MAKALAH

IPA DASAR I

EARTH AND TATA SURYA

DOSEN PEMBIMBING
Dr. Ni Made Pujani, M.Si.

DISUSUN OLEH
KELOMPOK 2

Yulia Damayanti NIM. 1613071002

Ni Kadek Nina Yuniastri NIM. 1613071011
I Wayan Regeg Astika NIM. 1613071014
Anil Yusuf NIM. 1613071021
Ni Luh Putu Wiwik Wulandari NIM. 1613071032

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN GANESHA

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN IPA
2016/2017

PREFACE
 Praise be to the Almighty God who has given his blessing to us to complete
the task of a working paper entitled "Food, Healthy, and Disease (Disease of Food
Preservative)" with properly and reasonably, and can finish on time.
This paper was compiled by us for makes the readers can expand the
science about "Disease of Food Preservative". Despite the many obstacles in
making this paper, but we still tried our best to produce this paper.
Hopefully this paper can give a broader insight to the reader. This paper
certainly has its advantages and disadvantages, for it when there are errors of less
words pleased we apologize and advice as well as the criticism against the paper to
become a learning for us.
Hopefully this simple paper can provide benefits to its readers and
understandable for anyone who read it. Finally we said thank you.

Singaraja, 1 December 2016

Author
TABLE OF CONTENTS

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COVERi
PREFACE...ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS...iii

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION......1
1.1 Background of the paper.....1
1.2 Problem formulation...1
1.3 Purpose of the paper...2
1.4 Benefit of the paper2
CHAPTER II : THEORY AND DISCUSION..3
2.1 ..3
2.1.1 .3
2.1.2 ...3
2.1.3 ...3
2.1.4
...3
2.1.5 6
2.2 8
2.2.1 .8
2.2.2 ...8

CHAPTER III : CONCLUSION..11

3.1 Conclusion and Closing11
3.2 Suggest/Recommendation....11

BIBLIOGRAPHY.12

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Paper

Universe all spaces are a place of celestial bodies. Consists of the galaxies,
planets, and other celestial objects. The visible universe or the universe (the universe) is
the space notlimited which consists of all the material, including the energy and radiation.
Universe cannot be measured, in the sense that its boundaries are not clearly known. The
Sun, stars, galaxies, nebulae, planets, meteors, asteroids, comets, and moon, is just a
fraction of the matter in the universe known to man that lives on Earth. However, in more
depth there is that all in the universe is still a secret at all has not yet beenrevealed. This
among other things due to the level of science knowledge and technology owned by the
man in exposing the secrets of the natureof the universe is still very limited. Like Earth
human habitation is a circlea little known as a planet member of the solar systemwith the
Sun as its Center. The Sun is a starof about 200 billion stars that are in the Milky Way
Galaxy (The MilkyWays or white fog). Furthermore, based on studies of BhimaSakti not
only galaxies that existed in the universe, but rather, there are hundreds of millions, even
billions of galaxies there are fillers of this universe.Universe is a vast space and all the
substances and energy that exists therein. The history of the universe, when humans first
began to know the science of astrology. Since ancient times human beings trying to
wonder about the universe of size, shape, content, nature, or the distance of the heavenly
bodies with one another. From this is the astronomical science that is emerging science
that studies about celestial bodies.However, through research that continually, some
secrets of the Universe began to be known. For example, about the location, movement,
and shape of astronomical objects that are close to the Earth. Furthermore it is known that
our solar system is only a small part of a filler milky way. Humans also finally
understand that the milky way is not the only charger Galaxy Universe
The solar system or solar system is a system that is in universeKingdom
consisting of the Sun as its Center, the planets (including the PlanetEarth), satellites (e.g.
month), asteroids, comets, meteors, dust, fog, and other objects as members of the solar
system circulatingsurrounding its Center, i.e. the Sun in an orbit or shelf-lifelines each.
Based on such understanding, it can be presumed that the starsare likely to have other
systems like the solar system withthe Center and the path of a specific orbit. Theories of
the universe has been much advanced astronomical experts. This theory has developed
over time in line with the sophistication of the technology and scientific advancement of
mankind. The astronomer has a lot of revealing the secrets of the universe, if men look to
limit our perspective space semicircular astronomy experts said the "celestial sphere".
The celestial sphere is a sIt is as thoughpace (space) of infinite extent and as if circular

1
(like a ball). The universe is the universe a very broad and not measurable, is composed
of myriads of celestial bodies, and thousands of fog gas or group of nebulae, then mist the
gas is composed into a cluster of stars. The process does not take place quickly, but
formed millions of years. Our Galaxy, the milky way, that is located between the gas fog,
which has the shape of a spiral. In addition, there is another famous spiral fog IE the
Andromeda mist that is located closest to the milky way

1.2 Problem Formulation

From the background above, can be taken a formula problem that is as follows:
a. Apa pengertian dari jagat dan tata surya?.
b. Apa saja bagian-bagian dari jagat raya dan tata surya?

1.3 Purpose of the paper

From the formula above problem can be taken an objective that is as follows:
a. Mahasiswa dapat mengetahui asal-usul terbentuknya jagat raya dan tata surya.
b. Mahasiswa dapat mengetahui bagian-bagian dari jagat raya dan tata surya.

1.4 Benefit of the paper

Pembaca dapat menambah wawasan mengenai asal-usul terbentuknya tata surya,
jagat raya serta bumi dan bagian-bagiannya.

UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM

A. THE UNIVERSE

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1. The sense of Universe
The visible universe or the universe (the universe) is unlimited space in which consisted
of all the material, including the energy and radiation. Universe cannot be measured, in
the sense that its boundaries are not clearly known.
The Sun, stars, galaxies, nebulae, planets, meteors, asteroids, comets, and the Moon, is
just a fraction of the matter in the universe known to man that lives on Earth. However, in
greater depth all that exists in the universe is still a secret at all has not yet been revealed.
This among other things due to the level of science and technology human-owned in
uncovering the secrets of the universe is still very limited.
As it known to Earth human habitation is a small circle known as the Member of a planet
of the solar system with the Sun as its Center. The Sun is a star of about 200 billion stars
that are in the Milky Way Galaxy (The Milky Ways or white fog). Furthermore, based on
studies of the Milky Way Galaxy is not the only existing in the universe, but rather, there
are hundreds of millions, even billions of galaxies there are fillers of this universe.
2. The theory of the formation of the Universe
The secret of how the formation of the origins of the universe has spawned assumptions
and theories put forward by experts, such as the following.
a. the Big Bang Theory (The Big Bang Theory) according to the Big Bang Theory, the
universe originates from the presence of a huge mass with gravity is great anyway and
experiencing an explosion so violent because of the reactions in the core of the masses.
When the big bang occurred, the parts of the mass scattering and bounced away from the
center of the blast. After billions of years later, the parts that form the bouncing groups
known as galaxies in the solar system.
b. The Oscillating Theory
This theory is also known by the name of contraction and expansion of the theory.
According to this theory of the universe is formed due to a material cycle that begins with
a mass expansion (expands) caused by the presence of a reaction hydrogen nuclei. At this
stage the galaxies were formed. This stage is estimated to last for 30 billion years.
Furthermore, the galaxies and the star that has developed will be dimmed and then
compressible preceded by a hot glow discharge is very high. After the stage of
compressible, then the next stage is a stage expands and then eventually compressible
again.
3. The Galaxy
The Galaxy is a collection of stars that form a system, consisting of one or more celestial
objects that are large and surrounded by other space objects as its members moving to
encircle the regularly.
In the science of astronomy, galaxies is defined as a system that consists of stars, gas, and
dust that is widely diffused, where its members have style attraction (gravity). A Galaxy
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is generally made up of billions of stars that has the size, color, and a very diverse
characteristics.
Broadly speaking, according to the morphologic. Galaxy is divided into three types,
namely the Galaxy type spiral, elliptical, and irregular. The Division of this type based on
the form or appearance of galaxies.
Galaxies are observed and studied by astronomers so far listed around 75% of spiral
galaxies, elliptical galaxy, 20% and 5% of the irregular galaxies. However, this does not
mean spiral galaxy is a galaxy that is most present in the universe. Behold the most in this
universe are elliptical galaxies. If taken the same volume of space, people will find more
galaxies than elliptical spiral galaxy. It's just this type of many galaxies are faint so
shockingly difficult to be observed.
Milky Way Galaxy including spiral galaxies and shaped like discs, middle line
approximately 100,000 light years. The Galactic Center is located in the constellations
Sagittarius. It is estimated this Galaxy was 12-14 billion years and consists of 100 billion
stars.
The term light years illustrates the distance traveled by light in one year's time. With the
speed of 300,000 km/s, within one year of the light will travel the distance of about 9.5
million kilometers. So one light-year is 9.5 million. This means the line of the Milky Way
Galaxy approximately 100,000 9.5 million km, or 950 thousand million km.
To simplify the calculation, use the units of distance, that is light years away. With this
unit, the thick part of the Galactic center of the milky way about 10,000 years of light.
Then, where is the location of the Sun? The Sun is approximately 30,000 light years from
the center of the milky way. The Sun is not a star, but rather is just one of the 200 billion
stars members of the milky way. Stars members of the milky way spread with distance
from a star to the other stars in the range 4 to 10 light years away. The nearest star to the
Sun is Proxima Centauri (a member of the triple star system Alpha Centauri), which is a
light year 4.23. Increasingly in the direction of the Galactic Center, the closer interstellar
distances, or in other words the Galactic density in the direction of the Center.
The milky way is not the only existing Galaxy in the universe. In the universe, there are
so many systems like these that fill every corner of the sky until the limit that can be
achieved by telescope. The total number of galaxies which can be photographed with 500
cm in diameter telescope at Mt. Palomar until roughly a billion galaxies. So, it is not
wrong if one estimates that assume someone has a much bigger telescope, that person can
see far more galaxies in the universe.
4. Nebula
The Nebula is fog or clouds of dust and gas that glow in a very extensive collection. The
Nebula is believed by many experts as a material of the embryo formation of a system of
stars, like the Sun or a star system called the solar system. The famous Nebula, M42

4
Orion nebula in the constellation Orion and the Nebula in the constellation of Sagittarius
Trid.
5. The Star
The star is a space object has its own light. A star is a Star called the Sun or the Sun (The
Sun Star), names of other stars, among others, the star Polaris, Antares, Aldebaran, Sirius,
Spica, Betelguese, Hydra, Pegasus, Phoenix, Carina, and Vega.
A group of stars that form a specific pattern and is located nearby called Constellation or
constellations of stars. For example, the constellation of the Southern Cross (Crux) is a
group of four stars located nearby star Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta. In addition to the
constellation Crux, the names of the other constellations, Orion, Ursa Major, Centauri,
Lyra, and Aquilla.
Around the ecliptic which seems to circle the celestial sphere ter-may 12 constellations
called the zodiac. The twelve constellations that are present around the ecliptic are Aries,
Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricornus, Aquarius,
and Pisces.
B. SOLAR SYSTEM
The solar system or solar system is a system that is present in the universe is made up of
the Sun as its Center, the planets (including Earth), satellites (e.g. month), asteroids,
comets, meteors, dust, fog, and other objects as members of the solar system that revolves
around its Center, i.e. the Sun in an orbit or line each orbit.
Based on such understanding, it can be presumed that the stars are likely to have other
systems like the solar system with the Center and the path of a specific orbit.
In another sense, it is not impossible any star has a system of stars like the Sun, because
the Sun is just one of billions of stars there are in the universe. The question could there
be other life on Earth?
Celestial bodies that include the main structure of the solar system are:
1. The Sun ; 2. The planets ; 3. The Moon and other satellite; 4. The Asteroid; and 5.
Comets.
1. The theory of the occurrence of the solar system
a. The Nebula Theory
Nebula theory first put forward by a German mystic philosophy named Immanuel Kant
who lived between the years 1724-1804.
According to Kant, the solar system comes from the nebula, i.e. gas or gauze and a high-
temperature rotating very slowly. The slow rotation results in the formation of
concentration of material that has a high specific gravity called the core mass in several
different places. The largest mass of nuclei formed in the Middle, while the minor was
formed around it. Due to the onset of cooling process mass nuclei are smaller then be

5
transformed into planets, while most still remain in a State of incandescent and high-
temperature called the Sun.
Other evolving nebula theory advanced by France-born astronomer named Pierre Simon
de Laplace who lived between 1749 1827. According to Laplace, the solar system
comes from a ball of gas
the high-temperature and spin very fast. Due to the rotation of occurred very quickly
intervening, then the separated parts of the gas was the ball in size and length of time
different. Regardless parts Eventually the spin and cools to form planets, while the
original gas balls into the Sun.
b. The Planetesimal Theory
Moulton and Chamberlain (1900) suggested that the solar system is derived from the
presence of small dense ingredients called planetesimal which surrounds a core of high-
temperature gas and intangibles. A combination of small dense ingredients that form the
core of mass planets, whereas that is a high-temperature gas and form the Sun.
c. Tidal Theory Jeans and Astronomer Jereys (1917) suggested that the solar system
originally consisted of just the Sun without having a members. Planets and the other
members are formed due to the part of the Sun that are interested and regardless by the
gravitational influence of a star passing close to the Sun. The part that regardless it's
shaped like a cigar the length (the middle part of bigger and smaller as both ends) that
continues to revolve around the Sun. Gradually cools and forms bubbles called planet.
d. theory of binary star
Twin Star theory put forth by a United Kingdom-born astronomer named Lyttleton
(1930). This theory suggests that originally the Sun Star is the other one with twin
interlocking surrounds. At one time, passing another star and hit one of the twin star then
destroy it into small parts that continue to spin and cools into planets that surrounds the
star remained, namely the Sun.
e. dust cloud Theory
Von Weizsaecker (1945) and G.P. Kuiper (1950) suggested that the solar system comes
from vast clouds of dust and gas (hydrogen and helium). The existence of the irregularity
in the clouds led to shrinkage due to the style of attraction and a very quick turnaround
movement and regularly so that it is making such a disc discs. The core of the disc then
bubbled into the Sun, while the rim changed form into planets.
Other astronomers who suggested the theory of clouds of dust among others f. L Whippel
from United States and Hannes Alven from Sweden. According to him the Sun of the
solar system that rotates quickly with disc of gas around it which then formed the planets
circulating around the Sun.
2. The Sun as the center of the solar system

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The Sun is a star in the Milky Way galaxy that has the functions and role of the most
important in the structure of the solar system. The Sun is part of the solar system that has
the size, mass, volume, temperature and gravity the most great that Sun has a huge
influence to the celestial bodies in circulation surrounding it.
The Sun has a diameter of about 1,392,000 km or about 109 times that of Earth's. Mass or
weight totals approximately 332,000 times of the weight of the Earth, its volume is
estimated at 1,300,000 times the volume of the Earth, and the temperature at the surface
reaches 5,000 C, while the temperature at its Center about 15 million c.
A very high Sun temperatures according to Dr. Bethe (1938) caused by the presence of
the reaction core within the body of the Sun. He argued that in a State of heat and
pressure is very high, the atoms in the body of the Sun will lose electrons-electrons so
that later became the nucleus of an atom moving in different directions with a very high
speed, causing a collision and destruction of atoms
between the core a portion of its mass (mass defects), later transformed into heat energy
and light that radiated in different directions.
a. structure of the sections Sun Sun
1) Solar Atmospheres
The atmosphere of the Sun is The Outermost layer of the Sun is a gaseous, consisting of
two layers items, namely the chromosphere and Corona. The chromosphere of the Sun's
atmosphere layer is the lower part of the which consists of gases that rift is red with a
thickness of around 10,000 km. this gas layer is the layer that is most Often Appears due
to dynamic light radiating flame shaped protrusions up to a height of more than 200,000
km called prominensa (protuberans).The Corona is the top layer of the solar atmosphere,
consisting of a very tenuous gas and white or yellow to bluish, as well as having a
thickness reaches thousands of kilometers. The chromosphere and Corona in normal
circumstances can not be clearly visible
from Earth due to their light beam level lower than the surface layer of the Sun. The solar
atmosphere (chromosphere, Corona, and prominensa) can be seen clearly if the ORB of
the Sun covered by the ORB of the Moon in the event of a total solar eclipse or through
observation by using a tool called corona graph.
2) Fotosfer of the Sun
Fotosfer Sun is the layer of silver colored yellowish circle in the form of dense high-
temperature gas. At fotosfer the Sun is visible the presence of spots or freckles with a
diameter of about 300,000 km. There is even greater in diameter than the diameter of the
Earth to a depth of about 800 km called umbra. Surrounding the umbra, there is usually a
lighter circle is called the penumbra. Black smudges on the Sun as a whole is called sun
spots.
3) Barisfer (Sun Core)

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The core of the Sun is part of the Sun that is located approximately in diameter, most in
500,000 km with high temperatures around 15 million c. this reaction takes place in the
nucleus that led to the synthesis of hydrogen into helium with carbon as catalyzed.
b. the movement of the Sun
The Sun is not in a static, but always moves dynamic both individuals as well as in the
system. As for the movement of the Sun generally consists of the motion of the rotation
and revolution of the Sun. Solar rotation is the movement of the sun rotates on its axis
which lasts around 25.5 day at the Equator and about 27 days at the poles of the Sun for
one round.
The revolution of the Sun is the Sun's movement along with its surrounding the Galactic
center of the milky way.
c. the role of the Sun life on Planet Earth
The Sun is celestial objects that have their own light. Therefore, the Sun has a very
important role, such as the source of light and heat to the surrounding planets, including
the Earth, so that it can take human life, plants, and animals on Earth. Other than as a
source of heat and light, the Sun has a role, as the regulatory climate and weather so as to
allow the occurrence of variety of life on Earth.
3. The planets (The Planets)
The planet is a celestial objects that do not have their own light, rounded shape and
revolves around the Sun. Most of the planets have a companion or follower of a satellite
called planet revolves around the planet. In the solar system there are eight planets. Based
on the order of the Sun. The planets consist of mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, revolves around the Sun in an orbit or his path each line in
a solar system.
a. Classification the Planet
1) based on Mass
a. Large Mass Planet (Superior Planet), consisting of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune.
b.-mass Planet (Inferior Planets), consisting of mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
2) based on its distance to the Sun
a. planets in (the Interior of the Planet), the planets that the average distance to the Sun is
closer than the average distance from the Earth to the Sun or at a time stopping between
tracks of the Earth and the Sun. based on these criteria, including the planets Mercury and
Venus are in the Planet mercury or Venus in orbit around the Sun has the speed varies so
that the layout or positioning of the planets when seen from Earth will vary. The angle
formed by the lines connecting the Earth-Sun to a planet called elongation. The

8
magnitude of the angle formed by the extension of the line joining the Mercury Earth-
Sun, IE between 0 -12 , whereas elongation the angle Sun-Earth, Venus is between 0 -
50
b. the outer planets (Exterior Planets), the planets average distance to the Sun further
away from the average distance of the Earth to the Sun or the course is outside the path of
the Earth. Planetplanet which belong to the Group of the outer planets, i.e., Mars, Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Views of Earth, outer planets group elongation angle range
between 0 180 . If one of the planet's elongation reaches 180 , this means the planet
was in the position of the opposition, a position in which a planet located in the opposite
direction with the position of the Sun as seen from Earth. At the moment the opposition
means the planet is closest to Earth.
But if one of the planet's elongation reaches 0 means the planet reached the position of
conjunctions, a position in which a planet is in line with the position of the Sun as seen
from Earth, at the time of the conjunction means the planet is approximately the most far
away with the Earth.
b. Description of the Planet
1. Mercury
Mercury is the planet that is located closest to the Sun, its average distance of about 57.8
million km. due to its very close to the Sun, then the air temperature becomes extremely
hot during the day, reaching 400 C, while at night it becomes very cold, reaching to
2000 c. temperature Difference very large daily caused Mercury has no atmosphere.
Mercury has a very small size in the solar system, its only line of 4,850 km almost equal
in size to the moon has a diameter of about 3,476 km. the Planet revolves around the Sun
in an elliptical orbit (Oval) and the period of revolution is about 88 days, and its rotation
period of about 59 days.
2. Venus
Venus is the planet that is located closest to the Earth, which is about 42 million km.
Hence, these planets visible from Earth as a small noktah very bright and sparkling
resemble star in the morning or evening. The people on the Earth often refer to it as the
morning star or the East when Venus is at a position the Western elongation, and the stars
of twilight at the time Eastern elongation.
In addition because it is closest to Earth, the brilliance of Venus is caused by the presence
of the atmosphere in the form of white cloud that envelops the planet. The atmosphere
serves to reflect the sunlight received.
The average distance of Venus to the Sun about 108 million km, shrouded in an
atmosphere very thick composed of carbon dioxide gas and sulfate. So during the day the
temperature reached 477 C, while at night the temperature remains high because of the
heat which he stifled the atmosphere of the planet. The diameter of Venus is about 12,140

9
km, its rotation period of about 244 days with appropriate direction clockwise and the
period of revolution is about 225 days.
3. Earth the Earth is a planet in the third from the Sun. Average distance to the Sun about
150 million km. Period of revolution is about 365.25 days and the period of its rotation
about 23 hours 56 minutes
with the East-West direction. Earth has one satellite that always revolves around the
Earth, i.e. the Moon (The Moon). Diameter of Malang 12,756 km around Earth is almost
equal to the diameter of Venus.
4. Mars is a Planet outside (exterior planets) that is closest to the Earth. The planet looks
very clearly from Earth every 2 years 2 months once, namely at the position of the
opposition. At the time the distance is only about 56 million km from Earth.
This planet is the only planet that is part of the surface can be observed from the Earth
using telescopes. As for the other planets are too difficult to be observed because it is
encapsulated by thick clouds in the form of gas and the distance is too far from Earth.
Mars is a planet that was the case most similar to earth making it possible there is life.
Therefore, astronomers spent much of his time to the study of Mars than of the other
planets in the universe.
The average distance of the Planet Mars to the Sun about 228 million km, the period of
revolution is around 687 days, while its rotation period of about 24 hours 37 minutes. The
diameter of the planet is about half the diameter of Earth, i.e. 6,790 km blanketed by
layers of atmospheric temperatures thin with relatively lower than the air temperature of
the Earth. The planet Mars has two satellites, i.e., Phobos and Deimos.
5. Jupiter
Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system in the solar system, its diameter is about
142,600 km, consisting of material with low density level, mainly hydrogen and helium.
Average distance to the Sun about 778 million km, rotating on its axis very quickly about
9 hours, 50 minutes, while the period of revolution is about 11.9 years.
The planet Jupiter has the most number of satellite, which is about 13 satellites, of which
there are several large size satellites, such as Ganymedes, Calisto, Galilee, Io, and
Europa.
6. Saturn
Saturn is the second largest planet after Jupiter, diameter approx. 120,200 km. its rotation
period of about 10 hours 14 minutes and its revolution around 29.5 years. This planet has
three thin ring at him always parallel to the equator, i.e. the outer ring, the ring, and the
ring inside.
The diameter of the outer rings of Saturn is about 273,600 km, Middle Ring around
152,000 km, and ring in diameter approximately 160,000 km between rings in Saturn's

10
surface and separated space is about 11,265 km. Saturn has an atmosphere that is very
tightly composed of hydrogen, helium, methane, and ammonia. This planet has a satellite
totaling about 11 satellites, including Titan, Rhea, Dione, and Thetys.
7. Uranus
Uranus diameter 49,000 km, almost four times the diameter of Earth. The period of
revolution is about 84 years, while its rotation about 10 hours 49 minutes.
Unlike the other planets, the Planet's rotational axis in line with the direction of the
oncoming sunlight so that the Poles are often facing towards the Sun.
The atmosphere of Uranus filled with hydrogen, helium, and methane. Outside the limits
of the Planet's atmosphere there are five satellites that surrounds it, i.e., Miranda, Ariel,
Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon. The average distance of the Planet Uranus to the Sun about
2,870 million km.
As is the case with Jupiter and Saturn, the planet is any giant planets that most of the
mass is in the form of gas. Uranus is the planet of ringed, the thickness of the ring about
one meter consists of gas particles are very thin and faint.
8. Neptune
superior planet is Neptune diameter 50,200 km. average distance to the Sun around 4,497
million. Period of revolution is about 164.8 years, while its rotation period of
approximately 15 hours 48 minutes. Neptune's atmosphere is filled with hydrogen,
helium, methane, and ammonia are denser compared to Jupiter and Saturn. The satellite
revolves around Neptune there are two, namely, Triton and Nereid. The planet Neptune
has two main rings and two Dim rings on the inside that has a width of about 15 km.
Initially recognized planets in the solar system there are nine in number. After the eighth
planet which has been described above, there is still the ninth planet Pluto IE. However,
following the meeting of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) 26th in Prague
Czech Republic on 24 August 2006, 424 expert astronomers from around the world
decided and agreed to remove Pluto of its status as a planet. As a result, Pluto which is
known as the smallest planet and ranks
the ninth planet out of the list must be a member of the solar system. The status of Pluto
right now is to be a dwarf planet (dwarf planet).
The experts agreed that space objects astronomers called planet if it has a considerable
size and was still on the line during its orbit circling the Sun, and not experience the path
the overlap with the other planets. According to experts, the line of Pluto's orbit overlaps
with Neptune's orbit so that it automatically Pluto disqualified from classification planet
in the solar system.
4. Comets

11
Comet is a member of the solar system made up of space objects, shards of ice, and
frozen gases. Comet orbiting the Sun in an elliptical path. Its structure consists of the
head and the tail of a comet. The head of a Comet with a diameter more than 65,000 km
covering core and a comma.
As for the tail of the comet has a length of up to thousands of kilometers in the direction
always pointing away from or opposite to the Sun.
Based on the shape and length of the course, comets can be divided into two, namely the
following.
1. Long-tailed Comet, namely a Comet with the line stopping very far through areas that
are very cold in space so that the opportunity to absorb the gases the region suffered.
When approaching the Sun, the Comet gas forming a comma and a very long tail. For
example, Comet Kohoutek that passed near the Sun every 75,000 years and Halley's
Comet every 76 years.
2. Short-tailed Comet, the Comet line, namely the course very short so have less
opportunity to absorb the gases in the area took place. When approaching the Sun, the
Comet, releasing gas that very few so only form a coma and tail extremely short even
almost no tail. E.g. Comet Encke travels to approach the Sun every 3.3 years.
n 1705, Edmund Halley predicted that the Comet seen in 1531, 1607, and 1682 and back
again in 1758. Because of this, one of the many comets are given name Halley's Comet.
The average period of emergence of the orbit of Halley's Comet between every 76 79
years. Halley's Comet was last seen in January 1986. The core or center of Halley's
Comet is estimated to be approximately 16x8x8 km. Core of Halley's Comet is very dark.
Estimated at Halley's Comet would appear again in 2061. In addition to Halley's Comet,
there are a variety of names from other comets, including Comet Hyakutake and Hale-
Bopp Comet.
5. Meteor
Meteor space objects are in the form of a fallen space rock fragments and into the Earth's
atmosphere. When a meteor enters into the Earth's atmosphere it will happen the friction
with the air so that the object will be hot and on fire. The Meteor that did burn in the
Earth's atmosphere and to the Earth's surface is called a meteorite. The collision of a large
meteorite on the surface of the Earth often pose a huge hole in the Earth's surface is
called a meteorite crater is a meteorite Crater, such as Arizona in the United States at its
widest around 1,265 m.
6. The Asteroid
The asteroid is a collection of small planet between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The
discovery of the asteroid begins due to the suspicion of the astronomers who noticed that
between Mars and Jupiter are separated by a great distance.

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Astronomers raced to investigate and are convinced that there are places on the planet
that is not yet known. Up to this point has been more or less the identicated of the 5,000
asteroids on the area and predicted entirely there are more than 50,000 asteroid. Some
asteroids that have been in the identication, among others, Ceres is the largest asteroid
with a diameter of 780 km 560 km, Pallas, Vesta Hygeva, 490 km 388 km, Juno 360 km,
and Davida 272 km.
The asteroid path in general circulation path in between Mars and Jupiter. However, there
are also some asteroids that strayed outside across the path of a second planet.
The early presence of tens of thousands of asteroids between the orbits of Mars and
Jupiter is not yet known for sure. Theoretically it is believed that the asteroid is formed
due to a clash between several small planets so divided into asteroid with a sufficient
amount of lots.
7. The Moon (The Moon)
The Moon is a spherical space objects that circulate around the Earth in a path called the
path or orbit. Because the Moon is always moving around the Earth wherever the Earth
moves then the Moon is Earth's satellite (satellite means followers). In addition to Earth,
other planets that have satellites are Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
The diameter of the Moon approximately 3,476 km or approximately 1/4 the diameter of
the Earth, the average distance to Earth about 384,000 km. revolution Period of the Moon
against the Earth about 27.3 days, while its rotation period equal to its revolution, namely
27.3 days or one month sidereal, i.e. the Moon's journey around the Earth
in a full circle (360 ). The hallmark of the months who have completed one full circle, is
the position of the Moon toward the Earth has been back in its original position.
The Moon is a very small celestial objects gravitationally approximately only 1/6 of the
Earth's gravity. As a result of months of not being able to tie up the atmosphere. The
absence of atmosphere on the Moon, making the Moon very quiet circumstances because
there is no media that serves to propagate sound waves right. The other result is during
the day the temperature of the Moon's surface becomes very hot, i.e. achieve 100 C,
while on the Moon's surface temperature by night experience becomes very cold, namely
reach-150 c.
The Moon circles the Earth in a period of one month. The movement of the Moon from
time to time lead to the occurrence of change of the angle formed by the lines that
connect between the Sun, the Earth and the moon. The angle change led to changes in the
appearance of the Moon seen from Earth is called the phase of the moon. If the Moon is
in the position closest to the Sun, part of the Moon that faces Earth will seem dark, such a
State is called a new moon phase. While continuing its trend month circling the Earth,
looked the Moon changed into a Crescent phase, and then the month and a half, the third
month of the quarter, then becomes a full moon. After the full moon phase is reached, the
next phase is opposite to ultimately occur dark phase or a new moon again.

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8. The Eclipse
The Earth and the Moon is a celestial object that has no light of its own. In the absence of
sunlight reflected by the Earth or the Moon, then the Earth will not be visible from the
Moon so too the moon will not be visible from Earth.
If in its release of the Earth or the Moon is in a straight line with the Sun, thus allowing
the will of the Eclipse of the Sun or moon.
a. Solar Eclipses
A solar eclipse is an Eclipse that occurs as a result of the baying of the moon about the
Earth, where the Sun's light to the Earth during the day blocked the ORB of the moon.
Because the diameter of the Moon is not greater than the diameter of the Earth, then the
solar eclipse occurs only on a small part of the Earth's surface and lasts approximately 7
minutes.
b. Lunar Eclipse
A Lunar Eclipse is an Eclipse that occurs due to the shadow of Earth on the Moon,
meaning that the light from the Sun to the Moon at night is hindered by the ORB of
Earth. Earth's diameter is larger than the diameter of the moon. The entire Orb of the
moon will be covered by the ORB of Earth so when events of a Lunar Eclipse, the whole
surface of the Earth that when it happens the night will experience a lunar eclipse takes
place more or less in a span of 1 hour 40 minutes.

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