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 STRUCTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

We have seen from the earlier presentation the project is a new Sewage Treatment Plant
with the underground STP concept and with leisure and recreational park on top.

At the conceptual/preliminary design stage, the Structural Engineers, Geotechnical

Engineers, Architects and design team members of other disciplines developed the
type of structure the depth and size, and the Construction method to be adopted.
Some of the considerations taken into account are :

Site constraints, available spaces,

Existing facilities,
Temporary facilities for continual operation of the Treatment Plant
Geotechnical data, the depth of the rock formation have a great impact on the design
Construction Time frame
Cost effective solutions
Conditions and requirements stipulated in the need statements
Various Authorities requirements and guidelines
Environmental considerations
Codes of Practice

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This part of Presentation on the Structural Design aspects of
the Underground Structure

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 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE

The overall dimension of the underground structure are :

260.5m Length
182.4m Width

And 15m deep measured from the general ground level to the deepest point

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 RECREATIONAL UNDERGROUND
PARK TREATMENT PLANT
ABOVE GROUND BUILDINGS 260.5m PARK

182.4m
ADMINISTRATION BUILDING

PANTAI 2 STP LAYOUT PLAN

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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE (contd)

There are 3 major levels

Base slab level
Maintenance Floor level
Roof Deck

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 260500

SKYLIGHT

VENTILATION
VENTILATION VENTILATION FOOT BALL
FIELD
VENTILATION
182400

SKYRIVER

VENTILATION VENTILATION VENTILATION VENTILATION

SKYLIGHT

FUTSAL FUTSAL
COURTS COURTS

ROOF LEVEL - PLAN OF RECREATIONAL PARK

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 260500

PARK

UNDERPASS

UNDERPASS
182400

UNDERPASS

MAINTENANCE FLOOR LEVEL - PLAN

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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE (contd)

The Underground Treatment Plant is made up of 4 major components

Pre-treatment
Balancing Tanks
AAO Bio Reactors
Clarifiers

The AAO Bio Reactors and Clarifiers are made up of 4 Tanks with internal
separation walls.

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 260500

AAO BIO REACTOR BALANCING

CLARIFIER
TANK

BALANCING
TANK

BASE SLAB LEVEL - PLAN

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 80500

9900
9900
Clarifier
9900
9900
7000
9900
9900

Clarifier
9900
9900

BASE SLAB LEVEL PLAN SHOWING PART OF CLARIFIER

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 Skylight Ventilation SkyRiver
5500 Roof Deck

Maintenance Floor UNDERPASS UNDERPASS

16000
10500

Bio Reactor 1 Bio Reactor 2 Pipe Bio Reactor 3 Bio Reactor 4 Pipe
Base Slab Gallery Gallery

DEFORMATION JOINTS

Ventilation Shaft

LANDSCAPE ROOF

5500
UNDERPASS

16000
10500
Bio Reactor 5 Bio Reactor 6 Bio Reactor 7 Bio Reactor 8
Pipe
Gallery

DEFORMATION JOINTS

CROSS SECTION OF AAO BIO REACTOR

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 UNDERPASS
ENTRANCE
LANDSCAPE ROOF
RL27.0
12700

CLARIFIER SFL 14.300

SFL 11.000

UNDERPASS
ENTRANCE

BALANCING TANK SFL 15.700

AAO BIO REACTOR
SFL 11.000

LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF
UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE

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 BASIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
Although the Underground Treatment Plant is made up of numerous smaller tanks,
the initial design consideration is to treat it as one big Tank to check overall flotation
and lateral forces then subsequently the detail design is carried out in smaller sections.
The structural frame work is developed to resist the various loading conditions as
follows :
There are 3 major loading conditions
1) Vertical loads
Dead load of structure
Live loads
Equipment loads
Dead loads from landscaped roof deck

2) Horizontal loads
Earth pressure
Water pressure
Dynamic loads from Equipments

3) Flotation
Buoyancy force

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 BASIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY (contd)

LOADING CONDITIONS

1)Tank full and earth not backfilled

2)Tank empty and earth backfilled with groundwater 1m below general
ground level

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 DEVELOPING THE STRUCTURAL MODEL

VERTICAL LOADS
The size of Tanks and position of walls are determined by Treatment Process
requirements, and the positions and spacing of columns are thus influenced by
Process/Mechanical requirements
Supports spacing, type and magnitude of loadings, speed of construction and cost are
factors that determine the floor system

HORIZONTAL LOADS
Another important consideration is the need to transfer lateral forces from earth /
water pressure from one side of the Underground Structure to the other.
Beams and slab of adequate stiffness are provided, this in turn allows the
tank walls to be designed as Propped cantilever.

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 DEVELOPING THE STRUCTURAL MODEL ( cont )

FLOTATION

The dead weight, calculated from the weight of the concrete underground structure is
used to overcome the buoyancy load. BS8007 requires that a safety factor of 1.1 be
provided against flotation. For the structure here, this dead weight is less than the
buoyancy load. As such ground anchors tied to the floor slab are provided to meet the
safety factor requirement.

TYPE OF STRUCTURE ADOPTED

Conventional reinforced concrete beam and slab system for the Roof Deck
and Maintenance Floor Level.

Conventional reinforced concrete wall and base slab for the underground
structure.

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 Imposed live load

Soil load

Additional Dead load

Water Earth Water

Pressure Pressure Pressure

Buoyancy

SIMPLIFIED LOADING DIAGRAM

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 COMPUTER ASSISTED DESIGN MODEL

Computer structural analysis programs were used to carry out the analysis of the
structure.

3D FINITE ELEMENT MODEL

Although it is possible to model the whole structure as one model with the current
powerful software and hardware, however this was not done. Such a large model would
be very cumbersome and prone to input errors and time consuming to analyse.

The underground structure is made up of many smaller tanks with deformation joints
between some of them. Therefore we identified and selected suitable sections for
developing into 3D finite element models.

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 3D FINITE ELEMENT MODEL

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TYPICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS OF WALL MOMENTS FROM
3D FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

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 COMPUTER ASSISTED DESIGN MODEL ( cont )

2D PLANE FRAME MODELS

Most of the tanks are long compared to its width and height, therefore the end walls
have very little influence beyond 2 times the tank height. A 2D Plane Frame model
along the central portion of the tank is used to check the results of the 3D model.

REINFORCEMENT DETAILING PROGRAM

The walls and base are designed based on the results of the 3D model and the
reinforcement are detailed manually.

The conventional beam and slab floors are detailed with the assistance of
reinforcement detailing softwares.

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 SIMPLIFIED 2D MODEL

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 X-Moments for Load Case SEP

-5.16 11.86 31.96 50.91 69.33 108.48 48

-5.16 755.94
-3.69 41
-2.22 250.32
-0.75 1201.81
33 1309.85
49.964 91.941 138.59 182.38 228.44 394.275
8.08 26
6.07 2966.253
4.14 4452.014
2.21 5408.16
13
-1.65 4549.081
-3.58
-5.51 19
-7.43

TYPICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS OF WALL MOMENTS FROM

2D PLANE FRAME MODEL

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 755.94
50.91 69.33 108.48 48
41

750.32

120.81
321.08

26
138.59 182.38 228.44 394.225
2966.825
4452.04 24

5273.13 23
5336.68 22
4549.05 21
2816.20

19
-3855.58
18
-8982.75

TYPICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS OF WALL MOMENTS FROM

2D PLANE FRAME MOMENT ( BLOW-UP DETAIL )
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 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

The underground concrete structure are designed based on the Code of Practice for
Design of Concrete Structures for Retaining Aqueous Liquids : BS8007:1987

The structures are checked for compliance with the requirements for strength at the
ultimate limit state using factored loads with maximum liquid levels.

Compliance to deflection and crack width were checked based on service load
conditions.

The code allows two methods of design to satisfy the requirements for the crack width.
One method is based on use of reduced allowable steel stresses for serviceability limit
state as provided in Table 3.1 of the code. The other method is based on checking of
crack width as provided in Appendix B of the code. In general the use of reduced
allowable steel stresses yield higher areas of reinforcement for the section, and as
such for the design here, crack width is checked in accordance with Appendix B of
the code

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The design and detailing of liquid retaining structures should comply with BS8110 :
Structural Use of Concrete except where the recommendations of BS8007:1987 Design
of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids vary the requirements.

The main variations are :

The maximum calculated design crack widths are either 0.2mm or 0.1mm depending
on the exposure conditions, instead of 0.3mm.

The basis of design is the serviceability limit state of cracking rather than the
ultimate limit state.

Various provisions in respect of joints, nominal cover, exposure conditions,

minimum areas of reinforcement, concrete grade and spacing of bar reinforcement

The design ultimate anchorage bond length in sections subject to direct tension
should not exceed 0.7 times the values obtained from BS8110.

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 CODES AND STANDARDS
BS 648 Schedule of weights of Building Materials
BS 1377 Methods of test for soil for civil engineering
BS 5400 Steel, concrete and composite bridges
BS 5930 Code of practice for site investigation
BS 5950 Structural Use of Steelworks in Building
BS 6031 Code of practice for earthworks
BS 6399 : Part 1 Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads
BS 6399 : Part 2 Wind Loads
BS 6399 : Part 3 Code of Practice for Imposed Roof Loads
BS 8002 Code of Practice for earth retaining structures
BS 8006 Code of practice for strengthened/reinforced soils and other fills
BS 8004 Foundations
BS 8081 Code of practice for ground anchorage
BS 8110 Structural Use of Concrete
ASTM American Society of Testing and Materials
ACI American Concrete Institute
UBBL 1984 Uniform Building By-Laws ( Malaysia ) 1984
BS 8007 Code of practice for the design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids
Arahan Teknik Jalan, JKR
Road Note 29 A guide to the Structural Design of Pavements for New Roads

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 DESIGN PROCEDURE
The basic design flow is :
Estimate concrete member sizes
Calculate the reinforcement required to limit the design crack widths to
the required value
Check strength
Check other limit states
Repeat as necessary

With liquid retaining structures, crack width calculations usually control

the thickness of the member, therefore the required thickness cannot be
calculated directly, hence the procedure is a form of interactive process.

The overall thickness should be no greater than necessary, as extra

thickness will cause higher thermal stresses.

The main considerations are :

Ease of construction
Structural arrangement
Avoidance of excessive deflections
Adequate strength
Avoidance of excessive crack widths

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CONCRETE
Concrete for reinforced, non-prestressed, cast in place construction of
water retaining structures is designated as Grade 35A concrete, having a
characteristic strength of 35N/mm2 at 28 days, with a minimum cement
content of 325kg/m3 and a maximum water/cement ratio of 0.55. The
cement contents of the mix should not exceed 400kg/m2 because of the
increase in rate and extend of shrinkage and heat evolution

High temperature caused by heat of hydration in thick concrete sections

( over 800mm ) induce thermal stress within the concrete that leads to
cracking.

Cement replacements such as pulverized-fuel ashes ( pfa ) and ground

granulated blastfurnace slags ( ggbs ) are used to replace a portion of
the ordinary portland cement (OPC), thus reducing the heat of hydration

In addition to using low heat cement, a chilled water plant is also set up
on site to ensure a lower concrete placing temperature

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SIZES OF SOME MAJOR STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Base Slab : between 1200mm to 1500mm thick

External wall : 1800mm at the base

1200mm up to maintenance floor level
500mm above maintenance floor level

Internal walls : 800 to 1000mm

Floor Slabs : 300mm thick

Transfer Beams : 1000 x 1200

Columns : 800 x 800

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 500
Rook Deck Level

500

5500
300
Maintenance Floor Level
10500

1200

Base Slab Level

1300
1500

1800
3500
TYPICAL SECTION

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