Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Capability Curves
Abstract Synchronous generators are essential components of virtual machine can also be used to deploy remote
electric power systems. They are present both in hydro and laboratories [5]. Virtual education system SEI-VLab, which
thermal power plants, performing the function of converting is based on the "Remote Lab" developed by Microsoft
mechanical into electrical energy. This paper presents a visual Corporation can be also a choice to set up virtual laboratory
approach to manipulate parameters that affect operation limits teaching systems [7].
of synchronous generators, using a specifically designed
software. The operating characteristics of synchronous Although many e-leaning solutions are based on
generators, for all possible modes of operation, are revised in commercial software, this brings undesirable constraints. An
order to link the concepts to the graphic objects. The approach alternative approach is to use free tools or to develop custom
matches the distance learning tool requirements and also solutions. This work follows the latter way by using free
enriches the learning process by developing student trust and Java script libraries to develop a Web-based graphical
understanding of the concepts involved in building application for building capability curves of salient-pole
synchronous machine capability curves. synchronous machines.
Keywords- Electric machine, synchronous generator, A synchronous machine has its rotational speed
capability curve, distance learning, Java script. proportional to the frequency of the armature current, which
is responsible for the rotating magnetic field, creating a
I. INTRODUCTION constant torque under these conditions. In other words, the
electrical frequency present in the armor is synchronized
The growing volume of knowledge being created has with the angular velocity.
became a real challenge for teaching/learning. To keep up to
date with this growth, e-learning can be used to integrate Under the constructive point of view, a synchronous
new technologies and knowledge to assist students in the machine has a basic layout with three static windings
learning process without constraints of time and space, and at connected in star (Y ) or delta ( ) enveloping a circular
their own pace [1], [2]. Also, the increasing globalization stator magnetic circuit or armor. On the other hand, a rotor,
process brings tough challenges in design, construction and on the same axis as the armature circuit, has a field winding
production of knowledge [3], [4]. Many schools have been supplied with direct current, forming pairs of rotating
investing on remote laboratory [5], [6], virtual education [7] magnetic poles. Depending on the excitation level of the
and support systems for the mobile student [8]. magnetic field, the machine operates with inductive or
Nowadays, the on-line teaching is a major issue for capacitive nature.
power engineering web-based learning programs [9]. The Synchronous machines can operate either as a motor or
difficulties that slow down the teaching on some on-line as a generator. As a generator, the rotor is driven by a prime
electrical engineering courses are usually related to question mover attached to its axis, which can be a hydraulic or a
formulations, design, students' evaluation and reliability of thermal turbine. The relative motion between the rotor and
assessments [10]. the stator produces a magnetic flux, which varies in time and
In facing these issues, several authors have been induces an electromotive force (emf) in the armature
contributing to the development of specially designed windings of the machine.
software to support teaching on dynamics of electric power The geometry of the rotor of these machines can be
systems [1113]. E-learning programs, providing the classified as being of round-rotor or nonsalient, for large
appropriate support, contributes to the customization of angular velocities, or salient-pole for lower speeds. Due to
learning and motivates the students activity [14]. Several the greater complexity of drawing of the operation diagram,
approaches have been used to create e-learning platforms. the graphical approach is constrained to salient-pole
For instance, Labview has been used to develop a virtual generators.
platform for a Web-based remote applications [6]. The Java
programming language running as an object of Matlab's Java
V
Q= I d X d cos ( ) I q X d sin ( ) (5)
Xd
AF = I X q (3)
To keep a fixed apparent power, the magnitude of the E. Full Operation Diagram
armature current must be constant too. All previous phasor diagrams are made in per unit figures
As the excitation is varied, the locus of the point C (rays and scaled in power by multiplying the voltage segments by
AC1 , AC2 , AC3 , and AC4 ), then the vector AC = X d I V X d . The concatenation of these diagrams provides the
defines a semi-circle. complete capability diagram of salient-pole generator. The
stable and secure operation region of the generator is
outlined by the thicker closed line in Fig. 9.
The points ( x, y ) on the theoretical stability limit are
1.4
Theoretical stability limit Field current heating limit
Practical stability limit
1.2
determined by the simultaneous solution of the equation of
1
Armature Heating Limit the circle (6) and the associated line (7).
Upper prime mover limit
per unit of MW
0.8
( x xc ) 2 + ( y yc ) = r 2
2
0.6
(6)
0.4
d
d 2r ( xn xh )
+d +
yn 2 + ( xn xh )
2
(18)
yn 2 + ( xn xh ) = 0
2
n or
m
2r ( xn xh ) + d yn 2 + ( xn xh ) +
2
2r
yn 2 ( xn xh ) = 0
2
(19)
Figure 11. Finding the points of the practical stability limit.
for yn > 0 and xn > xh
The circumscribed triangles to the semicircle are always
right triangles. Then, the length of the segment m is: The value of yn in the expression (19) depends on the
safety margin required by the user. Thus, for a safety margin
of 10%, yn = y 0.1 . Generally :
m = 2 r cos ( ) (11)
B. Graphical interface
Then, The graphic interface shown in Fig. 12 allows changing
all the parameters that influence the boundaries of secure and
stable operation of salient-pole synchronous generators. The
2r ( x xh ) innermost region of the diagram corresponds to a zone of
m= (13)
y 2 + ( x xh )
2 stable and secure operation of the synchronous generator.
y 2 + ( x xh )
2
m+d = (14)
2r ( x xh )
y 2 + ( x xh )
2
d= (15)
y 2 + ( x xh )
2
2r ( xn xh )
n= (16)
yn 2 + ( xn xh )
2
Figure 12. Web page for building capability curves.
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