Notecards

Chapter 1
Jim_Crow_Laws
Source:
Jim_Crow_Laws. (n.d.). Retrieved from National Park Service website:
https://www.nps.gov/malu/learn/education/jim_crow_laws.htm

URL:
https://www.nps.gov/malu/learn/education/jim_crow_laws.htm

Quote:
"From the 1880s into the 1960s, a majority of American states enforced segregation through
"Jim Crow" laws (so called after a black character in minstrel shows). From Delaware to
California, and from North Dakota to Texas, many states (and cities, too) could impose legal
punishments on people for consorting with members of another race. The most common
types of laws forbade intermarriage and ordered business owners and public institutions to
keep their black and white clientele separated. Here is a sampling of laws from various
states."
"Cohabitation: Any negro man and white woman, or any white man and negro woman, who
are not married to each other, who shall habitually live in and occupy in the nighttime the
same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or
by fine not exceeding five hundred ($500.00) dollars. Florida"
" Housing: Any person...who shall rent any part of any such building to a negro person or a
negro family when such building is already in whole or in part in occupancy by a white
person or white family, or vice versa when the building is in occupancy by a negro person or
negro family, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished
by a fine of not less than twenty-five ($25.00) nor more than one hundred ($100.00) dollars
or be imprisoned not less than 10, or more than 60 days, or both such fine and
imprisonment in the discretion of the court. Louisiana"

Paraphrase:
Intermarriages between a white and a colored person were basically illegal in all states.
Many other things were not allowed, like colored people were not allowed to be together at
any time, like in restaurants, transportation, schools. These laws were is Alabama, Florida,
Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana , Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North
Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and Wyoming. Some of those places had
more rules that others, but they were all quite segregated.

My Ideas:
I can use this in my persuasive essay to show what was going on at that time for there to be
a need for Civil Rights Leaders.
History:
Created: 04/13/2017 09:45 AM

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Source:
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). (n.d.). Retrieved from National Archives website:
https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=52

URL:
https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=52

Quote:
"During the era of Reconstruction, black Americans political rights were affirmed by three
constitutional amendments and numerous laws passed by Congress. Racial discrimination
was attacked on a particularly broad front by the Civil Rights Act of 1875. This legislation
made it a crime for an individual to deny the full and equal enjoyment of any of the
accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, public conveyances on land
or water, theaters and other places of public amusement; subject only to the conditions and
limitations established by law, and applicable alike to citizens of every race and color.
In 1883, the Supreme Court struck down the 1875 act, ruling that the 14th Amendment did
not give Congress authority to prevent discrimination by private individuals. Victims of racial
discrimination were told to seek relief not from the Federal Government, but from the states.
Unfortunately, state governments were passing legislation that codified inequality between
the races. Laws requiring the establishment of separate schools for children of each race
were most common; however, segregation was soon extended to encompass most public
and semi-public facilities."
"In 1891, a group of concerned young black men of New Orleans formed the Citizens
Committee to Test the Constitutionality of the Separate Car Law. They raised money and
engaged Albion W. Tourge, a prominent Radical Republican author and politician, as their
lawyer. On May 15, 1892, the Louisiana State Supreme Court decided in favor of the Pullman
Companys claim that the law was unconstitutional as it applied to interstate travel.
Encouraged, the committee decided to press a test case on intrastate travel. With the
cooperation of the East Louisiana Railroad, on June 7, 1892..."
"In 1896, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Plessy v. Ferguson . Justice Henry Brown
of Michigan delivered the majority opinion, which sustained the constitutionality of
Louisianas Jim Crow law. "
"Indeed, it was not until the Supreme Courts decision in Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka, Kansas and congressional civil rights acts of the 1950s and 1960s that systematic
segregation under state law was ended. In the wake of those Federal actions, many states
amended or rewrote their state constitutions to conform with the spirit of the 14th
Amendment. But for Homer Plessy the remedies came too late."

Paraphrase:
In the 1980's passengers were required to sit in the appropriate areas or face a $25 fine or a
20-day jail sentence. This was going on when slaves were released. The ruling in this
Supreme Court case upheld a Louisiana state law that allowed for "equal but separate
accommodations for the white and colored races."
My Ideas:
I can use this to show how colored people began to stand up and become Civil Rights
Leaders.

History:
Created: 04/13/2017 10:06 AM

History - Brown v. Board of Education Re-enactment

Source:
History - Brown v. Board of Education Re-enactment. (n.d.). Retrieved from United States
Courts website: http://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-
activities/history-brown-v-board-education-re-enactment

URL:
http://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/history-
brown-v-board-education-re-enactment

Quote:
"Although the Declaration of Independence stated that "All men are created equal," due to
the institution of slavery, this statement was not to be grounded in law in the United States
until after the Civil War (and, arguably, not completely fulfilled for many years thereafter). In
1865, the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified and finally put an end to slavery. Moreover,
the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) strengthened the legal rights of newly freed slaves by
stating, among other things, that no state shall deprive anyone of either "due process of
law" or of the "equal protection of the law." Finally, the Fifteenth Amendment (1870) further
strengthened the legal rights of newly freed slaves by prohibiting states from denying
anyone the right to vote due to race."
""The object of the [Fourteenth] amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the equality of the
two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to
abolish distinctions based upon color, or to endorse social, as distinguished from political,
equality. . . If one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution of the United States
cannot put them upon the same plane."
"Expecting opposition to its ruling, especially in the southern states, the Supreme Court did
not immediately try to give direction for the implementation of its ruling. Rather, it asked the
attorney generals of all states with laws permitting segregation in their public schools to
submit plans for how to proceed with desegregation. After still more hearings before the
Court concerning the matter of desegregation, on May 31, 1955, the Justices handed down a
plan for how it was to proceed; desegregation was to proceed with "all deliberate speed."
Although it would be many years before all segregated school systems were to be
desegregated, Brown and Brown II (as the Courts plan for how to desegregate schools
came to be called) were responsible for getting the process underway."

Paraphrase:
The Plessy Decision, The Road to Brown, Murray v. Maryland (1936), Missouri ex rel Gaines
v. Canada (1938), Sweat v. Painter (1950), McLaurin v. Oklahoma Board of Regents of Higher
Education (1950), and Brown v. Board of Education (1954, 1955). These were all cases were
blacks were not treated well or like whites.
My Ideas:
I can use this to show how black people were treated and what they did about it.

History:
Created: 04/13/2017 10:20 AM

Chapter 2
A New Civil Rights Movement
Source:
A New Civil Rights Movement. (2016). Retrieved from U.S. History website:
http://www.ushistory.org/us/54b.asp

URL:
http://www.ushistory.org/us/54b.asp

Quote:
"On a cold December evening in 1955, ROSA PARKS quietly incited a revolution by just
sitting down.
She was tired after spending the day at work as a department store seamstress. She
stepped onto the bus for the ride home and sat in the fifth row the first row of the
"COLORED SECTION."
In Montgomery, Alabama, when a bus became full, the seats nearer the front were given to
white passengers.
Montgomery bus driver JAMES BLAKE ordered Parks and three other African Americans
seated nearby to move ("Move y'all, I want those two seats,") to the back of the bus.
Three riders complied; Parks did not.
The following excerpt of what happened next is from Douglas Brinkley's 2000 Rosa Park's
biography."

Paraphrase:
Rosa Parks started the Montgomery Bus Boycott. She was in a bus and it started to get full.
The bus driver asked Rosa Parks and three other African Americans to move to the back to
give the seats towards to the front. The three other African Americans moved by Rosa Parks
continued to sit there and refused to give up her seat.

My Ideas:
I can use this on my map to explain the Montgomery Bus Boycott. I can explain how it
started and where it took place.

History:
Created: 04/28/2017 02:11 PM
Map of the Freedom Riders Route
Source:
america. (n.d.). Map of the Freedom Riders Route. Retrieved from tripline website:
https://www.tripline.net/trip/Map_of_the_Freedom_Riders_Route-
1657536071131003B660B6A5907EC2AD

URL:
https://www.tripline.net/trip/Map_of_the_Freedom_Riders_Route-
1657536071131003B660B6A5907EC2AD

Quote:
"CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) Freedom Ride leaves from Washington D.C. Led by CORE
Director James Farmer, 13 riders (seven black, six white) left Washington, D.C., on
Greyhound and Trailways buses. Their plan was to ride through Virginia, the Carolinas,
Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, ending with a rally in New Orleans, Louisiana."
"The CORE Freedom Riders arrive in Atlanta, GA, where Martin Luther King, Jr. warns them of
violence ahead.

Amid bomb threats, jeers, and other methods of intimidation, CORE Freedom Riders travel
to New Orleans by plane."

Paraphrase:
The Freedom Riders traveled from Virginia, to Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi,
ending in New Orleans, Louisiana.

My Ideas:
I can use these quotes in my map of the Freedom Rider's trail. I can use them the describe
each stop and explain what happened.

History:
Created: 04/28/2017 02:18 PM

Chapter 3
Remarks at Gettysburg on Civil Rights
Source:
Johnson, L. B. (1963, May 30). Remarks at Gettysburg on Civil Rights. Retrieved from
TeachingAmericanHistory.org website:
http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/remarks-at-gettysburg-on-civil-rights/

URL:
http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/remarks-at-gettysburg-
on-civil-rights/
Quote:
The law cannot save those who deny it but neither can the law serve any who do
not use it. The history of injustice and inequality is a history of disuse of the law.
Law has not failedand is not failing. We as a nation have failed ourselves by not
trusting the law and by not using the law to gain sooner the ends of justice which
law alone serves.
One hundred years ago, the slave was freed. One hundred years later, the Negro
remains in bondage to the color of his skin. The Negro today asks justice.
As we maintain the vigil of peace, we must remember that justice is a vigil, tooa
vigil we must keep in our own streets and schools and among the lives of all our
peopleso that those who died here on their native soil shall not have died in
vain.
Until justice is blind to color, until education is unaware of race, until opportunity
is unconcerned with the color of mens skins, emancipation will be a proclamation
but not a fact. To the extent that the proclamation of emancipation is not fulfilled
in fact, to that extent we shall have fallen short of assuring freedom to the free.

Paraphrase:
In these quotes Lyndon B. Johnson is saying the mistreatment is because of the misuse of
the laws, mostly of segregation. He is saying that it is not the law's fault, it is the peoples
fault and the people who made it. He is saying that black people used to be slaves, but now
that they are free, they are still treated poorly or differently, and all they want is to be
treated the same as everyone else. He is saying that they have to stay awake in people's
streets, school, and homes so that the ones that die dont die in vain.

My Ideas:
I can use this to write a poem for chapter three. There are many great points that I can make
in my poem based off of this speech.

History:
Created: 04/28/2017 02:03 PM

Chapter 4