For Peer Review Only

The Journal of Thermal Stresses
Elastoplastic Analysis of FGM Plate with a Central Cutout of

Various Shapes under Thermomechanical Loading
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Journal: The Journal of Thermal Stresses
Manuscript ID UTHS-2017-3011.R1
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Manuscript Type: Original Article
Date Submitted by the Author: n/a

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Complete List of Authors: Sharma, Kanishk; Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Mechanical
Engineering Department
Kumar, Dinesh; Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Mechanical
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Engineering Department
Elastoplastic analysis, Isotropic hardening, Postbuckling of FGM, Nonlinear

Keywords:
FEM Analysis of FGM, FGM Failure
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The present work aims to study the elastoplastic buckling, postbuckling

and failure behavior of perforated Ni/Al2O3 FGM plate under
thermomechanical loading conditions using FEM. The nonlinear FEM
iew
formulation is based on first-order shear deformation theory and von-

Karmans nonlinear kinematics. Mori-Tanaka homogenization scheme is
applied to evaluate temperature dependent thermoelastic material
properties of FGM plate at a particular thickness coordinate. As per the TTO
model, the ceramic phase of FGM is considered to be elastic whereas the
metal phase is assumed to be elastoplastic,. Various numerical studies are
On
Abstract: conducted to examine the effects of material inhomogeneity, thermal

loading, cutout shape and size on the elastoplastic buckling, postbuckling
and failure behavior of perforated FGM plate. It is observed that for smaller
cutout size, the FGM plate with square shape cutout possesses maximum
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value of ultimate failure load; however, for larger cutout size the FGM plate
with diamond cutout depicts highest ultimate failure load. It is also
revealed that irrespective of shape and size of cutout, the material plastic
flow has considerable effect on postbuckling path of FGM plate, and under
thermomechanical loading conditions the FGM plate shows destabilizing
response after the point of maximum postbuckling strength.
URL: https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/thermalstresses Email: 632hetna@rit.edu

Page 1 of 45 The Journal of Thermal Stresses
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9 Elastoplastic Postbuckling Analysis of FGM Plate with a Central Cutout
10 of Various Shapes under Thermomechanical Loading
11
12 Abstract
13 The present work aims to study the elastoplastic buckling, postbuckling and failure behavior of
14 perforated Ni/Al2O3 FGM plate with various shaped cutouts (i.e., circular, square, diamond and
15 elliptical) of various sizes under thermomechanical loading conditions using finite element
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17 method. The nonlinear FEM formulation is based on first-order shear deformation theory and
18 von-Karmans nonlinear kinematics in which the material nonlinearity is incorporated. The
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nonlinear temperature dependent thermoelastic material properties of FGM plate are varied in the
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21 thickness direction by controlling the volume fraction of the constituent materials (i.e., ceramic
22 and metal) as per a power law, and Mori-Tanaka homogenization scheme is applied to evaluate
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24 the properties at a particular thickness coordinate of FGM. In accordance with the Tamura-
25 Tomota-Ozawa model (TTO model), the ceramic phase of FGM is considered to be elastic
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whereas the metal phase is assumed to be elastoplastic,. Further, the elastoplastic analysis of
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28 FGM is assumed to follow J2-plasticity with isotropic hardening. After validating the present
29 formulation with the results available in the literature, various numerical studies are conducted to
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examine the effects of material inhomogeneity, thermal loading, cutout shape and size on the
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32 elastoplastic buckling, postbuckling and failure behavior of perforated FGM plate. It is observed
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33 that for smaller cutout sizes, the FGM plate with square shape cutout possesses maximum value
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35 of ultimate failure load; however, for larger cutout size the FGM plate with diamond cutout
36 depicts highest ultimate failure load. Furthermore, for all cutout shapes, the ultimate failure load
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of FGM plate decreases with an increase in cutout size. It is also revealed that irrespective of
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39 shape and size of cutout, the material plastic flow has considerable effect on postbuckling path of
40 FGM plate, and under thermomechanical loading conditions the FGM plate shows destabilizing
41
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response after the point of maximum postbuckling strength.

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43 Keywords: Elastoplastic analysis; isotropic hardening; postbuckling; functionally graded material
44 (FGM); nonlinear finite element method; FGM failure.
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60 URL: https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/thermalstresses Email: 632hetna@rit.edu
The Journal of Thermal Stresses Page 2 of 45
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9 Introduction
10 FGMs are microscopically inhomogeneous advanced composite materials, generally made of
11 ceramic and metal constituents, which can efficiently avoid stress concentration, generally
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13 present at the interfaces of different layers in the conventional fiber-reinforced laminated
14 composites, by exhibiting continuous and smooth variations in its material properties along any
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predefined direction(s), usually along thickness direction. The ceramic constituent make these
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17 FGMs to withstand high-temperature environments, while the metal constituent provides the
18 required mechanical strength against catastrophic fracture [14].
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20 Thin-walled members, such as plates and shells used extensively in various engineering
21 applications, are more susceptible to buckling, large amplitude deflections, or excessive stresses
22 under different in-plane mechanical and/or thermal loading conditions. Moreover, it is well
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24 known fact that under in-plane loading conditions, plate like structures are designed efficiently
25 and effectively by utilizing their postbuckling reserve strength possessed beyond buckling [5, 6].
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Therefore, being one of the major design criteria, there are numerous studies to-date on the
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28 buckling and postbuckling analysis of FGM plates under mechanical and/or thermal loading
29 conditions.
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31 After the first attempt of Birman [7] to solve the buckling problem of functionally graded hybrid
32 composite plates under uni-axial compressive loading, numerous works have been reported in
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the literature to study only buckling response of FGM plates under various mechanical and/or
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35 thermal loads [812]. In addition, many researchers have also conducted various postbuckling
36 investigations on FGM plates under thermal and/or mechanical loads. Liew et al. [13] examined
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the postbuckling behavior of functionally graded rectangular plates integrated with surface-
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39 bonded piezoelectric actuators using the Reddy's higher-order shear deformation plate theory.
40 Yang and Shen [14, 15] developed a semi-numerical approach using perturbation technique in
41
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42 conjunction with 1-D differential quadrature approximation and Galerkin procedure to study the
43 large deflection and postbuckling responses of FGM rectangular plates under transverse and in-
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plane mechanical loads. An analytical solution to study the postbuckling behavior of moderately
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46 thick FGM plates and shallow shells under edge compressive loads and a temperature field was
47 presented by Woo et al. [16]. Using 3-D finite element method, Na and Kim [17, 18] conducted,
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respectively, the thermal buckling and postbuckling analysis of FGM plates under uniform and
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50 non-uniform temperature rise along the thickness, considering the temperature dependent
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9 material properties. Shen [19] presented the thermal postbuckling analysis of a simply-supported,
10 shear deformable FGM plates with temperature-dependent properties. The stability of simply-
11 supported rectangular FGM plates with temperature dependent material properties, under in-
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13 plane thermomechanical loading was investigated by Duc and Tung [20]. Wu et al. [21]
14 predicted the postbuckling response of the alumina/aluminium FGM plate, subjected to thermal
15
and mechanical loadings using fast converging finite double Chebyshev polynomials. Lee et al.
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17 [22] investigated the postbuckling behavior of FGM ceramic-metal plates under edge
18 compression and temperature field conditions using element free kp-Ritz method.
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20 Furthermore, the cutouts of various shapes and sizes are often inevitable in plate like structures
21 to serve various practical needs (e.g., hardware to pass through, inspection hole, for windows and
22 doors) or simply to reduce the weight of structure. The presence of such cutouts introduces
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24 higher non-uniform stresses at its load-free boundary that may lead to premature failure of
25 structures. In addition to mechanical loads, FGM plates are intended and hence, especially
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designed to work at elevated temperatures, and in such working conditions, the size and shape of
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28 cutouts present would prominently affect the buckling and postbuckling behavior of FGM plate.
29 Relatively little efforts have been made in the past by the researchers and investigators to study
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31 the buckling and postbuckling behavior of FGM plate with geometric irregularities. For instance,
32 Zhao et al.[23] presented results on thermal and mechanical buckling analysis of FGM plate with
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circular and square cutouts using the element-free kp-Ritz method. Lal et al. [24] developed a
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35 FEM model for stochastic mechanical and thermal postbuckling response of functionally graded
36 material plates applied to panels with circular and square holes having material randomness.
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Natarajan et al. [25] investigated the buckling behavior of FGM plate containing geometrical
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39 flaws in the form of crack and cutouts. Abolghasemi et al. [26] conducted FEM study on the
40 effect of the elliptical cutout on thermo-mechanical buckling response of FGM plate by drawing
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42 stability diagrams. Very recently, Shaterzadeh et al. [27] investigated the buckling behavior of
43 FGM plate with multiple cutouts of various shapes under uniform temperature rise, and Yu et al.
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[28] utilized a numerical method based on extended isogeometric analysis to study the thermal
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46 buckling behavior of FGM plate with internal defects (e.g., crack or cutout).
47 In addition, it is also well known that the failure of structures may be caused by material failure
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and/or instability. Further, before the material failure, the structures are destabilized caused by
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50 inelastic response. Moreover, because of the safety reasons, structures, even those operating
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9 within elastic limit, are designed to take overloads that can inevitably produce inelastic
10 deformations [29]. Therefore, in practical scenario wherein the stresses induced in the structures
11 by in-plane mechanical and/or thermal loads overpass the elastic limit of material, a suitable
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13 elastoplastic analysis is required for reliable, accurate and stable design of these structures under
14 various loading conditions. Being an important design criterion, the elastoplastic buckling
15
behavior of isotropic and composite plates have been analyzed by many researchers (see Ref.
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17 [3035]). However, there are very few investigations available in the literature on the inelastic
18 buckling of FGM structures. Fu et al. [36] presented the elastoplastic buckling and postbuckling
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20 analysis of the functionally graded metal-metal sandwich plates with interfacial damage under
21 mechanical loading conditions. The elastic-plastic stability analysis of FGM shells under various
22 types of mechanical loads was carried out by Huang et al. [37] and Zhang et al. [38] to derive
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24 the expressions for elastic and plastic critical buckling loads. Most of the relevant past studies
25 have simplified the analysis by keeping the material properties unaffected by temperature, but
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such simplification does not hold good for FGM plate which are especially intended to be used
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28 under high temperature conditions [39].
29 Further there are no works on elastoplastic stability behavior of perforated FGM plate under
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31 thermomechanical loading conditions, which is considered to be reasonable in the FGM because
32 the ductility and good shear strength induced by the metal phase present in the ceramic relax the
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stress concentration induced around the inherited cracks and flaws of ceramics through the
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35 plastic deformation [29, 36]. Moreover, as the FGMs are intended to be used under critical
36 temperature conditions, the possibility of plastic flow induced due to excessive heat flow is also
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inevitable.
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39 Thus, it is imperative to examine the effects of cutouts of various shapes and sizes on
40 elastoplastic buckling and postbuckling responses of FGM plate. Moreover, a study on the
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42 sensitivity of the thermomechanical buckling and postbuckling behavior of elastoplastic

43 perforated FGM plates to various parameters, such as material gradation profile, geometrical
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parameters and loading conditions is also required.
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46 Based on the aforementioned literature study, it is aimed in this paper to explore the elastoplastic
47 buckling, postbuckling and failure analysis of FGM plate with a central cutout and possessing
48
temperature-dependent material properties, under thermomechanical conditions. The actual non-
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50 homogeneous (along thickness) FGM plate with continuously varying properties along thickness
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9 is modelled as a laminate composed of multiple perfectly-bonded layers of isotropic material
10 having layer-wise constant composition. A nonlinear FEM formulation based on the first-order
11 shear deformation theory and the von-Karmans nonlinear kinematics is utilized. The
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13 elastoplastic behavior of perforated FGM plate is assumed to follow J2-plasticity and isotropic
14 hardening in which the ceramic phase was considered to be elastic whereas the metal is taken to
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be elastoplastic material in accordance with the TTO model. Subsequently, a parametric study is
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17 conducted to investigate the effect of various parameters viz. nonlinear temperature dependent
18 material properties, material inhomogeneity (i.e., power exponent n), and cutout size and shape
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20 on the elastoplastic buckling and postbuckling behavior, and the failure response of FGM plate
21 under combined thermal and mechanical loading conditions.
22
23
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24 Effective thermoelastic material properties of FGM plate

25 A FGM plate, made of two constituents: ceramic (Al2O3) and metal (Ni), with a, b and h as its
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length, width and thickness, respectively, is considered. The actual non-homogeneous FGM plate
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28 with continuously varying properties along thickness is modeled as a laminate composed of
29 multiple perfectly-bonded layers of isotropic material having a layer-wise constant (i.e.,
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31 homogeneous) composition, as shown in Fig. 1.
32 The volume fractions of ceramic and metallic constituents are assumed to follow, along the
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thickness of FGM plate, the power law distribution as follows:

34
= + ; = 1 ,

35

(11)
36
37 where, V denotes the volume fraction of a constituent. The subscripts c and m, respectively,
On
38 correspond to the ceramic and the metallic constituents, n is a variable called power law
39
exponent, which determines the material variation profile along thickness coordinate z (varying
in the range /2 /2).
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42 As the potential applications of FGMs involve high-temperature conditions and hence, material
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44 properties are to be considered temperature-dependent for the accurate and reliable design of
45 FGM structures. In the present study, the temperature-dependent thermal (i.e., thermal expansion
46
coefficient ) and mechanical (i.e., Youngs modulus E) properties of FGM are evaluated using
47
48 below equation [41].
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1
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3
4
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8
= + 1 + + + ,
9
10 (22)
where, represents material property (E or ) evaluated at temperature T, and , , ,
11
and are the coefficients to calculate these temperature dependent material properties for
12
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14 Al2O3 and Ni. The values of these coefficients for Al2O3 and Ni are given in Table 1 [39]. The
15
16 variation of these material properties for Al2O3 and Ni with temperature is shown in Fig. 2.
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17 The graded thermoelastic material properties across the thickness of FGM plate, at the mid of
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each layer in the case of layer-wise modeling of FGM plate used herein, are calculated using
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20 Mori-Tanaka scheme [38, 39]. According to the MoriTanaka homogenization method the
21 effective bulk modulus , , thermal expansion coefficient , and the effective shear
modulus !, of a functionally graded material are calculated using following expressions:
22
23
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24
25
,

26
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= ,

27 (33)
"1 + 1 3 %
3 + 4!
28
29
!, !
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= ,
30
! ! ! !
(44)
"1 + 1 %
31
32 ! + &
, 1 , 1
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= ,
33
1 1
(55)
34
35
36 where,
! (9 + 8! +
& = .
37
6( + 2! +
(66)
On
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The effective values of Youngs modulus E(z,T) and Poissons ratio ., of FGM plate can be
41
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43 calculated using following expressions:
9 , !,
/, = ,
44
3 , + !,
(77)
45
3 , 2!,

46
., = .
23 , + !,
47 (88)
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9 Plastic behavior of FGM plate
10 The plastic behavior of FGM plate (i.e., yield strength and plastic tangent modulus of FGM) can
11 be depicted by a homogenized mixture rule, so called TTO model (also called the modified rule
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13 of mixtures). The TTO model, initially proposed and used for metal alloys (i.e., Fe-Ni-C) by
14 Tamura et al. [44], has been modified for FGMs by introducing a proper stress transfer parameter
15
[45,46] and applied by many researchers in the study of FGM. For instance, Jin et al., [47]
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17 investigated the nucleation of plastic crack growth near the interface of metal/ceramic FGM
18 using TTO model. Williamson et al., [48] adopted TTO model to investigate residual stresses
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20 developed at the interfaces of bonded Al2O3-Ni. Giannakopoulos et al., [49] investigated the
21 elastoplastic response of Al2O3-Ni FGM layer using the incremental theory of plasticity, and the
22 stress-strain curves for FGM were drawn using TTO model. It is worth mentioning here that the
23
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24 TTO model assumes that the overall failure behavior of a two-phase material system containing
25 both brittle and ductile phases is governed by the ductile constituent [47]. This assumption is also
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considered to be reasonable in the case of FGMs (containing ceramic- a brittle phase, and metal-
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28 a ductile phase) because the ductility and good shear strength induced in the FGM by the metal
29 phase relax the stress concentration induced around the inherited cracks and flaws of ceramics
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31 through the plastic deformation and hence, eliminate the possibility of brittle failure of FGM
32 [33,40].
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Based on the assumption that the FGM yields when the metal constituent yields, the TTO model
uses q (stress transfer parameter), 01 (yield strength of metal) and 2 (tangent modulus of
34
35
36 metal) to give the overall yield strength and tangent modulus of FGM for predicting the
37
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38 elastioelastoplastic response as:

39
5 + / /
01 , = 01 3 + 4 (1 +7,
40
6
5 + / /
(99)
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43
5 + /
2, = " 2 + 1 / %
44
5 + 2
45
5 + /
46

" + 1 % ,
47
5 + 2
(1010)
48
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1
2
3
4
5
6
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9 where, the subscripts c and m correspond to the ceramic and metal phases, respectively; and, q
10 represents the stress transfer parameter, also called stress-to-strain transfer ratio. The value of q,
11 determined numerically or/and experimentally, depends upon the properties of constituent
12
13 materials as well as on the microstructure interaction in FGM material. For Ni-Al2O3 [49] and
14 TiB/Ti [47] FGMs, the value for q is found to be 4.5 GPa, and for FGM containing Al and SiC
15
[50,51] phases it is determined to be 91.6 GPa. Using the volume fraction of the constituents at a
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17 particular thickness coordinate [calculated from Eq. (1)(1)], the temperature dependent yield
18 strength and the temperature dependent tangent modulus of FGM plate at that thickness
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20 coordinate are calculated using Eqs. (9) (9) and (10)(10), respectively. It is assumed that under
21 the assumption of idealized bilinear hardening behavior of metal, the FGM also follows bilinear
plastic response [48,49] and the values of temperature dependent yield strength 01 and tangent
22
modulus 2 of Ni are calculated using Eq. (2) through the temperature-dependent strength
23
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24
25 coefficients given in Table 2 that are taken from the reference [48]. .
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28 Definition of ultimate failure of FGM plate
29
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The strategy followed to predict the ultimate strength of FGM plate is adopted from the literature
30
31 wherein the researchers have utilized nonlinear FEM to determine the ultimate strength of
32 elastic-perfectly plastic and bilinear elastic-plastic isotropic homogeneous plates [5257].
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In the present study, FGM plate is subjected to axial compressive load in an incremental manner
34
35 which causes recoverable elastic stresses and strains within elastic range; however, at relatively
36 large value of load (i.e., beyond yield load) the yielding in FGM plate is followed by recoverable
37
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38 elastic strains as well as irrecoverable plastic strains in the plate. As the load further increases,
39 the proportion of plastic strain reaches to an extent where the plate becomes unstable, because of
40
complete loss in stiffness of plate, to result in ultimate failure of FGM plate; the corresponding
41
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42 load is termed as ultimate failure load. It is to be noted that in the present elastic-plastic analysis
43 the load is applied in small incremental load steps to ensure that the analysis closely follow the
44
actual load-response curve of FGM plate.
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46 Thermo-Elasto-Plastic Constitutive Relation
47 To carry out elastoplastic analysis, the material is assumed to obey the von-Misesvon Mises
48
49 yielding criterion, and the corresponding yield surface is assumed to undergo uniform expansion
50 in the stress space with increasing plastic deformations. The yield function can be expressed as:
51
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1
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3
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5
6
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& = 93: 0;<=>?

8
9 (11)
1
: = @(0A 01 + + (01 0 + + 0A 0 + 6(BA1

+ B1

+ BA

+C
10
6
11 (12)
12
Due to the effect of strain hardening the initial yield surface varies at each stage of plastic
13
14 deformation and hence the equation of yield surface for a solid undergoing thermo-elasto-plastic
15 deformation can be written as
& = &0, D,
16
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17 (13)
18 where D and denotes the strain hardening parameter and temperature. After differentiating the
& using chain rule of partial differentiation
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J& L J& J&

20
H& = I K H0 + HD + H
21
J0 JD J
(14)
22
23 It is known that the hardening parameter (D) is function of plastic strain (MN ) and loading history
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24
25 (k), hence the equation of yield surface can be rewritten as
J& L J& JO J&
H& = I K H0 + 4 6 HMN + H
26
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J0 JO JMN J
27 (15)
28
29 The variation in plastic strain energy should be zero, to satisfy the equilibrium of solid under
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30 small incremental plastic deformation, hence

J& L J& JO J&
31
H& = I K H0 + 4 6 HMN + H = 0
J0 JO JMN J
32
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(16)
33
34
Now the total incremental strain combines the incremental parts of elastic strain (HM= ), thermal
strain (HML ), strain due to temperature dependent material properties HMLQ , and plastic strain
35
36
37 HMN
HM = HM= + HML + HMLQ + HMN
On
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39 (17)
40 By the virtue of Hook's law, the total incremental stress (H0), may be written as
H0 = RSTUHM HML + HMLQ + HMN V
41
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42 (18)
43 Putting the value of total incremental stress (H0) into Eq. (16)
J& L J& JO J&
44
H& = I K RSTUHM HML + HMLQ + HMN V + 4 6 HMN + H = 0
J0 JO JMN J
45 (19)
46
47 The plastic potential function is assumed to be identical to the yield function in the so called
48
49 associative flow rule given by
50
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1
2
3
4
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6
7
J&
8
HMN = HW
J0
9 (20)
10
11 The components of thermal strain (HML ) and strain due to temperature dependent material
12 properties HMLQ are given as
HML = H,
13
14
JRST
HMLQ = 0 H
15 (21)
16 J
Fo
J& L J& J& JO J&
17 L
I K RST I K 4 6 I K = X<
J0 J0 JO JMN J0
18 (22)
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20 The substituting Eqs. (20-22) into the Eq. (19) and rearranging the equation to obtain the value of
flow variable HW.
21
22
J& L JRST J&
K RST YHM H +
I 0 HZ + H
23
ee
J0 J J
HW =
24
X<
(23)
25
The expression for H0 is obtained using Eqs. (20-23) into Eq. (18)
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JRST
27
H0 = RST [HM + 0 \
28
29 J
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J& L JRST J&

30
J& _I
J0
K RST YHM H +
J
0 HZ +
J
Hb
31 (24)
RST
J0 ^ X< a
32
] `
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33
34
35 Rearranging the Eq. (24)
1 J& J& L JRST 1 J& J&
H0 = RST RST I K RST [HM 4 + 0 6\ + < RST H
36
X < J0 J0 J X J0 J
37
(25)
On
38
39
ef L
The term RST RST RST in Eq. (25) represents the elasto-plastic constitutive matrix
40 ef
41 cd eg eg
<
hS=N i , which finally gives the thermo-elasto-plastic constitutive relationship
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42
43
1 J& J& L
hS=N i = RST RST I K RST
<
44
X< J0 J0
(26)
45
JRST 1 J& J&

46
H0 = hS=N i [HM 4 + 0 6\ + < RST H
<
J X J0 J
47
(27)
48
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9 FEM Formulation
10 The displacement within an element is interpolated by an expression of the form
11 u
12 jkl= = Rm, n, o, pA p1 TL = q Rr< st Tjk< l (28)
<v
13
14
where {a} is the value of displacement components at a point within an element; n the number of
nodes in an element; r< the interpolation functions of a Lagrangian element. The variation in
15
16
Green's strain vector wx is given in the form of variation in nodal displacements wk and strain-
Fo
17
18
19 displacement matrix B
wx = ywk
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20 (29)
21
Considering the aforementioned case of thermo-elasto-plastic isotropic hardening case the total
22
23
ee
incremental strain energy in the element may be written as
1
wz = { wx | w0 wx | H
L
24
25 2 (30)
26 }
wx | = wx wx L
rR
27 where
JRST 1 J& J&
28
x L = + 0 + < RSThS=N i
(31)
J X J0 J
29
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30
31 Using the values of w0 and wx | from aforementioned Eqs. (37, 39 and 31), we get expression of
z in terms of nodal displacement vector
32
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33
1 < < 1 <
wz = wkL { y L hS=N i y H wk wkL { y L hS=N i wx L H + { wx L hS=N i wx L H
34
2 2
35 (32)
36 } } }
37
In absence of body forces the external virtual work can be split into two terms related to work
On
38
39 done due to tractions at plate surface and at plate edges.
w=A
H + wkL {r L = H
= wkL { r L
40

41 (33)
Where A
1 iL

ly
= hA 1
42
43 (34)
44 and the generalized edge forces are given as
L
45
/
= = hA= 1= = A=
1= iL = {
h(A= 1= = A= 1 +Hi
=
46
(35)
/
47
Applying the variational principle for functional wk = wz w=A

with respect to wk we
48
49
50 get
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
< <
H {r L = H = 0
{ y L hS=N i y H wk { y L hS=N i wx L H { r L
9
(36)

10
11 } }
12 Finally the following matrix equations are obtained

R Twk = w
13
(37)
where R L T is
14
15 tangent stiffness matrix given by
R T = { y L hS=N i y H
<
16
Fo
17 (38)
18 }
19 w in Eq. (37) is incremental external load vector due to combined mechanical loadingw
and thermal loadingwL hence given by
rP
20
w = w + wL
21
22
H + {r L = H
w = { r L
23
ee
24

JRST 1 J& J&

25 (39)

RSThS=N i
<
wL = { y L hS=N i 4 w + 0 w + 6 H
J X< J0 J
26
rR
27
}
28
29
ev
30 Solution Procedure
31
In the present study, the nonlinear finite element method is used to investigate the nonlinear
32
iew
33 thermomechanical stability and failure behavior of FGM plate with temperature dependent
34 material properties. Eight-noded shell element (SHELL281), possessing six degrees of freedom
35
36 (three translations and three rotations in x, y and z directions) per node and especially designed
37 for modeling the large deformation plastic behavior of layered structures, is used to mesh the
On
38 FGM plate.
39
40 Using APDL (i.e., ANSYS Parametric Design Language) a macro is written for conducting the
41 thermomechanical elastoplastic postbuckling analysis of FGM plate, in the following two stages:
ly
42
In the first stage, the linear buckling analysis is performed to find the critical buckling load and
43
44 corresponding mode shape by following the below procedure.
45 Initially, the undeformed geometry of structure is loaded with the nominal arbitrary level of the
load (also called reference load) and the linear analysis is performed to find out the initial
46
47
48 stress stiffness matrix g R T. Thereafter, the total stiffness of plate at some applied load is
49
written as:
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
> , = R T + g R T

8
9 (40)
10 where,
11 R T = Conventional small deformation and temperature dependent stiffness matrix.
g R T = Initial stress stiffness matrix that accounts for the effect of existing state of stress
12
13
14 due to applied load in the plate and it is independent of material properties.
Thereafter, the total stiffness matrix of plate corresponding to some other level of load is
15
16
Fo
17 determined as:
> , = R T + g R T = R T + g R T
18
(41)
19
rP
20
21 where corresponds to buckling load multiplier. The equilibrium equation just before the
bifurcation buckling point of the plate corresponding to applied load level and displacement
22
vector jm l may be written as

23
ee
24
25 R T + g R Tjm l = (42)
As it is evident that at buckling point, the plate exhibits increase in its displacements (say, m)
26
rR
27
28 without any increase in the applied load. Hence at the point of bifurcation, the corresponding
29
ev
equilibrium equation can be written by

R T + g R Tjm + ml =
30
31 (43)
32 The required eigen value equation to determine the buckling load and the corresponding mode
iew
33
34 shape for the plate can be obtained by subtracting Eq.(42) from Eq.(43) as:
35 R T + g R Tjml =0 (44)
36
Hence, to solve Eq. (44) we take
|R T + g R T| =0
37
On
38
39 to obtain the critical buckling load as the lowest eigen value (i.e., the first value of and the
corresponding mode shape as the eigenvector jml [58].
40
41
ly
42 In the second stage, a nonlinear large displacement elastioelastoplastic static analysis is

43
performed to investigate the postbuckling and failure characteristics of the FGM plate.
44
45 The nonlinear finite element analysis is performed using an incremental procedure in which the
46 load is applied gradually in stepwise manner and the corresponding deformation is obtained by
47
48 updating the temperature dependent material properties at each load step. It is well known that
49 finding postbuckling path using incremental analysis requires some type of imperfection in the
50 structure, lacking which incremental analysis would trace the linear solution only without
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 showing any bifurcation buckling point [59]. As the critical buckling load corresponding to the
10 first mode shape is the lowest; therefore, to initiate bifurcation buckling and to obtain
11 postbuckling path, the mesh is modified by superimposing imperfection equal to b/1000 (where,
12
13 b represents width of the plate) in the shape of the first mode, obtained by eigen buckling
14 analysis carried out in the first stage.
15
While solving nonlinear algebraic equations obtained in finite element analysis, the Newton-
16
Fo
17 Raphson (N-R) method is used. While using Newton-Raphson method, the tangent stiffness
18 matrix KT (the relationship between the incremental load and the associated displacement)
19
rP
20 comprises of three matrices: conventional small deformation linear stiffness matrix, initial stress
21 stiffness matrix and non-linear stiffness matrix (due to involved geometry and material
22 nonlinearity). In the Newton-Raphson method, for ith iteration we have:
R < Tjk< l = j l j< l
23
L
ee
24 (45)
25 where R < T
L
= tangent stiffness matrix at i iteration,
th
26
k< = k< k< , incremental displacement vector
rR
27
j l = external applied load vector

28
29
ev
j< l = restoring internal force vector

30
31
32
iew
Since the elastoplastic constitutive equations depend upon the present level of stresses and the
33
34 deformation history, hence for predicting the elastoplastic buckling and postbuckling behavior of
35 FGM plate, incremental iterative procedure as given in Table 3 is followed.
36 n
tr
nn
37 Problem definition
On
38 In the present study, a rectangular FGM plate of dimension (a b h), with a central cutout of
39
40 various shapes (i.e., circular, square, diamond, and elliptical) is studied to investigate the effects
41 of cutout shape and size on thermomechanical buckling, postbuckling and failure characteristics
ly
42
of the elastoplastic FGM plate. The FGM plate is assumed to be made of two constituents: Al2O3
43
44 (i.e., ceramic phase) and Ni (i.e., metallic phase). The temperature-dependent material properties
45 of FGM are evaluated by Eq. (2) using temperature-dependent thermoelastic coefficients for the
46
Al2O3 and Ni phases of FGM given in Table 1. Similarly, the temperature-dependent strength
coefficients for Ni (i.e., metallic phase), to determine temperature-dependent yield strength 01
47
48
and tangent modulus 2 of Ni through Eq. (2), are provided in Table 2.
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 Three cutout areas, designated as A1, A2 and A3, as mentioned in Table 4, have been considered
10 to study the effects of cutout size and shape on the thermal buckling and postbuckling behavior
11 of FGM plate. The area A1 is equal to the area of the square cut-out having cutout ratio (i.e., c/b,
12
13 where c refers to the side of the square cutout and b refers to the width of the square plate) equal
14 to 0.14, while the areas A2 and A3 are equal to the area of square cutout of cutout ratios 0.28 and
15
0.42, respectively. The areas (i.e., A1, A2 , and A3) of the cutout of various shapes are same and
16
Fo
17 are equal to the areas of the corresponding square cutout. Table 4 details the shape and size of
18 various cutouts considered in the present study.
19
rP
20 Boundary and loading conditions
21 The current study is carried out for a simply-supported FGM plate with the following flexural
22 boundary conditions:
o = 0, 0, = 0 at = 0 &and k;
23
ee
24
25 o = 0, = 0, 0 at = 0 and& .
26
rR
27 The in-plane displacements (i.e., u and v) at various plate edges are assumed as follows:
28 m 0, n 0 at = 0 and& k ; m 0, n = 0 at = 0 and& ,
where, m, n and o are the displacement components in x, y and z directions, respectively; p and
29
ev
p represent the mid-plane rotation of the normal about the y and x axes, respectively.
30
31
32
iew
At a particular temperature, the in-plane uniformly distributed compressive load is applied on

edges x = 0 and& k for uni-axial compression.
33
34
35 Results for buckling and failure loads, and the transverse deflection are presented in the
36
37 following non-dimensionalized forms:
u
On
38

In-plane buckling and failure load: (represented as: ),
39
40

Maximum transverse deflection: ;
41

Magnitude of maximum plastic strain: MN : MN

ly
42

where / is the Youngs modulus of ceramic; represents the thickness of FGM plate; is the
43
44
width of plate; rA is the in-plane compressive load in x- direction per unit edge length, applied at
45
x = 0 and k a, o is the maximum transverse deflection, and MN : MN is the scalar product of the
46
47
48 plastic strain tensor corresponding to failure point.
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 Convergence study
10 To fix the number of elements in the finite element mesh of FGM plate and the number of layers
11 [to model the actual non-homogeneous FGM with continuously varying properties (only in
12
13 thickness direction) plate into a laminated plate with multiple perfectly-bonded layers of
14 isotropic material having layer-wise constant composition, but varying along thickness], a
15
convergence study was conducted for a simply-supported FGM plate, containing a centrally
16
Fo
17 located circular cutout of size A1 (d/b=0.158). The plate was meshed with SHELL281 element
18 of size varying (decreasing) from the outer edge of the plate to the periphery of the circular hole,
19
rP
20 as shown in Fig. 3. The convergence of buckling and failure loads was checked for FGM (n = 1)
21 square plate with b/h = 100 under uni-axial compression and constant temperature rise of 100oC
22 by meshing the plate using the mesh size control feature of ANSYS by taking:
23
ee
24 (i) the default element size over the outer edges of the plate as b/n, and
25 (ii) the element size along the hole perimeter as b/4n.
26
rR
where, b represents edge size of the square plate. The values of n are taken as 10, 20, & 30 to
27
28 obtain the mesh of 718, 3042 and 6279 number of elements, having 10, 20 and 30 layers. The
29 results of convergence are tabulated in Table 5. A reasonable convergence of buckling and
ev
30
31 failure loads for FGM plate with circular cutout can be observed from Table 5 for the mesh of
32 3042 elements (i.e., for n = 20) when modeled with 20 layers. For the sake of uniformity, similar
iew
33
meshing procedure with same number of layers and same mesh control parameter (i.e., n = 20)
34
35 was followed to mesh the plate with other cutout shapes. Schematics of meshed FGM plate with
36 cutouts of various shapes are shown in Fig. 4.
37
On
38
39 Validation of results
40 The accuracy and effectiveness of the present method is checked by comparing the results
41
ly
42 obtained following the present procedure with those available in the literatures [19,21,53,60].
43 Elastic buckling and postbuckling response of a thin simply-supported square plate (b/h = 120)
44
made of homogeneous and isotropic material (E = 68.189 GPa and = 1/3) under uni-axial
45
46 mechanical compression are compared with that reported by Yamaki [60]. It can be seen in Fig.
47 5 that buckling and postbuckling response agrees well with that of Yamaki [60]. Further, a
48
49 clamped square FGM plate (with b/h = 100) made of Aluminium (Al), having E = 70 GPa & =
50 0.3, and Alumina (i.e., Al2O3), having E = 380 GPa & = 0.3, under uni-axial mechanical
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 compression is considered, and postbuckling load-deflection curves of the FGM plate are
10 compared with those presented by Wu et al. [21]. As observed in Fig.6, the results are in good
11 agreement for different power law exponent (i.e., n = 0, 1 and 2). In addition, the results for
12
13 thermal buckling load and postbuckling equilibrium path are also validated with those reported
14 by Shen [19] for a thick simply-supported square plate (with b/h =10) made of homogeneous
15
and isotropic elastic-material. As depicted in Fig. 7, a good agreement is achieved between the
16
Fo
17 results of current study and those of Shen [19].
18 Furthermore, the validity of present procedure for elastoplastic analysis is verified by comparing
19
rP
the ultimate strength ratio (defined as the ratio of ultimate strength to yield strength of the
material, i.e., 0 0 ), of a simply-supported plate with a concentric circular/square cutout,
20
21
22
obtained in the present study with that reported by Shanmugam et al. [53]. The material (i.e.,
23
ee
24 A572 Grade 50 steel with Youngs modulus E = 207 GPa, Poissons ratio v = 0.3, and yield
25 strength 0 = 343 MPa) of the plate is considered to be isotropic, homogeneous, elastic and
26
rR
27 perfectly plastic, as assumed in Ref. [53]. Table 6 shows a good concurrence between the results
28 of present study with the results reported by Shanmugam et al. [53].
29
ev
30
31 Numerical results and discussion
32 Various numerical studies are conducted to analyze the elastoplastic buckling, postbuckling path
iew
33
34 and failure characteristics of a simply-supported FGM plate having a centrally located cutout of
35 various shapes (i.e., circular, square, diamond, and elliptical) under combined thermomechanical
36
loading condition. Effects of material inhomogeneity (i.e., power exponent n), cutout size (i.e.,
37
On
38 A1 A2, and A3 ) and cutout shapes (i.e., circular, square, diamond, and elliptical) on the buckling
39 load, postbuckling path, yielding load, maximum plastic strain and failure strength of FGM plate
40
are investigated. A Ni/Al2O3 FGM plate with temperature dependent material properties is
41
ly
42 considered and graded as per Mori-Tanaka model as specified in Section 2.2. However, the
43 temperature dependence of material properties (i.e., Youngs modulus and thermal expansion
44
45 coefficient) is considered, as per Eq. (2), a nonlinear function of temperature. It is to mention that
46 unless otherwise stated the FGM plate is graded along the thickness linearly with a power law
47
index of unity (i.e., n = 1), and the slenderness ratio of FGM plate is kept 100.
48
49 The effects of cutout shape and size on elastoplastic thermomechanical buckling and
50 postbuckling behavior of a simply-supported square plate with a central cutout, and made of
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 FGM with temperature dependent (TD) material properties are shown in Figs. 8-10. The study is
10 conducted for uni-axial mechanical compression combined with uniform and constant
11 temperature rise (i.e., = 50, 100 and 150). In addition, the corresponding values of
12
13 normalized buckling and failure loads, and maximum transverse deflections are tabulated in
14 Table 7.
15
It can be seen from Figs. 8-10 that for all cutout shapes the postbuckling paths for elastoplastic
16
Fo
17 FGM plate are strongly dependent on temperature rise (i.e.,), and for a particular value of
18 mechanical load, the perforated FGM plate exhibit an increase in the value of transverse
19
rP
20 deflection with an increase in the temperature. This response is attributed to the high thermal
21 load at higher temperature as well as to the reduced stiffness of FGM plate at high temperature,
22
because of the inverse dependence of Young's modulus on temperature (reduction in Young's
23
ee
24 modulus with increase in temperature) and the direct proportionality of thermal expansion
25 coefficient with temperature, as shown in Fig. 2. It can also be observed from Figs. 8-10 that
26
rR
irrespective of cutout shape, postbuckling paths of FGM plate are greatly affected by the
27
28 plasticity, as yielding in FGM plate take place at much lower load than ultimate failure load, and
29
ev
the ultimate failure of FGM plate occurs due to excessive plasticity.

30
31 The load-axial deflection paths are also traced to understand the effect of plasticity on stiffness
32 and hence, on the overall ultimate load capacity of the FGM plate. To demonstrate the ultimate
iew
33
failure, the load-axial deflection paths and the deformed shapes just before and after ultimate
34
35 failure for FGM plate with A1 size cutout of various shapes are depicted in Figs. 11 & 12,
36 respectively. The ultimate failure points in Fig. 11 correspond to the maximum applied load at
37
which the FGM plate loses its stiffness (i.e., given by the slope of load-axial deflection curve)
On
38
39 completely and thereafter, the plate is not able to resist even a slight increment in the applied
40 load. In addition, it can also be observed from Figs. 8-10 that for all cutout shapes, the ultimate
41
ly
42 failure load of FGM plate decreases with the increase in cutout size.
43 Table 7 show that for A1 and A2 sizes of cutout, the FGM plate with square shape cutout
44
possesses maximum value of failure load; however, for larger cutout size (i.e., A3) the FGM
45
46 plate with diamond cutout depicts highest failure load.
47 The effect of material property variation [through the thickness obtained by varying volume
48
49 fraction using Eq. (1) for different values of exponent n (i.e., 1, 2, and 3)] on elastoplastic
50 buckling and postbuckling responses of simply-supported FGM square plate having cutout of
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
various shapes of size A3 under uni-axial mechanical compression combined with constant and
uniform temperature rise (i.e., = 50, 100 and 150) is studied. The corresponding
9
10
11 postbuckling paths are plotted in Figs. 13 (a)-(d) and the corresponding normalized values of
12
13 buckling and failure loads, and maximum deflection are given in Table 8. It can be observed
14 from Figs. 13 (a)-(d) that for all values of power law exponent n, FGM plate with a cutout loses
15
its postbuckling strength (at a particular value of maximum transverse deflection) considerably
16
Fo
17 due to increase in uniform temperature rise (). Figs. 13 (a)-(d) also show that irrespective of
18 cutout shape in an FGM plate, its ultimate load carrying capacity increases with the increase in
19
rP
20 value of power law index at all values of temperature rise. This finding is attributed to the fact
21 that at higher value of n, proportion of ceramic (i.e., Al2O3), possessing higher thermal strength,
22
is increased which in turn causes this increase in ultimate failure load of FGM.
23
ee
24 The equivalent plastic strains developed under thermomechanical loading across the thickness of
25 an FGM plate with a central cutout (size A3) of various shapes are shown in Figs.14 (a)-(d), for
26
rR
different values of exponent n (i.e., 1, 2, and 3). It is to mention that in Figs. 14(a)-(d), plastic
27
28 strains for all values of n are plotted, at a particular value of temperature, corresponding to the
29
ev
ultimate failure load of FGM plate with n = 1. It is also necessary to mention here that the FGM
30
31 plate comprises of pure ceramic phase at the bottom (i.e., z/h = -0.5), whereas the top (i.e., z/h =
32 +0.5) is constituted with pure metallic phase. For a particular value of n, the plastic flow is
iew
33
observed to be more dominating in the metal-rich upper region of the FGM plate with peak value
34
35 of equivalent plastic strain at the top of the FGM plate, whereas at the lower ceramic-rich part of
36 the FGM plate, plasticity is minimum with zero plastic strain at the bottom. Further, at a
37
particular thickness, the plasticity effect in FGM plate with a cutout is more prominent for n = 1
On
38
39 that corresponds to a higher proportion of metal at a particular thickness coordinate than n = 2 &
40 3, and because of this effect the FGM plate with n = 1 would fail at a lower value of mechanical
41
ly
42 load for a given temperature rise [see Fig. 13(a)-(d) and Table 8].
43
44
Conclusions
45
46 A study on nonlinear finite element analysis of Ni/Al2O3 FGM plate carrying a central cutout of Formatted: Subscript
47 various shapes is carried out under in-plane uni-axial compression load combined with uniform Formatted: Subscript
48
49 and constant temperature rise. The volume fraction of FGM constituents (ceramic and metal) is
50 assumed to follow a simple power law distribution in the thickness direction. The actual non-
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 homogeneous FGM plate with continuously varying properties along thickness is modeled as a
10 laminate composed of multiple perfectly-bonded layers of isotropic material having layer-wise
11 constant (i.e., homogeneous) composition. At the mid of a particular layer, thermoelastic
12
13 properties (i.e., elastic constants and thermal expansion coefficients) of FGM are calculated
14 using Mori-Tanaka homogenization scheme, whereas the yield strength is calculated using TTO
15
model. The nonlinear temperature dependent thermoelastic material properties are also
16
Fo
17 incorporated into the model. The finite element formulation is based on the first-order shear
18 deformation theory and the von-Karmans nonlinear kinematics, and the nonlinear equations are
19
rP
20 solved using Newton-Raphson method. After validating the results of present formulation with
21 the available results in the literature, the effects of cutout shape and size, material inhomogenity
22 and thermomechanical loading conditions on elastoplastic buckling, postbuckling and failure
23
ee
24 responses of FGM plate are investigated under the framework of J2 plasticity theory associated
25 with the isotropic hardening flow rule.
26
rR
Based on the present work, the following observations are made.

27
28 Postbuckling response of FGM plate carrying a central cutout is found to be greatly
29
ev
affected by the plasticity consideration, and its elastoplastic analysis shows destabilizing
30
31 response after the point of maximum postbuckling strength, also called ultimate failure
32 point.
iew
33
Along the thickness of FGM plate with a cutout, the effect of plastic flow is observed to
34
35 be more dominating in the metal rich portion of FGM plate as compared to the ceramic
36 rich region. Accordingly, at a particular thickness, the plasticity effect is observed to be
37
On
38 more prominent for n = 1 than n = 2 & 3.

39 For all cutout shapes, the ultimate failure load of FGM plate decreases with an increase in
40
cutout size, maximum being for A1 cutout size. It is also observed that for smaller cutout
41
ly
42 size (A1 and A2 cutout size), the FGM plate with square shape cutout possesses maximum
43 value of ultimate failure load; however, for larger cutout size (i.e., A3) the FGM plate
44
45 with diamond cutout depicts highest ultimate failure load.
46 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
47 The authors acknowledge the use of ANSYS FE software available with Computer Center, IIT
48
49 Kanpur through Prof. Shakti S Gupta, Mechanical Engineering Department, IIT Kanpur.
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 References
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Fo
17 Composites, Institute of Materials, London, UK, 1998.
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rP
20 and plates, J. Therm. Stress., vol. 21, pp. 593626, 1998.
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ee
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rR
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ev
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Fo
17 Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 34, pp. 103115, 2003.
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rP
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ee
24 gradedmaterials, Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 35, pp. 429437, 2004.

25 18. K.-S.Na, and J.-H.Kim, Thermal postbuckling investigations of functionally graded
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ev
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iew
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Fo
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rP
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rR
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46 36. Y. Fu, X. Shao, and Y. Chen, Elasto-plastic buckling and post-buckling analysis of
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iew
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46. M. Bocciarelli, G. Bolzon, and G. Maier, A constitutive model of metal-ceramic
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51. M. Bhattacharyya, S. Kapuria, and A. N. Kumar, On the Stress to Strain Transfer Ratio
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Fo
17 and Elastic Deflection Behavior for Al/SiC Functionally Graded Material, Mech. Adv.
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20 52. K. M. El-sawy, A. Nazmy, and M. I. Martini, Elasto-plastic buckling of perforated plates
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ee
24 compressed perforated plates, Thin-Walled Struct. , vol. 34, pp. 120, 1999.
25 54. R. Narayanan and F. Y. Chow, Ultimate capacity of uniaxially compressed perforated
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plates, Thin-Walled Struct., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 241264, 1984.

27
28 55. J. K. Paik, Ultimate strength of dented steel plates under edge shear loads, Thin-Walled
29 Struct., vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 14751492, 2005.
ev
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31 56. K. Ghavami and M. R. Khedmati, Numerical and experimental investigations on the
32 compression behaviour of stiffened plates, J Constr Steel Res., vol.62, no.11, pp. 1087-
iew
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1100, 2006.
34
35 57. S. F. Estefen, J. H. Chujutalli, and C. G. Soares,Influence of geometric imperfections on
36 the ultimate strength of the double bottom of a Suezmax tanker, Eng. Struct., vol. 127,
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pp. 287303, 2016.
On
38
39 58. K. M. El-sawy and A. S. Nazmy, Effect of aspect ratio on the elastic buckling of
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ly
42 2001.
43 59. E. J. Barbero, Finite element analysis of composite materials using ANSYS, CRC
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Press, Boca Raton, 2013.
45
46 60. N. Yamaki, Experiments on the Postbuckling Behavior of Square Plates Loaded in Edge
47 Compression, J. Appl. Mech., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 238,1961.
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3 Table 1. Temperature-dependent thermoelastic coefficients for Al2O3 and Ni, from Ref. [39].
4
5
Materials
6 Al2O3 349.55e9 0.0 -3.853e-4 4.027e-7 -1.673e-10
7 E(Pa)
Ni 223.95e9 0.0 -2.794e-4 -3.998e-9 0.0
8
Al2O3 6.8260e-6 0.0 1.838e-4 0.0 0.0
Fo
9 (1/K)
10 Ni 9.9209e-6 0.0 8.705e-4 0.0 0.0
11
rP
12 Table 2. Temperature-dependent strength coefficients for Ni, from Ref. [48].
13
ee
14
15
16
(Pa) 62.81e6 0.0 516.68e3 -8.794e2 -3.565e-1

(Pa)
rR
17 -91.75e7 0.0 930.64e4 -15.88e3 75.72e-1
18
ev
19
20
iew
21
22
23
24
On
25
26
27
ly
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
46
47
1
2
3
4
Table 3. Solution procedure for elastoplastic analysis of FGM plate.
5
6 Incremental Elastic-plastic solution of FGM plate
7
8
1. The material properties E and , and the yield strength (, ) and tangent modulus H at each layer of
FGM plate are evaluated for current temperature at ith time step and utilized to compute the temperature
Fo
9
10
11 dependent constitutive matrix ()! at present time step.
rP
12
2. Initially the displacements (" ), strains ( ) and stresses ( ) are known from previous load steps or are
13
ee
14 zero.
15
16 3. Determine the elasto-plastic constitutive matrix form previously known variables utilizing the Eq. (26).
rR
17 4. Apply the boundary conditions and obtain the incremental displacements (") by solving the Eq. (37).
18
ev
19 5. The Eq. (29) can be utilized to obtain the incremental strains () with the aid of calculated incremental
20
displacements ("). The incremental stresses () are calculated by Eq. (27).
iew
21
22 6. Total stresses and strains are updated as
23
24 = +
On
25
26
= +
27 7. The updated stresses and strains are substituted in Eq. (11) to perform plasticity check
ly
28
29 a. If $( ) < 0 there is elastic deformation and go-to step 8
30 b. If $( ) > and $( ) there is plastic deformation and stress correction procedure
31
32 is applied to define the corrected stress )
33
34 Stress Correction Procedure
35 * -
36
Let
= +
"+,
= +
37
38
= (
,
)
39 where = /
40
41
42
43
44
46
47
1
2
3 0 ! 1 0$ 0$
4 / = + + !
5 0 2 0 0
6
then the corrected stress value is given by ) = +
7
8 c. If $( ) > and $( ) < this is critical case in which the plasticity is occurred within
Fo
9
10 current load increment, the stresses and strains are updated as = + (1 3)
11 = + (1 3)
rP
12
4(*5 )
13 here 3 =
4(*5 )4(*6 )
ee
14
15 8. The nodal coordinates are updated by adding corresponding values of nodal displacements.
16
rR
17 9. Go-to step 1 for next load increment.
18
ev
19
20
iew
21
22 Table 4. Various cutout shapes and their dimensions
23 Cutout sizea
24
Cutout shape Cutout ratio
A1 A2 A3
On
25 Square c/b 0.140 0.280 0.420
26
Circular d/b 0.158 0.316 0.474
27
Diamond c/b 0.140 0.280 0.420
ly
28
29 Elliptical e/b 0.224 0.447 0.670
a
30 For various notations see Figs. 3 and 4.
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
46
47
1
2
3 9: ;< 9CDEF ;<
4 Table 5. Convergence study for critical buckling load 78 =
@ A and failure load B8 =
G for simply supported FGM plate
=> ? = > ?@
5
6
with central circular cutout of size A1 under uni-axial compression and constant temperature rise of = 100, for b/h = 100 and n =
7 1.
8
No. of No. of layers
Fo
9
10 elements 10 20 30
11 K K K K K K
rP
12
13 LMN 2.8019 3.753939 2.6109 3.5234 2.5518 3.2270
@OP<
ee
14 2.7817 3.678853 2.5518 3.2607 2.4989 3.1948
15 6279 2.7329 3.688075 2.5242 3.2270 2.4790 3.1692
16
rR
17
18
Table 6. Comparison of ultimate strength ratios(HI ) obtained in present work with that provided by Shanmugam et al. [53].
ev
19
20
d/b=0.1 d/b=0.2 d/b=0.3
iew
21
22
Hole
b/h Present Shanmugam Present Shanmugam Present Shanmugam
23 shape
24 Study et al. [53] Study et al. [53] Study et al. [53]
On
25
26 Square 0.92 0.91 0.80 0.76 0.72 0.67
27
30
ly
28
29
Circular 0.91 0.91 0.81 0.81 0.72 0.71
30
31 Square 0.89 0.90 0.77 0.71 0.69 0.64
32 40
33 Circular 0.90 0.85 0.81 0.79 0.69 0.67
34
35 Square 0.75 0.75 0.67 0.65 0.62 0.60
36 50
37 Circular 0.75 0.76 0.69 0.72 0.62 0.64
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
46
47
1
2
3
4
Table 7. Effect of cutout shape on buckling and failure response of simply-supported square FGM plate with central cutout
5
6 under uni-axial compression and constant temperature rise.
7 Cutout A1 A2 A3
8 Size
Fo
9
10
Buckling Failure Max. Buckling Failure Max. Buckling Failure Max.
11 load (8; ) load (8C ) deflection load (8; ) load (8C ) deflection load (W ) load (X ) deflection
R
ST R
ST
rP
12
Cutout Q 7 A 7 A
Y
7 Z[\ A
13
Shape ]
ee
14 50 3.23 3.41 2.18 2.84 3.37 2.21 2.80 3.30 2.50
15 Circular 100 2.55 3.26 2.88 1.94 3.30 2.91 1.90 3.21 3.84
16
rR
150 2.06 3.20 3.23 1.44 3.25 3.28 1.42 3.15 4.12
17
50 2.75 4.02 3.64 3.02 3.71 3.57 2.95 3.30 2.67
18
ev
19 Square 100 1.86 3.97 3.90 2.03 3.67 4.18 2.14 3.20 3.78
20 150 1.36 3.88 4.17 1.49 3.59 4.41 1.66 3.09 4.44
iew
21 50 2.66 3.54 2.53 2.68 3.49 3.00 3.01 3.29 2.50
22 Elliptical 100 1.77 3.53 3.37 1.86 3.45 3.23 2.56 3.16 3.33
23 150 1.29 3.49 3.89 1.44 3.38 3.58 2.14 3.07 4.67
24
50 2.76 3.78 2.97 3.18 3.39 1.78 2.84 3.65 3.29
On
25
26 Diamond 100 1.85 3.72 3.55 2.20 3.31 2.63 2.29 3.38 2.57
27 150 1.35 3.66 3.93 1.60 3.23 3.18 1.88 3.23 3.70
ly
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
46
47
1
2
3 Table 8. Effect of material inhomogenity on buckling, yielding and failure characteristics of simply supported square Ni/Al2O3
4
5
FGM plate with various shape cutouts of size A3 under uni-axial compression and constant temperature rise.
6
7 n 1 2 3
8
Fo
9
10 Buckling Failure Max. Buckling Failure Max. Buckling Failure Max.
11
Cutout load (8; ) load (8C ) deflection load (8; ) load (8C ) deflection load (W ) load (X ) deflection
rP
Shape Q R
ST R
ST ^
12
7 A 7 A 7 _`a A
13 b
ee
14 50 3.23 3.41 2.50 3.30 3.67 1.60 3.30 4.62 3.05
15 Circular 100 2.55 3.26 3.84 3.00 3.59 1.82 2.93 4.48 3.10
16
rR
17
150 2.06 3.20 4.12 2.74 3.61 2.31 2.45 4.33 3.21
18 50 2.95 3.30 2.67 3.30 4.23 2.54 3.71 4.15 1.52
ev
19 Square 100 2.14 3.20 3.78 2.71 4.21 2.83 3.50 4.02 1.81
20 150 1.66 3.09 4.44 2.08 4.21 3.14 3.24 4.01 1.99
iew
21 50 3.01 3.29 2.50 3.31 3.81 2.30 3.76 4.82 2.30
22
Elliptical 100 2.56 3.16 3.33 3.01 3.79 2.66 3.03 4.81 2.66
23
24 150 2.14 3.07 4.67 2.64 3.78 2.97 2.40 4.81 2.97
50 2.84 3.65 3.29 3.30 3.67 1.60 4.21 4.77 2.06
On
25
26 Diamond 100 2.29 3.38 2.57 3.00 3.59 1.82 3.65 4.76 2.52
27 150 1.88 3.23 3.70 2.74 3.61 2.31 3.50 4.75 2.91
ly
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
46
47
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Fo
17
18
19
rP
20
21
22
23
ee
24
25
26
rR
27
28
29
ev
30
31
32
iew
33
34
35
36
37
On
38
39
40
41
ly
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Fo
17
18
19
rP
20
21
22
23
ee
24
Fig. 1. Modeling of actual non-homogeneous FGM plate into a laminate composed of multiple
25 perfectly-bonded homogeneous layers.
26
rR
27
28
Temperature (K)
29 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
ev
15
30 350
31
Thermal Expansion Coefficient (10-6/K)

32
iew
33
34
35
Young's Modulus E (GPa)
36 300 E 12
37 Ceramic Ceramic
On
38 FGM (z=0)
FGM(z=0)
39 Metal
Metal
40
41
ly
42 250
43 9
44
45
46
47
48 200
49
50 6
51 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
52 Temperature (K)
53
54 Fig. 2. Temperature dependent Youngs modulus (E) and thermal expansion coefficient ().
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4 u=0, w=0
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Fo
17
18
19 v=0, w=0 d
rP
20
21 v=0, w=0
22
23
ee
24
25
26
rR
27
28
29
ev
30
31
32
iew
33
34 u=0, w=0
35 Y
36
37
On
38 X
39
40
41
ly
42
43
44 SHELL281, Local
45 Element Node Numbering
46
47
48 Fig. 3. Finite element mesh of a typical FGM plate with a circular cutout.
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 c c
11 c
12 c
13
14
15
16
Fo
17
18
19
rP
20
21
22 (i) (ii)
23
ee
24
25
26
rR
27
28
29
ev
f
30
31 e
32
iew
33
34
35
36
37
On
38
39
40
41
ly
42 (iii)
43
44 Fig. 4. Meshing of square FGM plate of side b with: (i) square, (ii) diamond , and (iii) elliptical
45 cutouts.
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 1.0
10
11
12
13
14
2 3
Nxa / h
15
16
Fo
2
17
18 0.5
19
rP
20 Present study
21 Yamaki [60]
22
23
ee
24
25
26
rR
0.0
27 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
28
29 wc/h
ev
30
31 Fig. 5. Comparison of postbuckling load-deflection curves for an isotropic simply-supported
32 square plate under uni-axial compression obtained in the present study with Yamaki [60].
iew
33
34
35
36
37
On
38
39
40
41
ly
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4
16 n Present study Wu et al. [21]
5
6 0
7 14 1
8 2
9 12
10
11 10
12
13
14 8
X
15
16 6
Fo
17
18 4
19
rP
20 2
21
22
23 0
ee
24
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
25
26 wc
rR
27
28 Fig.6. Comparison of postbuckling load-deflection curves for a clamped FGM square plate
29 under uni-axial compression obtained in the present study with Wu et al. [21].
ev
30
31
32
iew
33
34
35
36
37
On
38
39
40
41
ly
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 2
12
13
/cr
14
15
16
Fo
17
18 1
19
rP
20
21 Present study
22
23 Shen [19]
ee
24
25
26 0
rR
0.0 0.5 1.0

27 w/h
28
29
ev
30 Fig. 7. Comparison of postbuckling load-deflection curves for an isotropic simply-supported

31 moderately thick (b/h=10) square isotropic plate under constant temperature rise obtained in the
32 present study with Shen [19].
iew
33
34
35
36
37
On
38
39
40
41
ly
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4.0
4 4.0
5
6
7 3.0
8 3.0
9
10
11 2.0 2.0
12
13
14
0
= 50 C 0
= 50 C
15 1.0 0
=100 C Yielding point 1.0 0
=100 C Yielding point
16 0
=150 C Failure point 0
Fo
=150 C Failure point
17
18
19 0.0 0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
rP
20
21 (a) wmax/h (b) wmax/h
4.0 4.0
22
23
ee
24
25 3.0 3.0
26
rR
27
28
29 2.0 2.0

ev
30
31 0 0
= 50 C = 50 C
32
iew
1.0 0
33 0 0
34 =150 C Failure point =150 C Failure point
35
36 0.0 0.0
37 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
On
38 (c) wmax/h (d) wmax/h

39
40
41 Fig.8. Elastic-plastic buckling and postbuckling behavior of FGM (for n = 1) plate with A1 size
ly
42 cutout of (a) circular (b) square (c) elliptical (d) diamond shape under uni-axial compressive load
43
44 combined with uniform and constant temperature rise.
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3 4.0
4
5 3.0
6
7 3.0
8
9
2.0
10
2.0
11

12
13 0
= 50 C 0
1.0 = 50 C
14 0
15 0
=150 C Failure point 0
16
Fo
17
18 0.0 0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
19
rP
20 (a) wmax/h 4.0 (b) wmax/h
21
22 3.0
23
ee
3.0
24
25
26
rR
2.0
27 2.0
28

29
ev
30 0
= 50 C
0
= 50 C
1.0
31 0
1.0 0
32 0 0
iew
=150 C Failure point =150 C Failure point

33
34
0.0 0.0
35 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
36
(c) wmax/h (d) wmax/h
37
On
38
39
41
ly
43
combined with uniform and constant temperature rise.
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4
5 3.0 3.0
6
7
8
9 2.0 2.0
10
11

12
13 0
= 50 C 0
= 50 C
1.0 1.0
14 =100 C
0
Yielding point 0
15 =150 C
0
Failure point 0
16
Fo
17
0.0 0.0
18 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
19 (a) wmax/h (b) wmax/h
rP
20 4.0
21
22 3.0
23
ee
3.0
24
25
26
rR
2.0
27 2.0
28

29
ev
30 1.0
0
= 50 C
0
= 50 C
31 0 1.0 0
=100 C Yielding point =100 C Yielding point
32 =150 C
0
Failure point
0
iew
33
34 0.0 0.0
35 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
36 (c) wmax/h (d) wmax/h
37
On
39
cutout of (a) circular (b) square (c) elliptical (d) diamond shape under uni-axial compressive load
40
41 combined with uniform and constant temperature rise.
ly
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4
4.0
5 4.0
6
7
8 3.0
9 3.0
10
11
12 2.0
2.0
13

14 0 0
= 50 C = 50 C
15 0 0
=100 C Yielding point =100 C Yielding point
16 1.0 1.0
Fo
0 0
17 =150 C Failure point
18
19
rP
0.0 0.0
20 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003
21 (a) umax/a (b) umax/a
22 4.0 4.0
23
ee
24
25
26
rR
3.0 3.0
27
28
29
ev
2.0 2.0
30

31 0 0
= 50 C = 50 C
32
iew
0 0
33 =100 C Yielding point =100 C Yielding point
1.0 0
1.0 0
34 =150 C Failure point =150 C Failure point
35
36
37 0.0
0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003
0.0
0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003
On
38 (c) umax/a (d) umax/a

39
40
41
ly
42
43 Fig.11. Elastic-plastic load-axial deflection curve of FGM (for n = 1) plate with A1 size cutout of
44
45 (a) circular (b) square (c) elliptical (d) diamond shape under uni-axial compressive load
46
47
combined with uniform and constant temperature rise.
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3 Before ultimate failure After ultimate failure
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 (a)
16
Fo
17
18
19
rP
20
21
22
23
ee
24
25
26
rR
27 (b)
28
29
ev
30
31
32
iew
33
34
35
36
37
On
38
39 (c)
40
41
ly
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
(d)
52
53 Fig.12. Deformed shapes just before and after ultimate failure for FGM (for n = 1) plate with A1
54 size cutout of (a) circular (b) square (c) elliptical (d) diamond shape under uni-axial compressive
55 load combined with uniform and constant temperature rise ( 50).
56
57
58
59
1
2
3
4
5 4.0 4.0
6
7
8 3.0 3.0
9
10
11 2.0
n=1 n=2 n=3
2.0
n=1 n=2 n=3
12 =50 C
0 0
=50 C
13 =100 C
0
=100 C
0
1.0 1.0
14 =150 C
0
=150 C
0
15 Yielding point Failure point Yielding point Failure point

16
Fo
0.0 0.0
17 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
18 (a) wmax/h 5.0

(b) wmax/h
19
rP
5.0
20
21 4.0
22 4.0
23
ee
24 3.0
3.0
25
26

rR
2.0
27 2.0
0
n=1 n=2 n=3
0
n=1 n=2 n=3
28 =50 C
0
=50 C
0
29 =100 C =100 C
ev
1.0 0 1.0 0
30 =150 C =150 C
Yielding point Failure point Yielding point Failure point
31
32 0.0 0.0
iew
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
33
(c) wmax/h (d) wmax/h
34
35
36 Fig.13. Effect of material gradation on elastic-plastic buckling, postbuckling and failure behavior
37 of FGM plate with A3 size cutout of (a) circular (b) square (c) elliptical (d) diamond shape under
On
38
39
uni-axial compressive load combined with uniform and constant temperature rise.
40
41
ly
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
1
2
3 6.00 n=1 n=2 n=3 6.00 n=1 n=2 n=3
4
o
o =50 C
=50 C O
5 =100 C
O =100 C
O
6 =150 C
O =150 C
7
8 4.00 4.00
9
10
-2
-2
px10
px10
11
12
13 2.00 2.00
14
15
16
Fo
17
0.00 0.00
18 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
19 (a) z/h (b) z/h
rP
6.00 6.00
20
n=1 n=2 n=3
21 n=1 n=2 n=3 o
=50 C
22
o
=50 C O
O =100 C
23
ee
=100 C O
O =150 C
24 4.00
=150 C
4.00
25
26
rR
-2
-2
27
px10
px10
28
29 2.00 2.00
ev
30
31
32
iew
33
34 0.00 0.00
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
35
36 (c) z/h (d) z/h
37
On
38
39
40 Fig.14. The accumulated plastic strain as a function of thickness for FGM plate with A3 size
ly
42 combined with uniform and constant temperature rise, and for different material gradation profile
43
44
(i.e., n).
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59

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The Journal of Thermal Stresses

Elastoplastic Analysis of FGM Plate with a Central Cutout of

Manuscript Type: Original Article

Date Submitted by the Author: n/a

Elastoplastic analysis, Isotropic hardening, Postbuckling of FGM, Nonlinear

The present work aims to study the elastoplastic buckling, postbuckling

formulation is based on first-order shear deformation theory and von-

Abstract: conducted to examine the effects of material inhomogeneity, thermal

URL: https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/thermalstresses Email: 632hetna@rit.edu

response after the point of maximum postbuckling strength.

42 sensitivity of the thermomechanical buckling and postbuckling behavior of elastoplastic

24 Effective thermoelastic material properties of FGM plate

,    

3 ,  2!, 

38 elastioelastoplastic response as:

& = 93: 0;<=>?

J& L J& J&

30 small incremental plastic deformation, hence

J& L JRST J&

JRST 1 J& J&

12 Finally the following matrix equations are obtained

JRST 1  J& J&

> ,   = R T + g R T

vector jm l may be written as

equilibrium equation can be written by

42 In the second stage, a nonlinear large displacement elastioelastoplastic static analysis is

j l = external applied load vector

j< l = restoring internal force vector

At a particular temperature, the in-plane uniformly distributed compressive load is applied on

the ultimate failure of FGM plate occurs due to excessive plasticity.

Based on the present work, the following observations are made.

38 more prominent for n = 1 than n = 2 & 3.

24 5. J. Arbocz, M. Potier-Ferry, J. Singer, and V. TvergaardJ. Arbocz and C. italiana dei

24 gradedmaterials, Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 35, pp. 429437, 2004.

42 pp. 16451653, 2010.

30. M. C. M. Bakker, M. Rosmanit, and H. Hofmeyer, Prediction of the elasto-plastic post-

42 Struct., vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 11391154, 1991.

43. Y. Benveniste, A new approach to the application of Mori-Tanakas theory in composite

42 47. Z. H. Jin, G. H. Paulino, and R. H. Dodds, Cohesive fracture modeling of elastic-plastic

plates, Thin-Walled Struct., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 241264, 1984.

Thermal Expansion Coefficient (10-6/K)

0.0 0.5 1.0

30 Fig. 7. Comparison of postbuckling load-deflection curves for an isotropic simply-supported

38 (c) wmax/h (d) wmax/h

=150 C Failure point =150 C Failure point

38 (c) umax/a (d) umax/a

15 Yielding point Failure point Yielding point Failure point

18 (a) wmax/h 5.0

S-ar putea să vă placă și

,

3 , 2!,

J& L JRST J&

JRST 1 J& J&

JRST 1 J& J&

> , = R T + g R T

vector jm l may be written as

j< l = restoring internal force vector