EE 4063

Power Electronics and Applications II

LECTURE 2

By
Dr. Buddhika Jayasekara
 Outline Syllabus
1. DC to DC converters
Isolated and non isolated converters of different types, output voltage regulation,
steady state analysis, switch mode power supplies.
2. Design of power electronic converters
Selection of voltage and current ratings, deciding on switching frequency,
protection of power devices against over voltage, over current, thermal build up,
switching stresses, spurious triggering, shoot-through fault etc., circuit
protection, design of drive circuits, isolation of control signals, component
selection, testing, circuit fabricating ethics, control circuit interface, use of power
integrated circuits, application specific integrated circuits and programmable
integrated circuits, product architecture, documentation.
3. Simulation of power electronic systems
Use of standard simulation packages.
3. Applications
Details of selected applications of power electronics in power systems, industrial
processes, motion control systems, power supplies, artificial lighting etc.
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 Power Electronic Systems

Load
Converter

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 Applications of Power Electronics

Powering the Information Technology

consumer electronics equipment- utility to low voltage conversion
switch-mode dc power supplies

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 Applications of Power Electronics
Robotics and Flexible Production
require adjustable-speed drives for precise speed and position control
power electronics interface, as a power-processing unit, is to provide
the required voltage to the motor
dc motor, dc voltage is supplied with adjustable magnitude
ac motor, the power electronics interface provides sinusoidal ac voltages
with adjustable amplitude an frequency

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 UTILITY APPLICATIONS OF
POWER ELECTRONICS
Distributed Generation (DG)
Renewable Resources (Wind, Photovoltaic, etc.)
Fuel Cells and Micro-Turbines
Storage-Batteries, Super-conducting Magnetic Storage, Flywheels
Power Electronic LoadsAdjustable Speed Drives
Power Quality Solutions
Dual Feeders
Uninterruptible Power Supplies
Dynamic Voltage Restorers
Transmission and Distribution (T&D): HVDC and FACTS
High Voltage DC (HVDC) and HVDC-Light
Flexible AC Transmission (FACTS)
Shunt Compensation
Series Compensation
Static Phase Angle Control and Unified Power Flow Controllers 6
 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION (DG)
APPLICATIONS:
move away from large central power plants towards distributed generation
due to environmental and economic reasons
highly efficient small-scale power plants, based on fuel cells and micro-
turbines, near load centers
generators may have decentralized (local) control, in addition to a central
supervisory control

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 Wind-Electric Systems
Doubly-Fed, Wound-Rotor Induction Generators
utilizes a wound-rotor induction machine where the stator is directly
connected to the utility supply and the rotor is injected desired currents
through a power-electronics
drawback of this scheme is that it uses a wound-rotor induction
machine where the currents to the three-phase wound rotor are supplied
through slip-rings and brushes, which require maintenance

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 Wind-Electric Systems
Doubly-Fed, Wound-Rotor Induction Generators
can typically operate in a range +/- 30% around the synchronous speed
and hence it is able to capture more power at lower and higher wind
speeds
can also supply reactive power

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 Wind-Electric Systems

Power Electronics Connected Generator

squirrel-cage induction generator or a permanent-magnet generator is
connected to the grid through a power electronics interface
converter at the generator-end supplies the reactive power excitation
needed if it is an induction generator
Its frequency of operation is controlled to be optimum for the
prevailing wind speed.
converter at the line-end is capable of absorbing or supply in reactive
power in a continuous manner

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 Wind-Electric Systems

Power Electronics Connected Generator

flexible arrangement using a rugged squirrel-cage machine or a high-
efficiency permanent-magnet generator
can operate in a very wide wind-speed range

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 Photovoltaic (PV) Systems

PV modules can be connected in parallel for higher output

capacity.
Larger arrays are interfaced with a three phase utility grid

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 Energy Storage Systems

not a primary source of energy, storage plants offer the benefit

of load-leveling and peak-shaving in power systems
possible to store energy in lead-acid batteries, in Super-
conducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) coils and in the
inertia of flywheels
these systems need power electronic interface

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 POWER QUALITY SOLUTIONS

can imply any of the following: distorted voltage waveforms,

unbalances, swells and sags in voltage and power outages, etc.

power electronics can solve many of the power quality

problems
Dual-feeders
Uninterruptible Power Supplies
Dynamic Voltage Restorers

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 POWER QUALITY SOLUTIONS
Dual-feeders
continuity of service can be enhanced by dual power feeders to
the load, where one acts as a backup to the other that is
supplying the load

Using back-to-back connected thyristors, acting as a solid-state

switch, it is possible to switch the load quickly, without
interruption, from the main feeder to the backup feeder and
back

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 POWER QUALITY SOLUTIONS
uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
Power outages, even for a few cycles, can be very disruptive to
critical loads
immunity from such outages, power-electronics-based
uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
energy storage can be by means of batteries, SMES
(superconducting magnetic energy storage), flywheels or ultra
capacitors

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 POWER QUALITY SOLUTIONS
Dynamic Voltage Restorers (DVR)
can compensate for voltage sags or swells by injecting a
voltage vinj in series with that supplied by the utility

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 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D)
APPLICATIONS: High Voltage DC (HVDC) Transmission
using thyristor based current-link converters have now been in
operation for several decades

at somewhat lower voltages, using IGBT-based voltage-link

converters have been installed

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 High Voltage DC (HVDC) Transmission
Thyristor-Based Current-Link HVDC Transmission
power is transmitted over dc lines at high voltages in excess of
+/-500 kV
voltages in ac system 1 at the sending end are stepped up by
means of a transformer
voltages are rectified into dc by means of a thyristor-based
converter, where the ac line voltages provide the commutation
of current within the converter

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 High Voltage DC (HVDC) Transmission
Thyristor-Based Current-Link HVDC Transmission
currents are transmitted over the dc line where additional
series inductance is added to ensure that the dc current is
smooth, free of ripple as much as possible
At the receiving end, there are thyristor-based converters,
which convert the dc current into ac currents and injects them
into the ac system 2, through a step-down transformer

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 High Voltage DC (HVDC) Transmission
Thyristor-Based Current-Link HVDC Transmission
roles of the sending and the receiving ends can be reversed by
reversing the voltage polarity in the dc system
E.g. a current-link HVDC transmission system in the western
part of the United States, transmits 3,100MW at 6500 kV over
a distance of 1,361 km
power levels in excess of 1,000 MW, is only reasonable choice

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 High Voltage DC (HVDC) Transmission
HVDC Transmission System using Voltage-Link IGBT-based
Converters
At lower power levels compared to those carried by thyristor-
based HVDC transmission lines, the alternative is to use a
voltage-link-system
the direction of power flow is reversed by changing the
direction of current in the dc line
a voltage-link system in the eastern part of the United States
operates at +/-150 kV and is rated at 330MW

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 High Voltage DC (HVDC) Transmission
HVDC Transmission System using Voltage-Link IGBT-based
Converters
E.g. Cross Sound Cable Interconnector Connecticut and Long
Island, USA
Ref:
http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot266.nsf/ve
ritydisplay/4664a655cb2a707fc1256f4100471f03
/$file/pt_cross_soundcable.pdf

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 Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)

DC transmission systems are an excellent choice where a large

amount of power needs to be transmitted over long distances,
or if the system stability is a serious issue
may also help in directing the power flow to designated lines
Power flow on a transmission line connecting two ac systems

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 Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)

power flow on a transmission line depends on three quantities:

(1) the voltage magnitude E, (2) the line reactance X, and (3)
the power angle

Various devices that are based on rapidly controlling one or

more of the above three quantities
Shunt-Connected Devices to Control the Bus Voltage Magnitude E
Series-Connected Devices to Control the Effective Series Reactance X
Static Phase Angle Control and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

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 FACTS: Shunt-Connected Devices to Control the
Bus Voltage Magnitude E
reactive power compensation is very important and may even
be necessary at high loadings to avoid voltage collapse
Shunt-connected devices can draw or supply reactive power
from a bus, thus controlling the bus voltage
Various forms of such devices
Thyristor-Controlled Reactors (TCR) shown in (a)
Thyristor- Switched Capacitors (TSC) shown in (b) for Static Var
Compensation (SVC)
The advanced Static Var Compensator (STATCOM) shown in (c)

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 FACTS: Shunt-Connected Devices to Control the
Bus Voltage Magnitude E
Various forms of such devices
Thyristor-Controlled Reactors (TCR) shown in (a)
Thyristor-Switched Capacitors (TSC) shown in (b) for Static Var
Compensation (SVC)
The advanced Static Var Compensator (STATCOM) shown in (c)

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 FACTS: Shunt-Connected Devices to Control the
Bus Voltage Magnitude E
limitations for controlling the flow of active power:
1. A large amount of reactive power compensation,
depending on the system internal reactance, may be
required to change the voltage magnitude
2. Most transmission systems consist of parallel paths or
loops.
Therefore, changing the voltage magnitude at a given bus changes the
loading of all the lines connected to that bus, and there is no way to dictate
the desired change of power flow on a given line.

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FACTS: Series-Connected Devices to Control the
Effective Series Reactance X
These devices, connected in series with a transmission line to
change the effective value of X, thus allowing the active power
flow P to be controlled

Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), also known as

Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensator

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FACTS: Series-Connected Devices to Control the
Effective Series Reactance X
E.g.

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 FACTS: Static Phase Angle Control and Unified
Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
a device connected at a bus in a substation, can influence
power flow in three ways by
Controlling the voltage magnitude E,
Changing the line reactance X, and/or
Changing the power angle .

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 FACTS: Static Phase Angle Control and Unified
Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
called the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) can affect
power flow in any combination of the ways
consists of two voltage-source switch-mode converters
first converter injects a voltage E3 in series with the phase
voltage such that

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 FACTS: Static Phase Angle Control and Unified
Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
Controlling the magnitude and the phase of the injected
voltage E3 within the circle

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 FACTS: Static Phase Angle Control and Unified
Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
no steady state energy storage capability within UPFC

the reactive power Q2 bears no relation to Q1, and can be

independently controlled within the voltage and current ratings
of the converter 2

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 STRUCTURE OF POWER ELECTRONICS
INTERFACE
a power electronics interface is needed to efficiently control
the transfer of power between dc-dc, dc-ac, and ac-ac systems
one of the following is synthesized:
adjustable magnitude dc,
sinusoidal ac of adjustable frequency and amplitude, or
high frequency ac as in the case of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs)
and induction heating

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 STRUCTURE OF POWER ELECTRONICS
INTERFACE: Voltage-Link Structure
Transistors and diodes, which can block voltage only of one
polarity, have led to a commonly used voltage-link-structure
Structure consists of two separate converters, one on the utility
side and the other on the load side
two converters are connected to each other with a parallel
capacitor forming a dc-link, across which the voltage polarity
does not reverse

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 STRUCTURE OF POWER ELECTRONICS
INTERFACE: Voltage-Link Structure
capacitor in parallel with the two converters forms a dc
voltage-link, hence this structure is called a voltage-link
This structure is used in a very large power range, from a few
tens of watts to several megawatts,

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 STRUCTURE OF POWER ELECTRONICS
INTERFACE: Current-Link Structure
At extremely high power levels, usually in utility-related
applications
an inductor in series between the two converters acts as a
current-link

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 DESIGN OF SWITCHING POWER-POLES
POWER TRANSISTORS AND POWER DIODES
Switching power-pole as the building block of power
electronic converters
can handle voltages and currents in kVs and kAs respectively,
with fast switching times of the order of a few tens of ns to a
few s

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 DESIGN OF SWITCHING POWER-POLES
POWER TRANSISTORS AND POWER DIODES
Selection of power diodes and power transistors in a given
application is based on
Voltage Rating: The maximum instantaneous voltage that the device is
required to block in its off-state, beyond which it breaks down and
irreversible damage occurs
Current Rating: The maximum current, expressed as instantaneous,
average, and/or rms, that a device can carry in its on-state, beyond
which excessive heating within the device destroys it.
Switching Speeds: The speeds with which a device can make a
transition from its on-state to off-state, or vice versa. Small switching
times associated with fast-switching devices result in low switching
losses, or considering it differently, fast switching devices can be
operated at high switching frequencies with acceptable switching
power losses.
On-State Voltage: The voltage drop across a device during its on-state
while conducting a current. The smaller this voltage, the smaller will be
the on-state power loss. 40
 SELECTION OF POWER TRANSISTORS

Transistors are controllable switches, which are available in

several forms for switch-mode power electronics applications
MOSFETs (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors)
IGBTs (Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors)
IGCTs (Integrated-Gate-Controlled Thyristors)
GTOs (Gate-Turn-Off thyristors)
Niche devices for power electronics applications, such as BJTs
(Bipolar-Junction Transistors), SITs (Static Induction Transistors),
MCTs (MOS-Controlled Thyristors

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 References
Mohan, N.; Jain, A.K.; Jose, P.; Ayyanar, R., "Teaching utility applications
of power electronics in a first course on power systems," Power Systems,
IEEE Transactions on , vol.19, no.1, pp.40,47, Feb. 2004
doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2003.821021

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 Acknowledgements

Lecture notes of Power Electronics: Converters,

Applications and Design by Ned Mohan

All authors of other materials such as Figures,

Videos, Pictures, etc.

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 End

Questions ?

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