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Laboratory Report
Abraham S.P. Francisco, Joselito A. Gardoce,
Marvin Lorenzo J. Gonzales, Maria Therese V. Ibarra, and Stephanie Lazo
Abstract
The measurement of the external heat per unit mass required to raise the
conditions at which the transformation temperature by one (1) degree Celsius. The
occurs is termed the phase transition point. relationship between heat and temperature
The term is most commonly used to describe change is usually expressed in the form
transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous shown in the equation below where c is the
states of matter, in rare cases including specific heat. The relationship does not
separation. Materials which contract with is the mass, and T is the change in
increasing temperature are rare; this effect is temperature. The next formula is the one
limited in size, and only occur within limited that is used in the activity in finding the
the final and initial reading of the changes to liquid water at also 0C when
the rod, and T is the change in temperature. To compute for the percent error:
Actual ValueExperimental Value
The most easily observed examples of error = 100
Actual Value
thermal expansion are size changes of
materials as they are heated or cooled. III. Methodology
Almost all materials (solids, liquids, and Activity 1: Specific Heat of Metal
gases) expand when they are heated, and
contract when they are cooled. Increased The metal object was weighed. A 30-
temperature increases the frequency and cm long thread was attached to the metal
magnitude of the molecular motion of the object which is immediately put into the
material and produces more energetic metal jacket. The metal jacket was placed
collisions. Increasing the energy of the inside a beaker with water. The beaker was
collisions forces the molecules further apart subjected to heat of 80C. The inner vessel
and causes the material to expand. of the calorimeter was weighed. After
In the heat fusion of water activity, the weighing, 2/3 of it was filled with water and
following formula is being used. weighed again. The inner vessel was placed
in its insulating jacket and the temperature
Lf =
[ ( MW + M C C C )( T O T ) ][ M i T ] was measured. When the object in the
Mi
beaker reached 80C it is quickly transferred
into the calorimeter. The water was stirred
Where Lf is the heat fusion of ice,
with the thermometer inside it. The
MW is the mass of water, MC is the mass of
equilibrium temperature was recorded. The
empty calorimeter, Cc is the specific heat of
specific heat of the object and percent error
the calorimeter, TO and T is the initial and
were computed.
the boiler, the rod was heated for twenty
Activity 2: Heat Fusion of Water
times. The final temperature of the rod was
The empty inner vessel of the recorded. The disc was then moved until it is
calorimeter was weighed. It is then filled in contact again with the rod. The final
with water and weighed again. The inner reading of the disc was recorded. The
vessel was placed into its insulating jacket. coefficient of linear thermal expansion of
The initial temperature of the water was the rod and the percent error were computed.
recorded. Dried pieces of ice were added
into the calorimeter. The equilibrium IV. Results and Discussion
temperature was recorded after the ice
Activity 1. Specific Heat of Metal
melted. The inner vessel was again weighed
together with the water and melted ice inside In activity 1, the specific heat of a
it. The heat of fusion of ice was computed sample metal was calculated (Table 1). The
percent error was also computed. energy is known as specific heat. The
specific heat of a substance is defined as the
The initial length of the rod was one degree Celsius. If a substance absorbs
measured. It is then placed inside the steam energy easily, it is said to have a low
jacket. The steam jacket was mounted in the specific heat capacity. Most metals have a
metal flame. The first outlet of the jacket low specific heat capacity Which means
was connected to the boiler by rubber they will absorb energy easily. In the
tubing. The initial temperature of the rod experiment, Heat energy flows from the
was recorded. The metal frame was then sample to the water and its container
micrometer screw was moved so that it will the water and container to rise and the
touch the end of the rod. The initial reading sample's temperature to fall. It is assumed
of the micrometer disc was recorded. The that the heat lost by the sample is absorbed
disc was unwound so that the rod can by both the water and the calorimeter thus
expand freely. Using a steam coming from we can calculate the specific heat of a
sample metal. We calculated the specific substance from the solid phase to the liquid
heat of a sample metal to be 0.097 cal/g . 0C phase leaving the temperature of the
and yielded 18% error. Possible sources of system unaltered is known as the latent
Mass of empty
44.04 g heat of fusion (Wakeham, 2011). The
Calorimeter (Mc)
Mass of calculated Latent heat was 117.6 cal/g
Calorimeter with 142.61g yielding a high % error of 47 %. Possible
Water
Mass of Metal causes of error includes Improper Stirring
49.43 g
Cylinder (Mo) that causes the final temperature to be too
Initial
Temperature of warm and gives an experimental value of the
25 C
water & Latent Heat of Fusion that is too low.
calorimeter
Initial Another one is not drying the ice, If the ice
Temperature of 96 C is not dried there will be water at 0C on the
the metal cylinder
ice. The added water will contribute to the
Final temperature
28 C
of the system final mass of liquid but it will not gain the
Mass of Water 95.57 g
amount of heat that an equivalent amount of
Calculated
specific heat of 0.097 cal/g .0
C ice would gain. The initial temperature of
sample
the water in the calorimeter will not have to
Accepted value of . 0
0.118 cal/g C
specific heat drop as far. Hence the final temperature will
% error 18%
be too high. The result will be an
error include the error in reading the
experimental value of the Latent Heat of
thermometer and temperature changes due
Fusion that is too low.
to heat transferring to the environment.
Table 2. Data on Heat fusion of water
Table 1. Data on Specific Heat of a metal Mass of 43.82 g
Calorimeter
Mass of 158.10g
Activity 2. Heat Fusion of Water
Calorimeter w/
Water
In Activity 2, The latent heat of
Mass of water 114.28g
Fusion was determined (table 2). During the Initial temp of 25 C
water and
process of melting, the solid and liquid
calorimeter
phases of a pure substance are in Mass of ice, water 175.42 g
equilibrium with each other. The amount of and calorimeter
Mass of ice 17.32 g
heat required to convert one unit amount of Final temp of the 7.5 C
system To get the elongation of the rod L, the final
Calculated latent 117.6 cal/g
reading of the micrometer disc was
heat of fusion
Accepted value of 80 cal/g subtracted to the initial reading of
latent heat of
micrometer disc.
fusion
% error 47%
= 6.82 x10-6/C
V. Conclusion
In the experiment we were able to into water before it can cool down to body
temperature. This releases more energy into
determine the specific heat of a metal by
the skin due to the phase change, thus
method of mixtures and the computed causing a worse burn.
specific heat of the metal is 0.097 cal/g 0C.
3. Early in the morning when the sand in the
The latent heat and of vaporization of water beach is already hot, the water is still cold.
But at night, the sand is cold while the water
was also computed based from the results
is still warm. Why?
and it is 117.6 cal/g. Lastly, we were also
Answer: Sand has the property of getting an
able to determine the coefficient of linear
environmental temperature very quickly
thermal expansion of a solid and the thats why it is warm in the morning and
cold at night.
computed value is 6.82 x10-6/C. We are
tasked to complete all the values 4. Explain why alcohol rub is effective in
needed for the computations and it is reducing fever.
shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3. Answer: Rubbing alcohol cools the skin by
convection, as the alcohol evaporates it
VI. Application carries the heat away from the body with it.
1. Is it possible to add heat to a body without 5. Cite instances where the thermal
expansion is beneficial to man. Cite also
changing its temperature? examples where thermal expansion is a
nuisance.
Answer: No, it is not possible to add heat
without changing its temperature because Answer: An example of its advantage to
heat is defined as energy in transit from a man is bimetallic strip which is used in
high temperature object to a lower mechanical switch in thermostat. It is a
temperature object. Therefore to transfer nuisance it its use in roadway construction,
if roadway were poured as one continuous
heat, there must be movement of heat energy
slab (the cheapest way possible), when it
from a high temperature object to a low one expanded in the heat of the day, or
thus affecting the temperature of the object contracted in the cool of night, it can
itself. But it should be taken noted that the fracture or crack and separate where the
heat energy of the system is conserved all road meets the wall, or at some point on the
throughout. road in between, causing surface defects and
potholes.
2. Explain why steam burns are more painful
than boiling water burns. 6. Why is water not used in liquid in glass
thermometer?
Answer: A steam burn is worse than a hot
water burn because the steam is in a Answer: Water will not rise or fall at
different phase. When the steam comes in Temperature changes as mercury. water has
contact with your body, the steam must turn a none linear thermal expansion (Its thermal
expansion coefficient at 20C is not the same
as at 90C). Also, at atmospheric pressure, Liquid water must be allowed to boil to
water is only liquidus over a narrow reach eva[oration. The heat needed to raise
temperature range of 100C which limits its the temperature of liquid water from 0oC to
usefulness. Further it has massive problems
its boiling point is given by:
at phase transitions- for instance when it
turns to a gas it consumes a lot of energy cal
(latent heat). A thermometer should have a 1 g x 1.00 =100 cal
g
nice linear response to a rise in temperature.
[4] http://hyperphysics.phy-
We can then use m3, c3 and T3 to astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/spht.ht
combine copper ml
J J
T 3=
(
( 0.40 kg ) 2953.75
kg ) [5]http://www.bookrags.com/resear
K (30 )+(0.60 kg)(386
kg
K)(100 )
ch/thermal-expansion-wop/
J J
( kg )
( 0.40 kg ) 2953.75 K + ( 0.60 kg ) (386
kg
K)
[6]http://www2.vernier.com/sample
_labs/CWV-04-COMP-
heat_of_fusion.pdf
T 3=31.3458
References: