Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Behzad Razavi
Electrical Engineering Department
University of California, Los Angeles
1
Outline
2
The Need for RF Synthesis
3
Mathematical Model of VCO
5
Problem of Phase Alignment
6
Example
7
Response to Frequency Step
8
Response to Phase Step
9
Phase and Frequency Settling
10
PLL Dynamics
11
Type I PLL
13
Aided Acquisition
14
PFD Implementation
15
PFD and Charge Pump
17
First Attempt to Close the Loop
18
Type II (Charge-Pump) PLL
19
Frequency Multiplication Revisited
20
PFD/CP Nonidealities
21
Problem of Skew
22
Up and Down Current Mismatch
23
Channel-Length Modulation
W/LN=10 um/60 nm
Ix
W/LN=20 um/120 nm
Vx
24
Reduction of Channel-Length Modulation
25
Reduction of Both Mismatches
26
Addition of Second Capacitor
28
Charge Pump Design
z Select W/L of current sources for an overdrive of about
50-100 mV.
z Choose L such that mismatch due to channel- length
modulation remains below 10-20%.
z Choose switch dimensions for a headroom consumption
of 20-30 mV.
z If mismatch due to channel-length modulation results in
excessive jitter or sidebands:
(a) Increase C2 and Cp (BW goes down).
(b) Use one of the circuit techniques to reduce
effect of channel-length modulation.
Ip=0.5 mA KVCO=148 MHz/V
235 MHz
29
M=4
Simulated Behavior
Rp=1.5 k Rp=3 k Rp=6 k
Cp=25 p Cp=25 p Cp=25 p
C2=5 p C2=5 p C2=5 p
30