**********************CHAPTER-1

ABOUT*BEL
1.1INTRODUCTION*TO*BEL
Bharat*Electronics*Limited*(BEL)*was*reputable*at*Bangalore,*India,*in*the*supervision*of*In
dia*below*the*Ministry*of*Defence*in*1954*to*group*the*listening*carefully*electronic*require
ments*of*the*Indian*defence*services.*Over*the*years,*it*has*grown*into*a*multi-
product,*multi-technology,*multi-
unit*company*servicing*the*needs*of*consumers*in*various*fields*in*India*and*overseas.BEL*i
s*among*an*choice*group*of*public*sector*activities*which*have*been*conferred*the*Navratna
*status*by*the*Government*of*India.*The*increase*and*diversification*of*BEL*over*the*years*
mirror*the*advances*in*the*electronics*technology,*with*which*BEL*has*reserved*pace.*initial
*with*the*maker*of*a*few*communication*tools*in*1956,*BEL*go*on*to*produce*Receiving*i
n*1961,*Germanium*Semiconductors*and*Radio*Transmitters*R.BEL*set*up*a*Radar*manufact
uring*facility*for*the*Army*and*domestic*R&D,*which*has*been*nurture*over*the*years.*Man
ufacture*of*transmit*Tubes,*Silicon*Devices*and*Integrated*Circuits*start*in*few*days.*The*P
CB*manufacturing*facility*was*established*in*the*few*years*of*this.*to*manufacture*of*Black*
&*White*TV*portrait*Tube,*X-ray*Tube*and*Microwave*Tubes*started.**1972*saw*BEL*built-
up*TV*Transmitters*for*Doordarshan.*The*following*year,*manufacture*of*Frigate*Radars*for*
the*Navy*began.*Under*the*government's*policy*of*decentralization*and*due*to*strategic*reaso
ns,*.*The*second*Unit*of*BEL*was*set*up*at*Ghaziabad*in*1974*to*manufacture*Radars*and
*Tropo*communication*tools*for*the*Indian*Air*Force.*The*third*Unit*was*established*at*Pun
e*in*1979*to*manufacture*Image*Converter*and*Image*Intensifier*Tubes.*In*1980,*BEL's*first
*in*a*foreign*country*office*was*set*in*New*York*for*procurement*of*mechanism*and*materi
als.*In*1981,*The*Space*Electronic*Division*was*set*up*at*Bangalore*to*support*the*satellite*
programme*in*1982.*The*same*year*saw*BEL*achieve*a*turnover*of*Rs.100*crores.In*1983,*
an*ailing*Andhra*Scientific*Company*(ASCO)*was*taken*over*by*BEL*as*the*fourth*manufa
cturing*Unit*at*Machilipatnam.*In*1985,*the*fifth*Unit*was*set*up*in*Chennai*for*supply*of*
boiler*Electronics.the*proximity*to*HVF*and*Avoid.*The*sixth*Unit*was*set*up*at*Panchkula*
(Haryana),*in*the*same*year*to*manufacture*Military*Communication*equipment.*1985*also*sa
w*BEL*manufacturing*on*a*large*scale*Low*Power*TV*Transmitters*TVROs*for*the*develop
ment*of*Doordarshan's*treatment

1.2*VISION

1
 The*companies*envision*to*be*a*world-class*endeavor*in*expert*electronic

1.3*MISSION

To*be*a*patron*paying*attention**competitive*corporation*in*defense*electronics*and*in*other*
select*areas*of*specialized*electronics,*through*quality,*technology*and*modernization.

1.4*VALUES

***put*clients*initial*
Working*with*clearness,*sincerity*&*reliability.*
Trusting*and*respecting*individuals.*
Fostering*team*work.*Striving*to*achieve*high*employee*satisfaction.*
Encouraging*plasticity*&*modernism.*
Endeavoring*to*fulfill*social*tasks.*
self-important*of*creature*a*division*of*the*association.

1.5*OBJECTIVES

To*be*a*customer*alert*company*providing*state-of-the-
art*products*&*solutions*at*competitive*prices,*meeting*the*strain*of*class,*delivery*&*service
.
To*generate*internal*resources*for*profitable*growth.*To*attain*technological*leadership*in*def
ense*electronics*during*in-
house*R&D,*business*with*defense/research*laboratories*&*academic*institutions.*To*give*driv
e*to*exports.
To*create*a*facilitating*environment*for*people*to*realize*their*full*potential*through*continuo
us*learning*&*team*work.
To*give*value*for*money*to*clients*&*create*means*for*shareholders.
To*constantly*standard*company's*routine*with*best-in-class*globally.

1.6*MANUFACTURING*UNITS*OF*BEL
The*company*has*nine*manufacturing*units*all*over*India.*These*are*at*the*follows*places:-
1. Panchkula*(Haryana)
2. Kotdwara*(Uttarakhand)
3. Ghaziabad*(U.P.)
4. Navi*Mumbai*(Maharashtra)
5. Pune*(Maharashtra)

2
6. Hyderabad*(Andhra*Pradesh)
7. Machilipatnam*(Andhra*Pradesh)*
8. Bangalore
9. Chennai*(Tamil*Nadu)

1.6.1*Brief*description*of*the*area*of*focus*different*manufacturing*is*as*follows:-

1. Panchkula*
martial*Communication*tools.
Encryption*harvest.
2. Kotdwara*
Tele-communication*systems.
Military*communication*systems.
3. Ghaziabad*
Network*Centric*Systems.
Radars,*Antennae.
Satcom*(defense).

3
 Microwave*components.

4.******Navi*Mumbai

Shelters*for*systems.
Homeland*security*systems.

5.*****Pune

X-Ray*Tubes
Batteries
Electro*Optics*(Laser*Range*Finder)

6.****Hyderabad

Electronic*Warfare*Systems
7.Machilipatnam*
Electro*Optics*(Night*Vision*Devices).

8.***Bangalore

Military*Communication
Network*Centric*Systems
Military*Radars
Naval*Systems
Electronic*Warfare*(Air*Force)
Avionics
Weapons*Systems
Telecom*and*Broadcast*Systems
Components
Coastal*Surveillance*Systems
Electronic*Voting*Machine
Solar*Products
Traffic*Signals
Security*Systems
Microwave*Super*Components

9.*Chennai*
Tank*Electronics
Optical*Fire*Control*Systems

1.7**MAJOR*PRODUCTS
The*major*products*manufactured*by*BEL*can*be*broadly*classified*under*the*following:-

4
 Defence*communication*products
Land-based*Radars
Naval*Systems
Electronic*Warfare*Systems
Avionics
Electro*Optics
Tank*and*Armored*Fighting*Vehicle*Electronic*Systems
Weapons*Systems
C4I*Systems
Shelters*and*Masts
Simulators
CCIR*PAL*Video*Output.
Electronic*Zoom*Adaptable*for*use*on*various*weapons

************************CHAPTER-2
RESEARCHAND*DEVELOPMEN
2.1Introduction*to*R*&*D

Research*and*Development*is*a*key*center*part*at*BEL.*Research*&*Development*behavior*
started*in*1958*and*have*been*causative*gradually*to*the*increase*of*BEL's*trade*and*indepe
ndence*in*the*field*of*protection*electronics*and*other*chosen*area*of*professional*electronics
.BEL's*R&D*guidelines*is*to*enhance*the*company's*superiority*in*defence*electronics*and*ex
tra*chosen*fields*and*harvest*through*Research*&*Development.*Major*R&D*objectives*of*B
EL*is*development*of*new*products*built*with*critical*edge*technology*module*to*meet*custo
mer*supplies*ensuring*that*the*developed*products*are*state-of-the-
art,*competitive*and*of*the*highest*class.*BEL*has*a*three-
tier*R&D:*the*first*tier*being*the*progress*and*Engineering*division*at*the*Unit*/*calculated*
Business*Unit*level,*whose*role*is*to*generate*new*trade*by*mounting*new*crop*and*obtain*
customer*acceptance,*provide*product*lifecycle*support*and*upgrades,*and*develop*processes*a
nd*components*as*necessary;*the*next*tier*is*the*Central*advance*and*Engineering*Division*
which*supports*the*Unit*D&E*Divisions*with*the*bring*of*specific*technology*modules*and*t
he*third*tier*is*the*Central*Research*Laboratories*(CRL)*at*Bangalore*and*Delhi,*whose*role
*is*to*vocation*on*grave*areas*of*technology*and*build*up*enable*technology*modules.

2.2Resources*and*Investments

Presently,*BELs*R&D*manpower*is*2,162,*of*which,*1,863*are*engineers.*D&E*divisions*of*
BEL*pursue*various*categories*of*projects:*in-

5
 house*development*projects,*joint*development*or*Tot*projects*with*DRDO*and*extra*national
*plan*agencies*and*joint*improvement*projects*with*overseas*vendors.*Usually,*50*to*60%*of
*the*turnover*is*from*BEL*calculated*products,*20*to*25%*of*turnover*is*from*products*cons
idered*by*DRDO*and*other*National*Design*Agencies*and*the*remaining*from*foreign*collab
orations.*The*annual*R&D*expenditure*is*about*8%*of*BEL's*sales*turnover.*BEL*regularly*e
mployees*are*young*engineers*based*on*the*classification*of*required*competencies*for*the*R
&D*divisions.*There*are*scheme*for*on-the-
job*training*after*placement*and*facilities*for*continuous*learning*for*these*engineers.*There*
are*recognition*and*reward*schemes*for*excellence*among*R&D*engineers.

BEL*R&D*units*are*recognized*by*the*Department*of*Scientific*&*Industrial*Research*(DSIR
)*under*the*Ministry*of*Science*and*Technology,*Government*of*India.*BEL's*Software*Tech
nology*Centre*at*Bangalore*has*the*recognition*of*Capability*Maturity*Model*(CMM)*Level*
5*Rating*from*Software*Engineering*Institute*(SEI).
2.3*Areas*of*R&D*Activity
R&D*engineers*are*engaged*in*the*development*of*new*products,*cutting*edge*technology*m
odules,*subsystem,*processes*&*components*in*the*following*major*areas:-
Radars
Sonars&*Naval*Systems
Communications
C4I*Systems
Electronic*Warfare*Systems*&*Avionics
Tank*Electronics
Opto-electronics
Gun*Upgrades
Broadcast,*Satcom*&*Telecom
Homeland*Security
Civilian*products*&*systems
Simulators
Professional*Components.

2.4***Joint*ventures

GE*BE*Pvt*Limited*(GEBEL)*was*set*up*in*1997*as*a*joint*venture*between*Bharat*Electro
nics*Limited*and*General*Electric*Medical*Systems.*The*facility*based*at*Whitefield,*Bangalo
re,*manufactures*CT*Max*and*other*state-of-the-art*X-
Ray*Tubes.*The*products*are*exported*worldwide*and*meet*the*safety*and*regulatory*standar

6
ds*specified*by*FDA,*CE,*MHW,*AERB*and*the*facility*has*been*accredited*with*ISO-
9001;*ISO-13485*and*ISO-14001*certifications.

X-RAY*TUBES

*HIGH*VOLTAGE*TANKS ****CT*DETECTOR*MODULES

****************************Fig2.4:**Joint*Ventures

The*Joint*Venture*Company*is*performing*well.*BEL*supplies*some*parts*required*for*the*pr
oducts*manufactured*by*this*JVC.*GE-
BE*Pvt*Ltd*achieved*a*turnover*of*Rs.*779*crores*in*the*year*2014-
15*as*against*Rs.*642*crores*in*the*previous*year.*The*JVC*declared*150%*dividend*for*the
*year*2014-15.*GE-
BE*Pvt*Ltd*paid*BEL*Rs.3.9*crore*as*dividend*from*the*Joint*Venture*Company*on*BELs*s
hare*of*investment*for*the*year*2014-15.

7
 2.5QUALITY*MANAGEMENT

We*are*committed*to*consistently*deliver*enhanced*value*to*our*customers,*through*continual
*improvement*of*our*products*and*processes.

2.5.1Quality*Objectives

Effective*and*efficient*design*and*development*process,*considering*the*present*and*future*ne
eds*of*customers.
Enhanced*customer*satisfaction*by*on-
time*delivery*of*defect*free*products*and*effective*life*cycle*support.
Continual*up*gradation*and*utilization*of*infrastructure*and*human*resources.*Mutually*benefi
cial*alliances*with*suppliers.*
Continual*improvement*of*processes*through*innovation,*technology*and*knowledge*managem
ent.

2.5.2***Introduction*of*TQM

Bharat*Electronics*adopted*the*Total*Quality*Management*(TQM)*philosophy*in*the*year*199
0*under*the*acronym*'TORQUE'*which*stands*for*Total*Organizational*Quality*Enhancement.
*TORQUE*is*based*on*the*premise*that*the*quality*of*products*and*services*is*not*only*the
*responsibility*of*the*production/shop*floor*personnel,*but*other*support*services*also*who*ha
ve*a*role*to*play*in*meeting*and*exceeding*our*customers?
*Expectations*through*supply*of*quality*products*and*services.

Some*of*the*critical*business*performance*indicators*like*transactional*cycle*time,*manufacturi
ng*yield,*inventory*turnover*ratio,*customer*complaints,*QCC*presentations,*quality*cost,*etc*
are*monitored*on*a*monthly*basis*through*SAP*and*corrective*actions*are*initiated*for*contin
ual*improvement.*Starting*from*1993,*all*Units*/*SBUs*/*Divisions*of*the*company*have*bee
n*certified*for*ISO*9001*Quality*Management*System*and*ISO*14001*Environment*Managem
ent*System.*Seven*Units*/*SBUs*(Ghaziabad,*Panchkula,*Kotdwara,*Hyderabad,*Military*Com
munication,*Electronics*Warfare*&*Avionics*and*Export*Manufacturing)*are*also*certified*for*
AS*9100*Aerospace*Standards.*The*Central*Software*Development*group*of*the*company*has
*CMMI*Level*5*certification.

8
 2.6Thrust*areas*of*TORQUE

Continual*improvement*of*products*and*processes*through*deployment*of*Six*Sigma*methodo
logy.*
Key*processes*stabilization*and*capability*improvement*through*Statistical*Process*Control*(S
PC)*techniques.
Reduction*of*cycle*time*in*all*transaction*areas.
Improvement*in*quality*of*design*through*DFSS*projects.
Employee*motivation*and*empowerment*through*self*certification,*QCC*and*Suggestion*Sche
mes.*
Introduction*of*lean*manufacturing*concepts*to*achieve*on-time*delivery.*
Customer*satisfaction*surveys*to*measure*and*improve*satisfaction*level*of*customers.

2.7Business*Excellence

The*company*has*adopted*CII-
EXIM*Bank*Business*Excellence*Model*to*improve*its*overall*strategic*and*operational*excel
lence.*Adoption*of*this*Model*since*2002*has*helped*the*company*in*understanding*the*expe
ctations*of*various*stakeholders*and*in*enhancing*their*satisfaction*level.*The*company*has*a
chieved*the*level*of*'Commendation*for*Strong*Commitment*to*Excel'*and*is*striving*to*reac
h*higher*levels*of*excellence*under*the*Model.

2.8Bharat*Electronics*Quality*Institute

A*Quality*Institute*has*been*created*in*1999*by*the*company*to*impart*education*/*training*
to*the*company's*officers,*customers*and*suppliers*on*various*facets*of*quality*management.*
Regular*training*programs*are*conducted*for*all*employees*of*the*company.*Courses*on*topic
s*such*as*Six*Sigma,*design*for*Six*Sigma,*reliability*&*maintainability,*lean*manufacturing,
*SPC,*Project*Management,*etc*are*conducted*regularly*at*the*Quality*Institute.

2.8.1Standardization

9
Standardization&*Quality*are*two*inseparable*parts*of*the*TQM*process*and*they*play*a*com
plementary*role.*A*Corporate*Standards*Department*established*four*decades*back*has*evolve
d*more*than*4000*standards*on*drafting,*materials,*systems*&*procedures,*manufacturing*proc
esses,*quality*&*workmanship,*etc.*These*standards*have*provided*effective*support*in*design
,*manufacturing,*vendor*development*and*process*standardization.

2.8.2Quality*Assurance*Facilities

The*company*has*established*state-of-the-
art*test*facilities*like*environment*test*chambers,*high*altitude*test*facilities,*bump*&*vibratio
n*test*facilities,*calibration*facilities*for*electronic*test*instruments,*EMI*/*EMC*test*facilities,
*etc.*The*calibration*facility*is*certified*as*per*ISO*17025*standard*by*NABL.*Facilities*for*
Highly*Accelerated*Life*Testing*(HALT),*Highly*Accelerated*Stress*Screening*(HASS)*and*
Multiple*Environment*Over*Stress*Testing*(MEOST),*combined*environmental*testing*(Therm
al*&*Vibration)*are*established*for*enhancing*product*reliability.*Reliability&*statistical*softw
are*tools*are*used*by*the*company*to*demonstrate,*predict*and*measure*quality*and*reliabilit
y*characteristics*and*parameters*of*products*during*design,*development,*manufacturing*and*li
fe*cycle*stage.

CHAPTER-3

********NVD*TECHNOLOGY
10
3.1AN*INTRODUCTION*TO*NVD*TECHNOLOGY*

Fig3.1:*NVD*technology

A*Night*Vision*Device*(NVD),*also*known*as*a*Night*Optical/Observation*Device*(NOD)*is
*an*optoelectronic*device*that*allows*images*to*be*produced*in*levels*of*light*approaching*t
otal*darkness.*The*image*may*be*a*conversion*to*visible*light*of*both*visible*light*and*near
-
infrared,*while*by*convention*detection*of*thermal*infrared*is*denoted*thermal*imaging.*The*i
mage*produced*is*typically*monochrome,*e.g.*shades*of*green.*NVDs*are*most*often*used*by
*the*military*and*law*enforcement*agencies,*but*are*available*to*civilian*users.*The*term*usu
ally*refers*to*a*complete*unit,*including*an*image*intensifier*tube,*a*protective*and*generally
*water-
resistant*housing,*and*some*type*of*mounting*system.*Many*NVDs*also*include*optical*com
ponents*such*as*a*sacrificial*lens,
[1]*or*telescopic*lenses*or*mirrors.*An*NVD*may*have*an*IR*illuminator,*making*it*an*activ
e*as*opposed*to*passive*night*vision*device.*Night*vision*devices*were*first*used*in*World*
War*II,*and*came*into*wide*use*during*the*Vietnam*War.[2]
[3]*The*technology*has*evolved*greatly*since*their*introduction,*leading*to*several*"generatio
ns"*of*night*vision*equipment*with*performance*increasing*and*price*decreasing.*Consequentl
y,*they*are*available*for*a*wide*range*of*applications,*e.g.*for*gunners,*drivers*and*aviators.

11
 3.2WORKING*OF*NVD(S)

The*NVD*technology*is*an*amalgam*of*several*different*methods*each*having*its*own*advan
tages*and*disadvantages.*The*most*common*methods*as*described*below*are:-

Low-Light*Imaging
Thermal*Imaging**
Near-infrared*Illumination*

The*most*common*applications*include*night*driving*or*flying,*night*security*and*surveillanc
e,*wildlife*observation,*sleep*lab*monitoring*and*search*and*rescue.*A*wide*range*of*night*v
ision*products*are*available*to*suit*the*various*requirements*that*may*exist*for*these*applicati
ons

3.2.1*Low-Light*Imaging

Today,*the*most*popular*and*well*known*method*of*performing*night*vision*is*based*on*the
*use*of*image*intensifiers.*Image*intensifiers*are*commonly*used*in*night*vision*goggles*and
*night*scopes*.*More*recently,*on-
chip*gain*multiplication*CCD*cameras*have*become*popularized*for*performing*low-
light*security,*surveillance*and*astronomical*observation.

3.2.2*Image*Intensifiers

This*method*of*night*vision*amplifies*the*available*light*to*achieve*better*vision.*An*objecti
ve*lens*focuses*available*light*(photons)*on*the*photocathode*of*an*image*intensifier.*The*lig
ht*energy*causes*electrons*to*be*released*from*the*cathode*which*are*accelerated*by*an*elect
ric*field*to*increase*their*speed*(energy*level).*These*electrons*enter*holes*in*a*microchannel
*plate*and*bounce*off*the*internal*specially-
coated*walls*which*generate*more*electrons*as*the*electrons*bounce*through.*This*creates*a*
denser*"cloud"*of*electrons*representing*an*intensified*version*of*the*original*image.*The*fin
al*stage*of*the*image*intensifier*involves*electrons*hitting*a*phosphor*screen.*The*energy*of*
the*electrons*makes*the*phosphor*glow.*The*visual*light*shows*the*desired*view*to*the*user*
or*to*an*attached*photographic*camera*or*video*device.*A*green*phosphor*is*used*in*these*a
pplications*because*the*human*eye*can*differentiate*more*shades*of*green*than*any*other*col
or,*allowing*for*greater*differentiation*of*objects*in*the*picture.

12
**************************Fig3.2.2:***image*intensifier

All*image*intensifiers*operate*in*the*above*fashion.*Technological*differences*over*the*past*4
0*years*have*resulted*in*substantial*improvement*to*the*performance*of*these*devices.*The*di
fferent*paradigms*of*technology*have*been*commonly*identified*by*distinct*generations*of*im
age*intensifiers.*Intensified*camera*systems*usually*incorporate*an*image*intensifier*to*create*
a*brighter*image*of*the*low-light*scene*which*is*then*viewed*by*a*traditional*camera.

Fig*3.2.3***thermal*imager

3.2.3***Thermal*Imaging

Different*from*low-
light*imaging*methods*of*night*vision*(which*require*some*ambient*light*in*order*to*produce

13
*an*image),*thermal*imaging*night*vision*methods*do*not*require*any*ambient*light*at*all.*T
hey*operate*on*the*principal*that*all*objects*emit*infrared*energy*as*a*function*of*their*temp
erature.*In*general,*the*hotter*an*object*is,*the*more*radiation*it*emits.*A*thermal*imager*is*
a*product*that*collects*the*infrared*radiation*from*objects*in*the*scene*and*creates*an*electro
nic*image.*Since*they*do*not*rely*on*reflected*ambient*light,*thermal*imagers*are*entirely*a
mbient*light-
level*independent.*In*addition,*they*also*are*able*to*penetrate*obscurants*such*as*smoke,*fog
*and*haze.*There*are*two*types*of*thermal*imaging*detectors:*cooled*and*uncooled.*Cooled*
detector*infrared*cameras*require*cryogenic*cooling*to*very*cold*temperatures*(below*200K).*
Uncooled*detector*infrared*cameras*are*normally*either*temperature*stabilized*(at*room*tempe
ratures)*or*entirely*unstabilized.Thermal*images*are*normally*black*and*white*in*nature,*wher
e*black*objects*are*cold*and*white*objects*are*hot.*Some*thermal*cameras*show*images*in*c
olor.*This*false*color*is*an*excellent*way*of*better*distinguishing*between*objects*at*different
*temperatures.*

3.3Cooled-detector*Infrared*Cameras

Cooled*infrared*detectors*are*typically*housed*in*a*vacuum-
sealed*case*and*cryogenically*cooled.*The*detector*designs*are*similar*to*other*more*commo
n*imaging*detectors*and*use*semiconductor*materials.*However,*it*is*the*effect*of*absorbed*i
nfrared*energy*that*causes*changes*to*detector*carrier*concentrations*which*in*turn*affect*the
*detector's*electrical*properties.*Cooling*the*detectors*(typically*to*temperatures*below*110K,*
a*value*much*lower*than*the*temperature*of*objects*being*detected)*greatly*increases*their*se
nsitivity.*Without*cooling,*the*detectors*would*be*flooded*by*their*own*self-
radiation.*Materials*used*for*infrared*detection*include*a*wide*range*of*narrow*gap*semicond
uctor*devices,*where*mercury*cadmium*telluride*(HgCdTe)*and*indium*antimonite*(Nibs)*are*
the*most*common.

3.4Uncooled-detector*Cameras

Unlike*the*cryogenically*cooled*detectors*described*above,*uncooled*infrared*detectors*operate
*at*or*near*room*temperature*rather*than*being*cooled*to*extremely*low*temperatures*by*bul
ky*and*expensive*cryogenic*coolers.*When*infrared*radiation*from*night-
time*scenes*are*focused*onto*uncooled*detectors,*the*heat*absorbed*causes*changes*to*the*ele
ctrical*properties*of*the*detector*material.*These*changes*are*then*compared*to*baseline*value
s*and*a*thermal*image*is*created.*Despite*lower*image*quality*than*cooled*detectors,*uncoole

14
d*detector*technology*makes*infrared*cameras*smaller*and*less*costly*and*opens*many*viable
*commercial*applications.*Uncooled*detectors*are*mostly*based*on*materials*that*change*their
*electrical*properties*due*to*piezoelectric*(capacitive)*effects*or*micro*bolometer*(resistive)*ef
fects.

3.5Near*Infrared*Illumination

*************************Fig*3.5*near*infrared*illumination

A*popular*and*sometimes*inexpensive*method*for*performing*night*vision*is*by*near*infrared
*illumination.*In*this*method,*a*device*that*is*sensitive*to*invisible*near*infrared*radiation*is
*used*in*conjunction*with*an*infrared*illuminator.*The*Sony*Night*Shot*camcorder*popularize
d*this*method.*Because*of*the*IR*sensitivity*of*the*camcorder's*CCD*detector*and*since*Son
y*installed*an*infrared*light*source*in*the*camcorder,*infrared*illumination*was*available*to*a
ugment*otherwise*low-light*video*scenes*and*produce*reasonable*image*quality*in*low-
light*situations.The*method*of*near-
infrared*illumination*has*been*used*in*a*variety*of*night*vision*applications*including*perimet
er*protection*where,*by*integrating*with*video*motion*detection*and*intelligent*scene*analysis
*devices,*a*reliable*low-light*video*security*system*can*be*developed.

3.6*IR*Illumination

Several*different*near*infrared*illumination*devices*are*available*today,*includingFiltered*incan
descent*lamps:*A*standard*high*power*lamp*that*is*covered*by*an*infrared*filter*designed*to
*pass*the*lamp's*near*infrared*radiation*and*block*the*visible*light*component.*These*devices
*typically*need*good*heat*transfer*properties*since*the*intense*visible*light*is*internally*absor
bed*and*dissipated*as*heat.LED*type*illuminators:*These*illuminators*utilize*an*array*of*stand
ard*infrared*emitting*LEDs.Laser*type:*The*most*efficient*infrared*illuminator,*these*devices*
are*based*on*an*infrared*laser*diode*that*emits*near*infrared*energy.*Near*infrared*illuminato

15
 rs*are*typically*available*in*a*range*of*wavelengths*(e.g.*730nm,*830nm,*920nm).*Providing*
supplemental*infrared*illumination*of*an*appropriate*wavelength*not*only*eliminates*the*varia
bility*of*available*ambient*light,*but*also*allows*the*observer*to*illuminate*only*specific*area
s*of*interest*while*eliminating*shadows*and*enhancing*image*contrast.*The*supplemental*near
*infrared*lighting*not*only*improves*the*quality*of*image*intensifier*devices*(which*have*bot
h*a*visible*and*a*near-
infrared*response),*but*also*permits*the*use*of*solid*state*cameras,*which*also*have*the*abilit
y*to*convert*near*infrared*images*to*visible.

3.7*NVD*manufactured*by*BEL

3.7.1Image*Intensifier*Tube*based

Night*Vision*Monocular*(BENM*0508)
Advanced*Night*Vision*Binoculars*(BENG*0804)
Advanced*Night*Vision*Goggles*(BENG*0801)

3.7.2Thermal*Imager*based

Thermal*Imager*(BETI*0109)
Integrated*Observation*Equipment
Uncooled*Thermal*Imager
Advanced*Uncooled*Thermal*Imager*BEAUTI*0801*A
3.7.3Night*Vision*Monocular*(BENM*0508)
II*Tube*with*built*in*protection*against*bright*source
Automatic*Brightness*Control*(ABC)*Used*as*Hand*Held*or*attached*to*helmet/facemask.
CCIR*PAL*Video*Output.
Electronic*Zoom*Adaptable*for*use*on*various*weapons

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 Fig*3.7.3:LOW*LEVEL*LIGHT*WEIGHT*RADAR

3.8ADVANCED*NIGHT*VISION*BINOCULAR*BENB-0804

Fig*3.8:*advanced*night*vision*binocular*benb-0804

Advanced*Night*vision*Binocular*(4X)*is*a*lightweight,*durable,*water-
proof*and*compact*Night*Vision*Device.*An*ideal*device*for*performing*surveillance,*patrolli
ng*and*reconnaissance*operations*during*night.*It*can*be*attached*to*flip-
up*type*face*mask*enabling*hands*free*and*convenient*operation*during*driving,*weapon*firin
g*etc.

With*simple*change*of*object*glass*lens*(IX),*can*be*converted*into*goggle*easily.

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 ***************CHAPTER-4

HAND*HELD*THERMAL*IMAGER

4.1AN*INTRODUCTION*TO*HHTI,*BETI*0109

Fig*4.1:**hand*held*thermal*imager
Hand*Held*Thermal*Imager*is*a*light*weight;*battery*powered*cooled*Thermal*Imaging*Cam
era.*An*ideal*solution*for*surveillance*during*harsh*battle*field*conditions*like*smoke,*fog,*ra
in,*dust*etc.

SALIENT*FEATURES
Light*weight,*compact*and*easy*operation.
Battery*powered*Integral*CRT*video*display.
Additional*video*output
4.2INTEGRATED*OBSERVATION*EQUIPMENT*(IOE)

Fig*

4.2:**Integrated*observation*equipment(IOE)*

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 Integrated*Observation*Equipment*is*a*Thermal*Image*Based*System*for*observation*and*fire
*monitoring*by*Artillery.*IOE*comprises*of

Thermal*Imager*(TI)*provides*observation*capability
Goniometer*to*get*target*coordinates
Laser*Range*Finder*(LRF)*to*get*the*range
Global*Positioning*System*(GPS)*for*obtaining*self*location
Astronomical*North*Finding*Module*(ANFM)*to*find*North*through*celestial*objects

4.3FUNCTIONS
Range*finding*and*artillery*fire*control.
Acquisition*and*management*of*target*bank.
Precise*north*finding*with*the*help*of*celestial*bodies.
North*finding*with*the*help*of*a*built-in*compass.*
Finding*self-position*using*the*Magellan*GPS

SALIENT*FEATURES
The*system*is*light*and*compact,*and*can*be*carried*easily*by*a*single*soldier
The*system*can*be*operated*on*the*ground.*
It*can*be*dismantled*and*reassembled*easily*and*quickly*under*any*field*conditions.

4.4ADVANCED*UNCOOLED*THERMAL*IMAGER,*BEAUTI*0910A

Fig*4.4:*Advanced*uncooled*thermal*imager,*beauti0910A

Advanced*Un*cooled*Thermal*Imager*BEAUTI*0910A*is*state*of*the*art*hand*held*and*light
weight*IR*camera.*Ideal*equipment*for*night*surveillance*by*Army,*Para-
military*and*Police*forces.

SALIENT*FEATURES

Light*Weight*and*compact.

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 Special*Algorithms*for*Non-
Uniformity*Correction*(NUC),Bad*Pixel*Replacement*(BPR),*Histogram*etc.OLED*Display.
All*operations*are*electronically*controlled.

CONCLUSION

The*six*weeks*of*summer*training*at*BEL,*KTD*unit*generated*a*lot*more*interest*in*my*
subject.*It*made*me*more*aware*of*the*scope*of*Electronics*&*Communication*Engineering
.*It*has*also*made*me*appreciative*of*an*industrial*work*environment.*Undergoing*training
*on*the*indoor*substation*has*helped*me*integrate*conceptual*knowledge*with*real*life*appl

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ication.*I*was*fortunate*to*have*personal*guidance*from*experienced*professionals*who*took
*keen*interest*in*explaining*the*working*details*of*various*equipments.*I*feel*that*without*t
his*opportunity,*my*own*understanding*of*this*subject*and*also*the*motivation*to*acquire*
more*knowledge*would*have*remained*incomplete.*Well,*regarding*future*scope*I*think*my
*training*has*given*me*enough*motivation*and*an*exposure*that*I*will*try*to*join*defence*
services*or*get*linked*up*with*the*defence*of*the*country.To*know*the*technical*know-
how,*industrial*training*is*the*best*way*to*move*forward.

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 REFERENCES

1*Material*provided*by*the*factory

2.*Randy*Wayne*White,Night*Vision,G.P*Putnams*sons

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