Sunteți pe pagina 1din 4

(36)(38)

Cell h= =12.18
201

(36)(9 8)
Celli= =17 . 55
201

Step 5. Construct a table showing the column of cells, the column of observed
frequencies(fo), the column of the expected frequencies (f e), the column of the
difference between the observed frequencies with that of the expected
frequencies(fo fe), the column for squares of the difference between the observed
frequencies and the expected frequencies(f o fe)2, and the column for the squares of
the difference between the observed frequencies and the expected frequencies
f 0f e


divided by its expected frequency 2

Step 6. Interpret results by following the steps in testing a research


hypothesis in Chapter 5.

Cells fo fe (fo fe) (fo fe)2 f 0f e




2


A 5 16 -11 121 7.56
B 40 30 10 100 3.33
C 45 44 1 1 0.02
D 10 13 -3 9 0.69
E 20 25 -5 25 1.00
F 45 37 8 64 1.73
G 20 6 14 96 32.67
H 8 12 -4 16 1.33
I 8 18 -10 100 5.56
2
f Of e

f e


Using the variables in the given data, follow the analysis by practicing the
seven (7) steps in testing a research hypothesis:
1. Statement of the problem: is there any significant association between the
teachers annual salary rate with their educational attainment? Or, are
teachers salary rates associated with their educational attainment?
2. Statement of the research hypotheses:
Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no significant association between the
teachers annual salary rate and their educational attainment. Or, salary
rates are not associated with their educational attainment.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant association between
the teachers annual salary rate and their educational attainment. Or,
salary rates is associated with their educational attainment.
3. Determine the level of measurements of variables:
Annual Salary Rate: 1 High (Php 120,000.00 and above)
2 Average (Php 72,000.00 to Php 119,999.00)
3 Low (Below Php 72,000)
Educational Attainment: 1 Bachelors degree
2 Masters degree
3 Doctoral degree
Variables 1 (annual salary rate) the level of measurements in nominal
Variables 2 (educational attainment) the level of measurement is also
nominal. The statistical tool to be used in analyzing the strength of
association is by the use of Chi-Square in Two Sample Cases
4. Set the level of significance: The level of significance will be set at 0.05
alpha under a two-tailed test.
5. Test the hypothesis. Testing the research hypothesis is by computing the
calculated Chi-Square value, and the calculated Chi-Square value is the
f O f e 2

fe



6. Make a decision to the null hypothesis by using the table and figure below:

Calculated X2 Value Tabular X2 Value


5.05 0.01
53.89 9.49 13.28
P < .01 Significant at .
01 alpha

The calculated Chi-Square value of 53.89 is greater than the tabular Chi-
Square value of 13.28 at 1% level of probability. The null hypothesis of there is no
significant association between the teachers annual salary rate and their
educational attainment was therefore rejected. In this case, the decision to the null
hypothesis was rejected, and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. This means
that there Is a significant association between the teachers annual salary rate and
their educational attainment.
Another method of making a decision to the null hypothesis is by using a
normal curve with specified areas of acceptance and areas of rejection of a null
hypothesis.
In making a decision with a null hypothesis, for example, if the calculated Chi-
Square value is 5.42, this value does not exceed with tabular value at .05 alpha. The
value of 5.42 falls under the area of acceptance. So, the null hypothesis of there is
no significant association between the teachers annual salary rate and their
educational attainment was thus accepted. This means that, teachers annual
salary is independent of their educational attainment.
However, in another example, the calculated value of 53.89 falls in the area
of rejection. In this case, the null hypothesis of there is no significant association
between the teachers annual salary rate and their educational attainment was thus
rejected. There is a significant association between the teachers annual salary
rate and their educational attainment, or educational attainment of teachers is the
one that influenced the increase in their annual salary rate.

Step 7. Interpretation. There are two methods of interpreting the calculated


value whether or not is significant.
The use of statistical interpretation and the psychological
interpretation. In statistical interpretation, there are two levels that will be
observed, the process of accepting or rejecting the null hypotheses and the process
of accepting and rejecting the alternative hypotheses. For psychological
interpretation, there are also two levels of interpreting results: the process of how to
surmise the results or findings and the process of making a support to your findings.
This level of interpreting results now your review of related literatures

For statistical interpretation:


Association between teachers annual salary rate and their educational
attainment. The calculated Chi-Square value of 53.89 is greater than the tabular
Chi-Square value of 13.28 at 1% level of probability. The null hypothesis of there is
no significant association between the teachers annual salary rate and their
educational attainment was therefore rejected. (X 2 value = 53.89, p < .01). This
means that there is a significant association between the teachers annual salary
rate and their educational attainment.

For psychological interpretation:


The significant association between the teachers annual salary rate and their
educational attainment simply shows that as the educational attainment of
teachers increases from bachelors degree to masters degree and to doctoral
degree, revealed a significant increase in their annual salary. As stated by (Cruz,
2002), the only factor that can improve the socioeconomic status of teachers is that
they must have to go back to school, obtain a higher degree and study the
advances of information technology on the strategy of teaching on their own line of
specialization to innovate and contribute towards economic growth and success of
the country in order to educate students and nurture talents, in the service of the
country and society.
Differentiating the use of Chi-Square in determining significant
differences and significant association between variables. The data shown in
a contingency table will guide you on how to understand the use of Chi-Square
being considered a sophisticated statistical tool in determining differences and
association of variables with nominal data.
Data: The responses of mothers and their sons to preferences in childrens
clothing yielded the following results:

S-ar putea să vă placă și