CIVL3014 Slope Engineering Construction of Soil Nails

Lecture Notes QT10

Scaffolding platform
New Technique on slopes
Drilling declined
Drill Process Monitoring holes in slopes
Insertion of steel nail
Quentin Z Q Yue bars into holes
Grouting with hose
from bottom of holes
Department of Civil Engineering Installation of nail
The University of Hong Kong heads on slopes
Room: HW602
Telephone No.: 28591967
Pullout testing
Email: yueqzq@hkucc.hku.hk

The Key Issues

The design and construction of

foundations and earth structures require
a good knowledge of
the mechanical behavior
of soils and of their spatial variability.
by
Prof. Michele Jamiolkowski,
President of International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
Dr. Suzanne Lacasse,
Director of Norwegian Geotechnical Institute
In Preface of Cone Penetration Testing by T. Lunne, P.K. Robertson and J.J.M. Powell
1997

One of the Key Issues Drilling Nail Holes in Slopes

Idealized Geological Model Weathered rock profiles are often
complex and irregular. Variability
F cannot usually be predicted using
?
B standard methods of geological
? interpolation and extrapolation
A (Hencher and McNicholl 1995).
G ?
E ? D ? C

Consequently, it is
highly possible that the
current soil nailing
practice can result in
either under or over
specifications of soil
nail lengths.

QT10-1
 Rotary-Percussive Drilling Machines Rotary-Percussive Drilling Machines

Drilling one rod length Retrieving drill rods

Rotary-Percussive Drilling Machines Rotary-percussive drilling machine

Five Compressed Air Pressures

Two Major Operations
Drilling or
Adding/retrieving rods
Seven Individual Drilling Processes
Stoppage
Penetration
Flashing
Pulling Back
Un-tightening
Tightening
Pushing In

HKU-Drilling Process Monitor Automatic Drilling Process Monitoring

107 108

115
DPM Data
109
Existing Drilling Machine
Logger Equipped with DPM
113
112
116

Automatic Drilling Process Monitoring

114 111
110
104 12
12
102 13
13
11 33
105
103 101

=
117
106
6
17
17 77
5
10

In-situ Measurement of the 16

16
11

8
22

Strength and Distribution of

100

15 9
15
14
14
18
18 4

Ground Materials 11 Manual

Manual Control
Control Panel

22 Pneumatic
Pneumatic Thrust
Thrust Motor
44 Straight
Straight Sliding
Sliding Beam

55 Steel Loop
Loop Chain
8 Down-The-Hole Hammer

9 Drill Bit
12 Air Hose-Forward Rotation

13 Air Hose-Reverse Forward Rotation

16 Air Hose-Percussion

17 Main Compressed Air Hose

33 Swivel
Swivel Drill
Drill Chuck
Chuck with 66 Shank
Shank Adaptor
Adaptor 10 Rod Clamp 14 Air Hose-Forward Thrust 18 Support

Rotation Motor
Rotation Motor 77 Hollow
Hollow Rod
Rod 11 Screw Connection 15 Air Hose-Backrward Thrust

100 Position Transducer 103 Pressure Transducer-Reverse Forward Rotation 106 Pressure Transducer-Percussion 115 Memory Card or Computer

101 Rotation Transducer 104 Pressure Transducer-Forward Thrust 107 DPM Data Logger 116 Direction of Signal Transmission

102 Pressure Transducer-Backward Thrust 105 Pressure Transducer-Forward Rotation 108 114 Wires for DPM Signals 117 Steel Ring

QT10-2
 Automatic Drilling Process Monitoring Automatic Drilling Process Monitoring

Drilling
Machine
Equipped
with DPM

DPM Data (one day)

Hole 1 Hole 2 Hole 3 Hole 4 Hole 5 Hole 6
1. 0
0 .7
0 .4 Chuck
0 .1
Position
- 0 .2
- 0 .5
(m)
A c t u a l T im e

9 :5 0 :2 4 10 : 19 : 12 10 :4 8 : 0 0 11: 16 : 4 8 11: 4 5 : 3 6 12 : 14 : 2 4 12 :4 3 :12 13 : 12 : 0 0 13 : 4 0 : 4 8 14 : 0 9 : 3 6 14 : 3 8 : 2 4

110
9 0
7 0 Rotation
5 0
3 0 Speed
10 A c t u a (RPM)
l T im e
- 10
9 :5 0 :2 4 10 : 19 : 12 10 : 4 8 : 0 0 11: 16 : 4 8 11: 4 5 : 3 6 12 : 14 : 2 4 12 : 4 3 : 12 13 : 12 : 0 0 13 : 4 0 : 4 8 14 : 0 9 : 3 6 14 : 3 8 : 2 4

1. 5

1. 1

0 .7
Percussion
0 .3
Pressure (MPa)
A c t u a l T im e
- 0 .1
9 :5 0 :2 4 10 : 19 : 12 10 : 4 8 : 0 0 11: 16 : 4 8 11: 4 5 : 3 6 12 : 14 : 2 4 12 : 4 3 : 12 13 : 12 : 0 0 13 : 4 0 :4 8 14 : 0 9 : 3 6 14 : 3 8 : 2 4

1. 2

0 .6

0 .0
Thrust
- 0 .6
Pressure
- 1. 2 A c t u a (MPa)
l T im e
9 :5 0 :2 4 10 : 19 : 12 10 : 4 8 : 0 0 11: 16 : 4 8 11: 4 5 : 3 6 12 : 14 : 2 4 12 : 4 3 : 12 13 :12 : 0 0 13 : 4 0 : 4 8 14 : 0 9 : 3 6 14 : 3 8 : 2 4

1. 2

0 .6

0 .0
Rotation
- 0 .6
Pressure
A c t u a (MPa)
l T im e
- 1. 2
9 :5 0 :2 4 10 : 19 : 12 10 : 4 8 :0 0 11: 16 : 4 8 11: 4 5 : 3 6 12 : 14 : 2 4 12 : 4 3 : 12 13 : 12 : 0 0 13 : 4 0 :4 8 14 : 0 9 : 3 6 14 : 3 8 :2 4

DPM Data (one hole) Geomaterial Strength along Hole Depth

3 . 2
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 B Compressed Air Pressure (MPa)
Net Drilling Time (minutes)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
2 . 7
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
Swivel Chuck Position (m)

2 . 2

1 . 7 0 0
1 . 2

0 . 7

0 . 2
3 3
- 0 . 3
A c t u a l D r illin g T im e ( h o u r s :m in u t e s :s e c o n d s )
- 0 . 8
1 2 :3 0 :1 4 1 2 :4 4 :3 8 1 2 :5 9 :0 2 1 3 :1 3 :2 6 1 3 :2 7 :5 0 1 3 :4 2 :1 4 1 3 :5 6 :3 8 1 4 :1 1 :0 2 1 4 :2 5 :2 6 1 4 :3 9 :5 0 1 4 :5 4 :1 4

1 . 5 6 6
Bit Advancement Depth (m)

Zone 1: Drilling rate = 2.357 m/minute

Percussion Pressure (MPa)

1 . 1

9 9
Bit Advancement Depth (m)

0 . 7

0 . 3
12 12
A c t u a l D r illin g T im e ( h o u r s :m in u t e s :s e c o n d s )
- 0 . 1
1 2 :3 0 :1 4 1 2 :4 4 :3 8 1 2 :5 9 :0 2 1 3 :1 3 :2 6 1 3 :2 7 :5 0 1 3 :4 2 :1 4 1 3 :5 6 :3 8 1 4 :1 1 :0 2 1 4 :2 5 :2 6 1 4 :3 9 :5 0 1 4 :5 4 :1 4 Zone 2: Drilling rate = 1.032 m/minute
1 . 1
15 15
Forward Thrust Pressure (MPa)

0 . 7

0 . 3
18 18
- 0 . 1

- 0 . 5 Zone 3: Drilling rate = 0.525

21 21
- 0 . 9 m/minute
A c t u a l D r illin g T im e ( h o u r s :m in u t e s :s e c o n d s )
- 1 . 3
1 2 :3 0 :1 4 1 2 :4 4 :3 8 1 2 :5 9 :0 2 1 3 :1 3 :2 6 1 3 :2 7 :5 0 1 3 :4 2 :1 4 1 3 :5 6 :3 8 1 4 :1 1 :0 2 1 4 :2 5 :2 6 1 4 :3 9 :5 0 1 4 :5 4 :1 4

1 . 2
24 24
Forward Rotation Pressure (MPa)

0 . 7
Zone 4: Drilling rate = 0.928 m/minute
27 27
0 . 2

- 0 . 3
Zone 5: Drilling rate = 0.343 m/minute
30 30
- 0 . 8
Zone 6: Drilling rate = 0.724 m/minute
A c t u a l D r illin g T im e ( h o u r s :m in u t e s :s e c o n d s )
- 1 . 3
1 2 :3 0 :1 4 1 2 :4 4 :3 8 1 2 :5 9 :0 2 1 3 :1 3 :2 6 1 3 :2 7 :5 0 1 3 :4 2 :1 4 1 3 :5 6 :3 8 1 4 :1 1 :0 2 1 4 :2 5 :2 6 1 4 :3 9 :5 0 1 4 :5 4 :1 4 33 33

QT10-3
 Geomaterial Strength along Hole Depth Geomaterial Strength along Hole Depth
Net DrillingTime(minutes)
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
0

6
1.5
Percussion Normalized drilling rate =
Bit Advancement Depth (m)

Zone1: Drillingrate=2.357m/minute
9
Forward Rotation
Average Pressure for Each Zone (MPa)

Measured drilling rate Normalized driving pressure factor

12
Zone2: Drillingrate=1.032m/minute Forward Thrust
15
1.2
18
Zone3: Drillingrate=0.525m/minute
21 K
24

27
Zone4: Drillingrate=0.928m/minute 0.9 (p zone k P pzone k T p zone k R ) K

(p zone k P + p zone k T + p zone k R )

Azone I = k =1
Azone I = k =1
K ( p zone I P pzone I T p zone I R )
30 Zone5: Drillingrate=0.343m/minute

K ( p zone I P + p zone I T + p zone I R )

Zone6: Drillingrate=0.724m/minute
33
Compressed Air Pressure (MPa)

0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
0.6
3

0.3
1
9
Bit Advancement Depth (m)

Dresistance =
12

15

18

21

24
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Constant Drilling Rate of Each Zone (m/minute)
2.5 Normalized drilling rate
27

30

33

Data Analysis and Interpretation

Retrieve rods Retrieve rods

from the hole from the hole

Example of a Complete Real Time

Series of Full Monitored Data for
One Soil Nail Hole

Data Analysis and Interpretation Data Analysis and Interpretation

Retrieve rods Retrieve rods

from the hole from the hole

QT10-4
 Results for Seven Operations Data Analysis and Interpretation
Retrieve rods
Retrieve rods
from the hole
from the hole

Data Analysis and Interpretation

The Real
Time Series Retrieve rods Retrieve rods

for the Pure from the hole from the hole

Penetration
Process

Second Test Results Data Analysis and Interpretation

Retrieve rods Retrieve rods

from the hole from the hole

QT10-5
 Second Test Results Test Results (Average Pressures)

Retrieve rods Retrieve rods

from the hole from the hole
CDV

CDV

MDV

HDV

SDV

Geomaterial Strength along Hole Depth Spatial Distribution of Slope Material Strengths
100

95

90
I-III III-IV V V-VI Zoning of Volcanic Weathering Profile
85

80
Percentage Number of Zone Penetration Rates

75

70
Original Zone Penetration Rate for Drilling Machine DC45A-2
Less Than A Given Value (%)

65
Normalized Zone Penetration Rate with Summation Factor B
60 for Drilling Machine DC45A-2

55 Normalized Zone Penetration Rate with Production Factor A

Zone for Drilling Machine DC45A-2
50
A
45
Zone Zone Zone Total 113 Zones and Total Thickness 377.67 m
40
B C D
35
Original Zone Penetration Rate for Drilling Machine DC45A-1
30
Normalized Zone Penetration Rate with Summation Factor B
25 for Drilling Machine DC45A-1

20 Normalized Zone Penetration Rate with Production Factor A

15 for Drilling Machine DC45A-1

10
Total 48 Zones and Total Thickness 106.03 m
5

0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
Penetration Rate (m/minute)

Spatial Distribution of Slope Material Strengths Evaluation of DPM for Soil Nailing

Evaluation was carried out by

GEO

QT10-6
 Evaluation of DPM for Soil Nailing Evaluation of DPM for Soil Nailing

Section 1-1 Section 4-4

Rationalizing Soil Nailing Pullout Resistance

2
The mechanical strength of the geomaterial in a soil nail hole Tsoil = DL c'+ z' tan( ' ) / FOS or Trock = DL available
plays an important role in providing the necessary pullout
resistance against the soil nail pullout failure.
The mechanical strength of the geomaterials in the pullout
resistance zone must be adequately high.
Hence, the above DPM method for identifying the mechanical
strength of geomaterial along each soil nail hole can be used to
rationalize the design and construction of soil nail length.
If a geomaterial has a high resistance against drilling, it would
have a high resistance against the pullout failure of a soil nail in
such geomaterial, and vice versa.

Example Procedure for Rationalization

Based on the completely decomposed granite
and the core-stones exposed on the cut slope
surface, Zones 1 to 5 can be further interpreted
as
a CDG zone (4.44 m),
a SDG core-stone (1.41 m),
DPM Zoning result another CDG zone (2.86 m),
another SDG core-stone (1.31 m), and
a HDG to MDG rock zone (10.89 m).
The cost for soil nailing includes the works for ground
investigation, scaffolding, plant mobilization, drilling holes,
pullout tests, steel bars, grouting, and nail head construction.
Among these works, the rationalization with the DPM method
could cover the works for ground investigation, drilling holes,
pullout tests, steel bars and grouting.
Drilling of the pullout nail holes and permanent nail holes could
be monitored with the DPM method.
As a result, the relative drilling resistance along each hole depth
could be used for soil nail design in conjunction with the results
of the ground investigation.

QT10-7
 Rationalization in Pullout Testing Rationalization in Pullout Testing

Geomaterial
Packer strength ? Coupler
Coupler
Grout in (unknown or F312 Packer
the hole known ?)
Grout
Grout
No.3
Finding in No.2
Current Studies
No.1
Bond
Length

Pullout tests Boonnd

nd Len
gt
gthh
in one hole
for bond
zones with
known Multi-pullout tests in one hole for bond zones
drilling with known drilling resistances
resistances

Spatial Distribution of Slope Material Strengths Summary and Conclusions

DPM =
Technology Innovation

3 . 2

2 . 7

Swivel Chuck Position (m)

2 . 2

1 . 7

1 . 2

0 . 7

0 . 2

- 0 . 3
A c t u a l D r illin g T im e ( h o u r s :m in u t e s :s e c o n d s )
- 0 . 8
1 2 :3 0 :1 4 1 2 :4 4 :3 8 1 2 :5 9 :0 2 1 3 :1 3 :2 6 1 3 :2 7 :5 0 1 3 :4 2 :1 4 1 3 :5 6 :3 8 1 4 :1 1 :0 2 1 4 :2 5 :2 6 1 4 :3 9 :5 0 1 4 :5 4 :1 4

1 . 5

Percussion Pressure (MPa)

1 . 1

0 . 7

0 . 3

A c t u a l D r illin g T im e ( h o u r s :m in u t e s :s e c o n d s )
- 0 . 1
1 2 :3 0 :1 4 1 2 :4 4 :3 8 1 2 : 5 9 :0 2 1 3 :1 3 :2 6 1 3 :2 7 :5 0 1 3 :4 2 :1 4 1 3 :5 6 :3 8 1 4 :1 1 : 0 2 1 4 :2 5 :2 6 1 4 :3 9 :5 0 1 4 :5 4 :1 4

1 . 1
Forward Thrust Pressure (MPa)

0 . 7

0 . 3

- 0 . 1

- 0 . 5

- 0 . 9

A c t u a l D r illin g T im e ( h o u r s :m in u t e s :s e c o n d s )
- 1 . 3
1 2 :3 0 :1 4 1 2 :4 4 :3 8 1 2 :5 9 :0 2 1 3 :1 3 :2 6 1 3 :2 7 :5 0 1 3 :4 2 :1 4 1 3 :5 6 :3 8 1 4 :1 1 :0 2 1 4 :2 5 :2 6 1 4 :3 9 :5 0 1 4 :5 4 :1 4

1 .2
Forward Rotation Pressure (MPa)

0 .7

0 .2

- 0 .3

- 0 .8

A c t u a l D r illin g T im e ( h o u r s :m in u t e s :s e c o n d s )
- 1 .3
1 2 :3 0 :1 4 1 2 :4 4 :3 8 1 2 :5 9 :0 2 1 3 :1 3 :2 6 1 3 :2 7 :5 0 1 3 :4 2 :1 4 1 3 :5 6 :3 8 1 4 :1 1 :0 2 1 4 :2 5 :2 6 1 4 :3 9 :5 0 1 4 :5 4 :1 4

Summary and Conclusions Summary and Conclusions

Net Drilling Time (minutes) Compressed Air Pressure (MPa)
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
0 0

3
DPM = 3

Scientific Discovery
Automatic Drilling Process Monitoring 6 6
Bit Advancement Depth (m)

Zone 1: Drilling rate = 2.357 m/minute

=
9 9
Bit Advancement Depth (m)

12 12

Management and Monitoring of 15

Zone 2: Drilling rate = 1.032 m/minute
15

Drilling Operations and Quality 18 18

Zone 3: Drilling rate = 0.525

21 21
m/minute

24 24

Zone 4: Drilling rate = 0.928 m/minute

27 27

Zone 5: Drilling rate = 0.343 m/minute

30 30
Zone 6: Drilling rate = 0.724 m/minute
33 33

QT10-8
 Summary and Conclusions

Automatic Drilling Process Monitoring

=
In-situ Measurement of the
Strengths and their Spatial Distribution
of Ground Materials Covering
Caverns, Soft Soils to Hard Rocks

QT10-9