CHAPTER 1

PRELIMINARY

1.1 Introduction
The rapid growth of human life, encouraging people to improve their skills in
their field of expertise. Communication as well also a very important, especially to
communicate in English. In this era, English is not only used for students who majored in
English , but also many other professions that require workers to speak English. We can
say that English is necessity, in this paper we want to know the importance of English
language support within the Police, what they need in learning English and what their
target after learning English, we used five participants from POLDA Jambi to help us
finish the tasks of subjects ESP (English for Specific Purposes). We hope this paper can
help a lot of parties and may be used as an inspiration doing the research about needs
analysis.

1.2 Review of Literature

This review consists of four parts. The first part gives an overview about the what
is ESP. The second part discusses what is needs analysis as the framework of the ESP
approach. The third part discusses about learning needs. The fourth part discusses about
target needs.

Overview

Richards defines ESP as language courses that focus on the purposes for which
learners need the language. On the other hand, Hutchinson and Waters prefer to show
what ESP is not (1987:1819):

1) ESP is not a matter of teaching specialized varieties of English.

2) ESP is not just a matter of Science words and grammar for Scientists, Hotel words and

grammar for Hotel staff and so on.

3) ESP is not different from any other form of language teaching, in that it should be
based in the first instance on principles of effective and efficient learning.

Definition of ESP (Dudley-Evans, 1997)

Absolute Characteristics

1. ESP is defined to meet specific needs of the learners

2. ESP makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves

3. ESP is centered on the language appropriate to these activities in terms of grammar,

lexis, register, study skills, discourse and genre.

Variable Characteristics

1. ESP may be related to or designed for specific disciplines

2. ESP may use, in specific teaching situations, a different methodology from that of
General English

3. ESP is likely to be designed for adult learners, either at a tertiary level institution or in
a professional work situation. It could, however, be for learners at secondary school level

4. ESP is generally designed for intermediate or advanced students.

5. Most ESP courses assume some basic knowledge of the language systems.

Need Analaysis

Needs analysis (also known as needs assessment) has a vital role inThe process of
designing and carrying out any language course, whether It be English for Specific
Purposes (ESP) or general English course, and Its centrality has been acknowledged by
several scholars and authors.

According to Iwai et al. (1999), the term needs analysis generally refers to the
activities that are involved in collecting information that will Serve as the basis for
developing a curriculum that will meet the needs of a particular group of students. In
formal needs analysis is relativelynew to the field of language teaching. However,
informal needs analyses have been conducted by teachers in order to assess what
language points their students needed to master. In fact, the reason why different
Approaches were born and then replaced by others is that teachers have intended to meet
the needs of their students during their learning. From the field of language teaching the
focus of this paper will be on ESP. Clearly, the role of needs analysis in any ESP course
is Indisputable. For Johns (1991), needs analysis is the first step in course Design and it
provides validity and relevancy for all subsequent course Design activities.

Learning Needs

Learning needs are linked with the route to the destination set by target
situation. The methodological, administrative and psychological needs must occupy the
same space in needs analysis as the target needs do. ESP learning is not a mechanical
project to be imposed mechanically on the learners. The whole ESP program is an
enjoyable, pleasing, manageable, generative, creative and productive activity.

Learning needs aim at the personal concerns of the learners. Like target needs
they influence and affect the overall ESP program ranging form syllabus designing
to testing and evaluation. If needs analysis is the major distinction of ESP program,
the learning needs then have the pivotal role to play in needs analysis. Any need analysis
without involving learning needs may be a weak model, excluding the major
psychological, sociological and methodological concerns of the ESP learners.

Target Needs

Target needs are general term which has several fields that will determine the
need in ESP itself. There are three points :

1. Necessity

Necessity is the need of someone to be success in his/ her business. For example, a
businessman needs to understand about business letter, to communicate effectively,
etc.

2. Lack

Knowing the lack of student will help a teacher to design appropriate course in study
process.

3. Wants

Students need to know what they want to be learned. From that situation, students
will do some efforts to achieve their willing.