pakistan has taken following steps:-

i) Fish Harbours Of Pakistan

The major fish harbours of Pakistan are:
Karachi Fisheries Harbour is being operated by Provincial Government of
Sindh.
Karachi Fish Harbour handles about 90% of fish and seafood catch in
Pakistan and 95% of fish and seafood exports from Pakistan.
 Korangi Fish Harbour is being managed by Federal Ministry of Food,
Agriculture and Livestock.
Pasni Fish Harbour being operated by Provincial Government of
Baluchistan.
Gwadar Fish Harbour being operated by Federal Ministry of Communication.

ii) Fish Processing Plants: -

There are about 29 fish processing units in Pakistan with storage capacity of
10,000 tons, out of these 25 units are locate in Karachi of Federal
Government provided intelligentsia and technical assistance to seafood
establishments for improving their processing conditions in line with various
EU / international standards. Through this process, 8 establishments have
already improved their conditions and were approve to export seafood to
European Union countries. In addition, another five plants have almost
upgraded their conditions and others are also undertaking changes in their
facilities to comply with EU / international standards.

iii) Managing Consumption of Fish: -

An other aspects that is related to the consumption of Fish. A substantial
quantity of fish is consumed locally. In addition, small pelagics and by-catch
of trawl fishing is being used for production of fish meal. Remaining balance
is exported in salted dried, frozen and chilled form.

iv) Fish Export: -

Fish and fishery products are processed and exported to over 50 countries.
About 30 35% of the fish and fishery products are exported to European
Union countries. Japan, U. S. A. China, Saudi Arabia, U. A. E. Malaysia, S.
Korea , Hong Kong, Sri Lanka and Singapore are other major importing
countries.

v) Up Gradation the Fisheries: -

The Government of Pakistan is taking various measures to increase the
export of Seafood over 500 millions US $ with in next two years. Therefore
following measures has been taken: -
Up-gradation of fishing vessels to control post harvest losses.
Provision of modern peeling sheds for providing raw material to fish
processing industry.
Flake ice plants on harbours.
Intensive marketing efforts at international level.
Promotion of marine aquaculture.
Human resource development through training.
Regular monitoring of resources through stock assessment surveys and
exploratory fishing.
Procurement of handling and cleaning equipment for fish harbours.
Construction of Coastal Highways.

Q-3 What are main kinds of Fisheries in Pakistan?

Ans. Major kinds of fisheries in Pakistan are: -

i) Industrial fisheries
Capital-intensive fisheries using relatively large vessels with a high degree of
mechanization and that normally have advanced fish finding and
navigational equipment. Such fisheries have a high production capacity and
the catch per unit effort is normally relatively high. In some areas of the
 world, the term "industrial fisheries" is synonymous with fisheries for species
that are used for reduction to fishmeal and fish oil

ii) Small-scale fisheries

Labour-intensive fisheries using relatively small crafts (if any) and little
capital and equipment per person-on-board. Most often family-owned. May
be commercial or for subsistence (see below). Usually low fuel consumption.
Often equated with artisanal fisheries.

iii) Artisanal fisheries

These types of fisheries include skills, these type of fisheries are run by
skilled people who are do this at domestic or subsistence basis.

iv) Recreational (sport) fisheries

Harvesting fish for personal use, leisure, and challenge (e.g. as opposed to
profit or research). Recreational fishing does not include sale, barter or trade
of all or part of the catch.

v) Commercial fisheries
Fisheries undertaken for profit and with the objective to sell the harvest on
the market, through auction halls, direct contracts, or other forms of trade.

vi) Subsistence fisheries

A fishery where the fish caught are shared and consumed directly by the
families and kin of the fishers rather than being bought by intermediaries
and sold at the next larger market. Pure subsistence fisheries are rare as
part of the products are often sold or exchanged for other goods or services

vii) Traditional fisheries

Fisheries established long ago, usually by specific communities that have
developed customary patterns of rules and operations. Traditional fisheries
reflect cultural traits and attitudes and may be strongly influenced by
religious practices or social customs. Knowledge is transmitted between
generations by word of mouth.

Short Questions & Answer

Q-1 What do you know about the fishing in Pakistan

Ans. Fish is an important source of human food. It is very notorious and provides
us with proteins, vitamins, calcium phosphorous and iron, which gives us
energy and strength. In Pakistan about 2-1/2 Lac people earn their living in
this industry. It is an ancient profession, which is mostly carried out by the
people living in the coastal areas. The average annual consumption per head
in Pakistan is about 34 pounds. Fish are not only caught on the coastal
areas but some fishing is also don in the rivers, lakes and dams in the
interior of the country

Q-2 What are the major categories of Fishing in Pakistan?

Ans. fishing can be divided into two categories i.e. Marine Fishing and Inland
Fishing.

a) Marine Fishing: -
 There is an abundance of fish in the coastal areas. In the south of out
country the Arabian Sea is situated. It has a coastline of about 600
miles/965.60 kilometres, which is divided into two parts i.e. Coast of Sindh
and Coast of Baluchistan or Makran.

b) Inland Fishing
Apart from the coastal areas fish is also caught in the interior areas from
rivers, lakes dams, pounds and fish farms. It is known as Inland Fishing.
For Inland Fishing province of Sindh has great importance, there are plenty
of Dhands, Manchar Lake, Lake in Dadu District, Thatta, Kotri and Sukkur
are the source of Inland Fishing supply. The main type of fish is Palla which
is used in local market. A large number of fish farms and nurseries have
been developed in different areas of the Pakistan.

Q-3 What do you know about the Coast of Sindh?

Ans. The coastline of Sindh includes from Karachi to Katch ismostly carried out
in the harbours of Karachi where, there is a local market of fish. It is about
150 miles / 242 kilometres in length has numerous creeks and a wide
shallow sea. The coastline is more indented and the River Indus brings a
large amount of organic and inorganic matter, which provides food for the
fish. This area is rich in fish. The main types of fish are Jhinga, Prawn,
Shark and Sardine Fish which are exported to Eastern Countries.

Q-4 What do you know about the Makran / Baluchistan Coastline?

Ans. The coastal areas of Baluchistan / Makran are about 350 miles / 564
kilometres long. It is not much indented and mainly consisted of sand
dunes, which are less suitable for fishing. It includes the areas of Pasni,
Gwader and Ormara. The main types of fish are Mackeral, Herrings, Sharks
and Sardines. About 80 % of the fish caught in this area are dried, canned,
salted and exported to various Middle East and South Asian Countries. For
the development of fishing government of Pakistan has developed three
fishing harbours, Ice Factories and refrigeration plants.

Q-5 What do you know about the Fisheries?

Ans. The term "fisheries" encompasses the entities and practices involved in the
capture and harvest of fish, including both the catching of wild stock and
hatchery operations. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, it also can be a collective reference to both fishermen and
the fish they target.

Q-6 Enlist the main kinds of fisheries in Pakistan?

Ans. Major kinds of fisheries in Pakistan are: -

o Industrial Fisheries
o Small-scale fisheries
o Artisanal fisheries
o Recreational (sport) fisheries
o Commercial fisheries
o Subsistence fisheries
o Traditional fisheries

Multiple Choice Questions & Answer (MCQs)

Select the correct Answer from given choices

1- Fish in an important source of human______________?

a) Food () b) Job
c) Relation d) Style

2- Fish is very _____________ and provides vitamins, iron, phosphorus and

calcium
a) Tasty b) Hot
c) Cold d) Notorious ()

3- In Pakistan about ___________ people are engaged in fishing.

a) 50,000 b) 115,000
c) 175,000 d) 395,000 ()

4- About ___________ people are engaged in marine fishing.

a) 25 % b) 32 % ()
c) 50 % d) 67 %

5- About _____________ people are engaged in inland fishing

a) 68 % () b) 50 %
c) 72 % d) 86 %

6- The coast line of Baluchistan is about ___________ long.

a) 350 Miles / 564 KM () b) 600 miles
c) 150 Miles / 242 KM d) 700 Kilometres
7- Pakistan has about _____________ long coast line.
a) 700 Kilometres b) 600 Miles / 966 KM ()
c) 450 Miles d) 1200 KM

8- Fishing from rivers, lakes, dams, pounds and farms is _______________.

a) Marine Fishing b) Deep Fishing
c) Coastal Fishing d) Inland Fishing ()

9- Coast of Sindh mostly has numerous _____________ and _______________.

a) Creeks and Shallows () b) Sand and Dry Rocks
c) Trees and Fishermen d) All the above

10- Coast of Baluchistan / Makran are much ______________.

a) Sandy () b) Dries
c) Fertile d) None of them

11- Food of fish is __________________.

a) Protein b) Planktons ()
b) Various Vegetables d) Parts of mineral

12- Bodies getting the meal of animals, which other are taken from big fish is?
a) Protein b) Bones
c) Fish Oil () d) Fates

13- Which type of climate is harmful for fish meat to parish soon?
a) Severe Cold b) Warm & Dry ()
c) Moderate d) Semi Cold
14- Which type of vitamins is obtained from the meat of fish?
a) Vitamin-A () b) Vitamin-C
c) Vitamin-B d) Vitamin-D

15- The average annual consumption per head in Pakistan is about ____________.
a) 25 Kg b) 34 Pounds / 15.5 Kg ()
c) 40 Pounds / 20 Kg d) 25 Pounds
Physical geography, a.k.a. physiography is a natural science that deals with patterns and
functioning of nature. It deals with those aspects of nature, which lie outside the human
domain, but can suffer serious consequences due to human intervention. These include
aspects such as atmosphere, climate, landforms, soils, oceans, and so on. Following are the
sub-branches of physical geography:

Geomorphology is a science that deals with the formation, shaping, and/or destruction of
landforms, and all the processes which are involved. The main aim of geomorphology is to
study and analyze the formation of a given landform with respect to the changes that it has
undergone through the ages, and to predict what may happen to the landform in the future.
This can be done by means of experiments, as well as by quantitative analysis.

Pedology is the study of various kinds of soils in their natural environment. It deals not only
with processes of soil formation and classification, but also with the interactions between
various physical (air, water, climate, etc.) and biological (plants, microbes, etc.) forces and
the soil and their effects on its composition. One of the major aims of pedology is to study
soil composition, so that the natural minerals and nutrients that it may contain, can be
exploited effectively by humans.

Climatology, as the name suggests, deals with the study of climate. It is a very broad
discipline that studies local, regional as well as global climates with respect to their effects on
the physical and biological aspects of the Earth. Climatology also relates to studying how
climate can be affected by natural and human influences. The aim of this field of study is to
determine how the Earth's climate has changed through the ages and to predict future trends
in climate change.

Meteorology is a field that deals with the forecasting of day-to-day weather conditions.
Contrary to climatology, that aims to forecast long-term climatic conditions, meteorology
pertains to short-term forecasting. It deals with the prediction of weather conditions in the
immediate future, on the basis of the different atmospheric factors such as temperature,
moisture, air pressure, etc.

Hydrology refers to a study of water on the surface of the Earth, and its interaction with
natural and biological factors. The field pertains to the study of water and the hydrological
cycle with respect to the water accumulated in various physical formations like water bodies,
glaciers, and also rocks and soils. It essentially aims at analyzing the dynamics involved in
the Earth's hydrosphere, so that water, as an important natural resource, can be efficiently
exploited in the future.

Coastal geography is a very interesting discipline of study that deals with the interactions
between land and the oceans, on the basis of physical as well as human geography of the
coastline. It studies how various physical and human factors affect the processes of coastal
erosion, sediment movement and the trends of sea level change.

Oceanography deals with the study of seas and oceans of the world. It pertains to everything
related to oceans - marine life, marine ecosystems, waves, tides, currents, marine geology,
and natural resources and/or chemical substances within the ocean. The main aim is to study
the various oceanic processes for a better understanding of their effects on the life on Earth.

Glaciology, as the name suggests, is the study of the glaciers and ice sheets of the world. It is
the study of all the physical phenomena that involve formation and melting of ice.
Glaciological studies intend to analyze the effects of glaciers on landscapes and on the Earth's
climate. Glaciology is very important with respect to the study of phenomena such as global
warming.

Landscape ecology is a study of interrelationship between the various ecological processes

and the respective ecosystems. In other words, it deals with the impact of the distribution of
the various elements of a landscape on the landscape itself. Landscape ecology is a way of
looking at a landscape as an organic whole, and is based on the idea that even minute
variations in the elements may affect the landscape greatly, in the long run.

Biogeography is a branch of physical geography, dealing with the distribution of various

species of plants and animals on the surface of the Earth, and the reasons behind the different
distribution patterns. The field attempts to study why certain species can only dwell on
certain kinds of landforms. In other words, it is a study of how landforms and geographical
processes determine the kind of species, which may dwell in a particular region.

Paleogeography is the historical study of geography. It encompasses the study and analysis of
geographical features and their relationship with the living species in historic and prehistoric
times. It deals with the stratigraphic study of preserved material to determine the spatial
distribution of continents and landforms, in order to determine various changes that the Earth
has undergone through the geological timescale.

Quaternary Science is the study of the geography of the quaternary period. Quaternary period
is that period on the geological timescale that spans through two important geologic epochs
viz., the Pleistocene and the Holocene. The quaternary timescale has been roughly set to
about 2.6 million years BP. The geographical study of this period helps to understand all the
changes in physical and natural environment and climate, which have in turn, influenced
today's geography.

Geomatics, a.k.a. geomatics engineering or geospatial technology, is a discipline that involves

collecting, storing, and analyzing all kinds of geographic information. It is more of a
quantitative approach, applied to traditional spatial techniques in topography and cartography.
Computational geography is an important aspect of this discipline, which uses techniques
such as remote sensing and GIS.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-branches-of-geography.html

Human Geography

The domain of human geography pertains to the spatial analysis of the world as an organic
whole. The major components of human geography are people. It aims to study different
cultures and communities on a spatial basis. Contrary to physical geography that has a more
quantitative approach, human geography is more responsive to qualitative methods. It is more
theoretical in nature. Following are the sub-branches of human geography:

Historical geography is the study of the interactions of people with their environment, and is
based on the parameters of time and space. The branch attempts to study every possible
geography of the past, even fictional one. The main aim is to ascertain how, due to human
influences, a particular place, region or a geographical feature undergoes a change through
time, and how a cultural landscape is created.

Cultural geography is the study of how culture varies from one geographical region to the
other. It is also a spatial analysis of how distant cultures influence each other. Moreover, it
also studies how and under what circumstances, one culture becomes dominant over the
other, and ends up either assimilating it or uprooting it completely. In a nutshell, cultural
geography is a study of the horizontal movement of cultures and the various phenomena
affecting them in the process. The parameters of cultural geography include language,
religion, beliefs, economy, etc.

Political geography is an interesting discipline that deals with how similar processes in
different geographical regions may lead to completely different outcomes. It also deals with
the way the geography of a particular region influences its political structure. It pertains not
only to the state or the country, but also to the various processes and strategies with respect to
military, which are largely influenced by geographical features.

Economic geography is the study of the influence of a region's geography on its economic
activities and vice versa. It attempts to do a spatial analysis of why a certain economic
activity is concentrated in a particular geographical setting. It also deals with aspects such as
international trade, economic development, transportation, and most importantly, the core-
periphery theory.

Development geography deals with the influence of the geography of the Earth on the
standard of living and overall quality of life of its people. It attempts to make a spatial study
as to why the inhabitants of a particular region are poorer than those of another region. It is
closely related to economic geography, in that it attempts to analyze how uneven spatial
distribution of economic activities may affect people's lives.

Settlement geography is a spatial study of all those parts of the Earth where humans have
settled down. It deals with studying urban and rural areas with respect to its settlement
patterns and the impact of geographical factors on them. More often than not, the results of
such analysis depend on the kind of approach taken by the researcher.

Population geography is related to settlement geography, in that it attempts to study human

settlements across various geographic locations with respect to their population trends. It is a
spatial study of the distribution and composition of population, trends in population growth,
and patterns of migration with respect to the geography of places.

Health geography is a relatively new discipline, primarily based on the redefinition of health
from prevention and treatment of illness, to promoting well-being. As a branch of human
geography, health encompasses illness, cure and health care with respect to specific
geographic regions. The branch is based on the fact that health issues of people differ from
one geographical setting to the other.

Apart from the two main branches of geography, a third branch may be defined, which
combines the elements of both the above branches. This branch is that of integrated
geography. Integrated geography may be broadly classified into two sub-branches:

Environmental geography is a branch that deals with the interaction and impact of humans on
the physical world and vice versa. This discipline is actually a connecting line between
human geography and physical geography, and thus needs an in-depth knowledge of the
aspects of both. It aims to understand how humans and the natural world influence each other
and how patterns and dynamics of existence are determined by such influences.

Regional geography is a very subjective branch that studies the various geographical regions
across the Earth, in an attempt to understand the uniqueness of each one. This 'uniqueness'
can be related to any aspect, physical or human.
Despite the fact that geography is divided into so many different branches, giving the
researcher a huge scope for study, it is important to note that the kind of approach taken by
the researcher influences the result to a large extent. Nevertheless, with so many different
branches at our disposal, it is indeed possible to carry out some really effective
multidisciplinary studies in the field of geography.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-branches-of-geography.html