CS 340 Lab Manual

Oracle & SQL

Prince Sultan University

Computer and Information Sciences Department

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction to Oracle...........................................................1
Oracle Utilities and Development Tools...............................................1
SQL*Plus..............................................................................1
Introduction.........................................................................................1
Getting Started....................................................................................1
Getting Help........................................................................................1
Entering and Executing SQL Statements.............................................1
Saving Buffer Contents........................................................................1
Retrieving and Executing SQL Files......................................................1
Describing Tables.................................................................................1
Quitting................................................................................................1
Structured Query Language (SQL)..........................................1
Types of SQL Statements.....................................................................1
Syntax.................................................................................................1
Oracle Express Download......................................................1
INTRODUCTION TO ORACLE
ORACLE UTILITIES AND DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
SQL*Plus:

For creating and testing command-line SQL queries and

executing PL/SQL procedural programs.

Developer Suite:

For developing database applications.

Two developer tools:

Forms Builder: for creating custom user applications.

Report Builder: for creating reports for displaying,

printing, and distributing summary data.

Enterprise Manager:

For performing database administration tasks such as creating

new user accounts and configuring how the DBMS stores and
manages data.

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SQL*PLUS
INTRODUCTION
SQL*Plus is essentially an interactive command editor which enables
the user to interrogate the database, e.g.:

CREATE, ALTER, and DROP tables.

INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE rows.

Specify primary keys, foreign keys, and indexes.

GRANT and REVOKE access privileges.

In order to perform these functions, the user enters a series of SQL

statements.

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GETTING STARTED
Open SQL*Plus, enter appropriate name, password, & host string

scott
psu
stddata

If the previous information have been entered correctly, SQL*Plus displays its own
command line prompt; by default, SQL>.

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 Any SQL command can be entered here

GETTING HELP
Full on-line help is available while using SQL*Plus.

To get help:

Select the help menu option, or

Enter help at the SQL*Plus prompt

ENTERING AND EXECUTING SQL STATEMENTS

SQL statements entered at the SQL*Plus prompt are held in a multi-line
command buffer. Non-SQL statements (such as help) may be entered
without changing the contents of the SQL buffer.

The buffer retains the contents of the latest SQL statement until a new
SQL statement is entered or the buffer is cleared using the clear
buffer command. The contents of the SQL buffer can be edited using
several commands. (see SQL part)

An SQL statement is executed immediately if the last line of the

statement is terminated with a semi-colon. Additionally, the statement
currently in the SQL buffer can be executed by entering:

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 A / (on its own), or
The keyword run

at the SQL*Plus prompt.

SAVING BUFFER CONTENTS

The contents of the SQL buffer can be saved in an operating system
file by entering the command:

save filename[.ext] [replace]

If the .ext is omitted, the file will be given the extension .sql.

The optional argument replace allows an existing file to be

overwritten.

Using the optional argument append instead of replace allows

the contents of the SQL buffer to be appended to an existing file.

RETRIEVING AND EXECUTING SQL F ILES

Either of the following commands can be issued at the SQL*Plus
prompt:

start filename[.ext]

or

@filename[.ext]

In either case the specified file is executed and the final SQL
statement in the file is retained in the buffer.

To load an SQL file into the buffer without executing it the following
command may be issued:

get filename[.ext]

Using a Text Editor

To overcome the limitations of the SQL buffer, a host operating system

text editor or notepad may be used instead. The main benefit of using

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a text editor (apart from its editing capabilities) is the ability to create
files containing multiple SQL statements.

Each statement (except optionally the last) must be terminated by a

semi-colon.

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DESCRIBING TABLES
The structure of any table within the database may be displayed by
entering the command describe at the SQL*Plus prompt.

Syntax:

describe tablename

The names and types of each column within the specified table will be
displayed.

QUITTING
To quit SQL*Plus, either one of the following commands can be used:

quit, or

exit.

Both commands automatically commit any outstanding changes to the

database.

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STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)
TYPES OF SQL STATEMENTS
Data Definition Language (DDL):

Commands that define a database.

E.g. CREATE, ALTER, DROP, ...etc.

Data manipulation language (DML):

Commands that maintain and query a database.

E.g. SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.

Data Control Language (DCL):

Commands that control a database, including

administering privileges and committing data.

E.g. CONNECT, GRANT, REVOKE, ...etc.

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SYNTAX

Data Types:

CHAR(n)

VARCHAR2(n)

NUMBER

NUMBER(n,d)

NUMBER(n)

DATE

Column Level Constraints:

NOT NULL

UNIQUE

PRIMARY KEY

REFERENCES table (key)

CHECK (condition)

Table Level Constraints:

UNIQUE (column-list)

[CONSTRAINT name] PRIMARY KEY (column-list)

[CONSTRAINT name] FOREIGN KEY (column-list) REFERENCES

table (column-list) [ON DELETE CASCADE] [ON DELETE SET NULL]

CHECK (condition)

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CREATE TABLE Syntax:

CREATE TABLE name (

column-1 TYPE [DEFAULT value] [constraints],

column-2 TYPE [DEFAULT value] [constraints],

column-n TYPE [DEFAULT value] [constraints],

[table-constraints])

ALTER TABLE Syntax:

ALTER TABLE name ADD

ALTER TABLE name MODIFY

ALTER TABLE name DROP

DROP TABLE Syntax:

DROP TABLE name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]

SELECT Statement Syntax:

SELECT [DISTINCT] attribute-list

FROM table-list

WHERE condition(s)

GROUP BY grouping-attributes

HAVING group-condition(s)

ORDER BY attribute-list

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INSERT INTO Syntax:

INSERT INTO table [(attribute-list)]

VALUES (value-list)

INSERT INTO table [(attribute-list)]

SELECT statement

DELETE FROM Syntax:

DELETE FROM table

[WHERE conditions]

UPDATE Syntax:

UPDATE table

SET attribute-1 = value-1,

attribute-n = value-n

[WHERE conditions]

UPDATE table

SET (attribute-list)

(SELECT statement)

[WHERE conditions]

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CREATE VIEW Syntax:

CREATE VIEW name AS

SELECT statement

ORACLE EXPRESS DOWNLOAD

Oracle Database 10g Express Edition (XE) is an entry-level, small-
footprint (150MB) database based on the Oracle Database 10g.

Free to develop, deploy, and distribute,

Fast to download;
Simple to administer.

Oracle Database XE is a great starter database for students who need

a free database for their curriculum With Oracle Database XE.

To download, go to:

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/express-
edition/overview/index.html

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Then youll need to register to be able to download Oracle Database
XE.

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