PCWestHS Science, Technology and

Engineering Program

INTRODUCTION

In tropical areas like the Philippines, insulation's biggest role is to reduce

heat gain. Anything that can prevent your home from holding and retaining heat

will be needed and efficient for the Filipinos. Extra ventilation may be required,

for example, to allow built-up heat to escape from a ceiling space, or an

additional layer of thermal protection like a building wrap might be needed to

maintain a warm temperature. Noise pollution is a also a big problem since some

cities in our country is overpopulated. An insulator is needed that has an ability

reduce heat and sound, and also is durable. In this study, we can find a way to

produce an affordable and efficient cellulose insulation product in a form of fiber

mat.

Cellulose is a long chain of linked sugar molecules that gives wood its

remarkable strength. It is the main component of plant cell walls, and the basic

building block for many textiles and for paper. Cotton is the purest natural form of

cellulose. In the laboratory, ash less filter paper is a source of nearly pure

cellulose. (Fred Senese, 1997-2010)

Insulation is a material or substance that is used to stop heat, electricity or

sound from going into or out of something; a material that insulates.

Imperata cylindrica, also known as speargrass in West Africa, Alang-

alang in Asia, and cogon grass in America, occurs in a wide range of habitats,

which include degraded forests, grasslands, arable land, and young plantations.

Cogon grass shows wide genetic variability that allows it to adapt to wide range

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of ecological and management conditions. Cogon grass reproduces sexually

from seed and vegetative by rhizomes. Flowering is common after exposure to

stress such as burning, over gazing, drought and repeated slashing. It can

produce as many as 3 000 seeds, which have little, or no dormancy period and

which can remain viable for over a year. The aggressive and invasive nature of

cogon grass is attributed to its rhizomes. These are normally concentrated in the

upper 15-20 cm of soil where they can remain dormant but viable for a long time.

Cogon grass can grow on soils with a wide range of nutrients, moisture

and pH. Although sometimes reported to be a weed of poor soils, cogon grass

probably dominates these areas because of lack of competition from other plant

species that cannot survive on marginal land. It is a poor competitor and is easily

suppressed by other species on fertile soils. It does not tolerate shaded

environments because it assimilates carbon via the C4 photosynthetic pathway. It

is a strong competitor for growth factors such as water, nutrients, and light

because it sprouts and grows more rapidly than most crops (C3 plants).

While fiberglass insulation remains popular, homeowners should consider

cellulose insulation for their next home improvement project. Not only is cellulose

insulation a sustainable material, but it can save up to one fifth of the energy

costs when compared to fiberglass. And although it may be more difficult to

install, cellulose insulation offers several advantages that make it worth a look.

Many homeowners largest concern about cellulose insulation is its

flammability. Although the newspaper contained within the insulation is

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flammable, cellulose insulation is treated with borax and must pass stringent fire

safety tests. Some manufacturers claim the cellulose insulation, once installed, is

even less flammable than fiberglass because it prevents fire from having access

to oxygen.

Fiberglass insulation isnt flammable, but the formaldehyde glues that are

used to create it can pose a significant hazard. Not only is off-gassing a problem,

but the formaldehyde glues can create noxious fumes if your home ever catches

on fire. (Bynum, R.T. 2006)

This type of application is common in new construction where a small

amount of water is added for increased bonding to the sheathing. The moisture

content, when installed correctly, dissipates quickly, typically resulting in moisture

content at or below wood framing members. Any trace moisture in the insulation

will pass through the drywall after it is installed, similar to moisture in wood wall

studs. (Lea, D. 2010)

A fiber mat is a pavement product which performs sufficient tensile

strength and flexibility to absorb movements in the pavement structure and can

delay the pavement cracking. (Wesenberg N. 2010)

Background of the Study

One of the problems in the country is noise pollution. In our everyday life

we encounter noises that we are used to hear like loud music, the traffic, the

television, even pets barking in the middle of the night. Sometimes, people tend

to get mad if it is too noisy for them to hear what is being said or what is

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happening. Why? Because the excessive amount of noise may cause temporary

disruption. Also one problem is our warm temperature that causes irritation to

many. Earth has been experiencing the unstoppable increase of our global

temperature every day. Global warming, together with the climate change bring

an impeccable amount of heat. That is when people get out the house fresh and

relaxed, when they reached their destination; they look dry and haggard because

of the hot temperature of the environment.

Cellulose insulation is one solution to reduce building heat loss and gain

and reduce noise transmission. Cellulose provides a high performance thermal

barrier for walls that do not have insulation. Cellulose is treated with boric acid,

which increases fire resistance, resists mold and makes it unpalatable to insects.

The table below shows what characteristics a cellulose insulation should have.

Cellulose insulation has material properties that may improve moisture

control. Additionally, cellulose is more permeable to water vapor than expanded

or extruded polystyrene (EPS or XPS), which are commonly used as exterior

insulation. Therefore, cellulose as an exterior insulation allows faster drying to

the outside. Finally, cellulose has the ability to absorb and release water vapor,

storing vapor that might otherwise condense on a colder surface.

Cellulose wall cavity spray has been available since the 1970s, but costs

and the small number of qualified contractors limited this product to luxury

homes. Today cellulose wall spray is a viable option for any home, and its

superior energy-saving performance will pay back the slightly higher cost.

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Table 1.1: Characteristics of a Cellulose Insulation

CELLULOSE
CHARACTERISTIC
INSULATION

Greenness The greenest of 85% of cellulose insulation is recycled paper. Foam

the green is made from petroleum distillates. Foam has no
recycled content. Foam requires much more
embedded energy to manufacture than cellulose

Smoke Developed Due to excessive smoke developed index foam

must be covered with thermal/fire resistant barrier
when installed in inhabited areas

Hazardous No Some components of foam insulation are toxic,

although the finished product is not.

Fire Resistance Yes See Smoke Developed above.

Fire Block & Ignition Yes Cellulose approved as both. Can reduce cost
Barrier considerably.

Sound Reverberation Cellulose reduces sound reverberation (echoing)

Control more than foam.

Sound Transmission Cellulose has greater sound blocking capability

Control than foam on similar wall assemblies.

Thermal Barrier No Foam must be separated from the interior of a

Required building by an approved thermal/fire barrier.

Cogon grass (Imperata Cylindrica) is considered the worlds seventh worst

weed. It infests over 1.2 million acre worldwide. It frequently spreads in large

areas, and is highly adaptable to a wide range of soil and environmental

conditions. This highly invasive pest permanently alters plant and animal

communities, increases fire, frequency and intensity, and requires extensive

investment to control. Cogon grass (Imperata Cylindrica) existed rights-of-way,

forests, and agricultural, residential, commercial, and industrial areas. Because it

is found in so many areas, there is a need for a large-scale concerted effort to

control it.

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Using cogon grass (imperata cylindrica) researches can produce cheaper

cellulose insulation product. An abnormal supply of cogon grass (Imperata

Cylindrica) can be lessened if turned to a productive product like being a main

component on cellulose insulation. This research will produce a cheap,

inflammable/heat-resistant, sound proof and rodent/insect resistant product when

combined with a building medium.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to make cellulose insulation as fiber mat using cogon

grass (Imperata Cylindrica).

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. How effective the cellulose insulation made from cogon grass (Imperata

Cylindrica) in terms of the following properties:

a. Sound Control;

b. Rodent and Insect Resistance;

c. The resistance of the material to breaking under tension;

d. Thermal Conductivity;

e. Fire resistance?

2. Is there a significant difference in the quality of the cellulose insulation

subjected to how fine the cogon grass (Imperata Cylindrica) leaves is grinded?

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Hypothesis

Ho: There is no significant difference on the effectiveness of the cogon grass

(Imperata Cylindrica) as cellulose insulation fiber mat when subjected to its

grinding property.

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.1: Research Paradigm

Binding Process

Cellulose
Cogon Grass Insulation
Leaves as Fiber
Mat using
Cogon
Grass
Drying Process

This study examines the importance of insulation in tropical homes in

reducing heat gain through the roof. It evaluates the different types of commonly

available insulation materials and compares their effectiveness. Boric acid,

glycerin and cassava starch which all have different roles for the insulation

material. Collected data were used to calculate the thermal resistance, fire

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retardant, pest and insect resistant, sound control and the tensile strength

provided by each insulation fiber mat with varying measurements.

Drying may be defined as the vaporization and removal of water or other

liquids from a solution, suspension, or other solid-liquid mixture to form a dry

solid. It is a complicated process that involves simultaneous heat and mass

transfer. Heat transfer and mass transfer are critical aspects in drying processes.

Heat is transferred to the product to evaporate liquid, and mass is transferred as

a vapour into the surrounding gas. The drying rate is determined by the set of

factors that affect heat and mass transfer. Solids drying is generally understood

to follow two distinct drying zones, known as the constant-rate period and the

falling-rate period. The two zones are demarcated by a break point called the

critical moisture content. (Parikh, 2014)

The term cellulose refers to the base fiber for all plant life. Wood, paper

and other plant-based products all are cellulose materials. Todays cellulose

insulation is made from recycled paper products and treated with boron-based

chemicals to make it fire retardant. At the turn of the century, the available

material was wood, so insulation was balsa wool or balsa batt sawdust

encapsulated in a paper package. Originally manufactured as a sound deadener,

paper-based cellulose soon caught on as an effective, dense insulation material.

But early cellulose insulation didnt benefit from todays fiber technology and

application equipment, so it remained a small portion of the market as fiberglass

became increasingly popular after World War II. (Typpo, 2017)

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Scope and Limitation

This study aimed to produce cellulose insulation fiber mats using cogon

grass (Imperata cylindrica). This study only included Imperata Cylindrica as the

plant of experiment. It also included glycerin, cassava, sodium hydroxide (Liquid

Sosa) and boric acid as secondary ingredients for the cellulose insulation. The

quality tests included the following: fire resistance, insect and rodent resistance,

sound resistance and thermal conductivity. This study does not include

comparison from other commercial fiber mats.

Significance of the Study

Cogon grass was considered as the seventh worst weed in the world, so a

step on decreasing its population is needed. The product can help reduce the

population of the grass. The world is at its peak to noise and thermal pollution,

producing something heat and sound resistant can help reduce the harmful

effects of this two. Building materials (fiber mats, hollow blocks, etc.) nowadays

radiates heat excessively that it combines with the air temperature and makes

our thermal pollution worse. Aside from that, it also reduces sound waves in the

air. Thus, it helps in preventing noise pollution. This research study aimed to

produce a cheaper product of cellulose insulation fiber mat. Filipinos mostly tend

to buy expensive products even if they do not afford it instead of the cheaper

ones which also have good quality. Cellulose insulation products commonly

found in the market are on spray-type and are more expensive. Cellulose

insulation fiber mats using cogon grass produce less expensive heat and thermal

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resistant product. Introducing this to the market would be big opportunity to

Filipinos for they can now afford buying cellulose insulation.

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METHODS

Gathering of Materials

The researchers gathered the materials to use such as, 3 kilograms of

cogon grass (Imperata Cylindrica) from Bacoor, Cavite, and 50 mL glycerin

(gathered from the chemical store), 2 kg of boric acid, a beaker, a weighing

scale, 1 kilo of Cassava Starch from a local grocery store, a cheese cloth

(katcha) and 500 mL of sodium hydroxide (Liquid Sosa).

The leaves of cogon grass (Imperata Cylindrica) were dried for 4 days

inside a sealable plastic bag that will keep the leaves dry without being affected

by other variables such as sunlight. (Palada M.C and L.C. Chang, 2008)

Fig. 2.1: Preparing the Cogon Grass (Imperata Cylindrica)

Boric Acid was used as the fire retardant and the insect or rodent resistant

in the production of cellulose insulation. Glycerin and the cassava starch were

used to make the product compact. Sodium hydroxide was used to soften the

cogon grass leaves.

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Fig. 2.2: Chemicals Used in Making the Product

(Boric Acid) (Glycerin)

(Cassava Starch)

(Liquid Sosa)

Preparation of the Materials

After gathering all the materials, the researchers then brought the dried

cogon grass (Imperata Cylindrica) to Adamson University Technology Research

and Development to help them grind the cogon grass (Imperata Cylindrica) into

three different characteristics finely grind, medium grind and coarsely grind.

After the cogon grass (Imperata Cylindrica) was grinded, it was then boiled with

10mL of sodium hydroxide into three different boiling pans for 10 minutes. After

10 minutes, the boiled samples was filtered with cheese cloth. While the 3

samples are cooling to room temperature, the researchers started to dissolve the

cassava starch into 3 different boiling pans, each containing 30 grams of cassava

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starch, it was dissolved with enough water until the texture becomes a semiliquid

or slurry. The cassava starch was boiled until it thickened.

Fig. 2.3: Cogon Grass (Imperata Cylindrica) grinded into three different

Characteristics

Binding Process

After preparing all the materials needed, the researchers started mixing

30g of finely grind cogon grass (Imperata Cylindrica) leaves, 10g of boric acid,

5mL of glycerin and 30 grams of cassava starch which will serve as the first set-

up. Two more set-ups were prepared varying how fine the cogon grass (Imperata

Cylindrica) was grind. The second set up was composed of 30g of medium-

coarse grind cogon grass (Imperata Cylindrica) leaves while the third set-up was

composed of 30g of coarsely - grind cogon grass (Imperata Cylindrica) leaves.

The materials were mixed thoroughly in an 8.5 inches (length), 5.5 inches (width)

and 1.5 inches (height) rectangular shaped molder. These set ups were prepared

to test the difference of the effect of how fine the cogon grass (Imperata

Cylindrica) leaves present in the mixture prepared.

Fig. 2.4: Measuring the Materials

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Drying

After all the materials were combined, the researchers let the set ups dry

for 24 hours and placed it in an oven with a 103 C (217 F) temperature until the

structure is firm.

Fire Resistance Test

In order for the researchers to know whether the product made was fire

resistant, the researchers started the test by lighting up a match and a paper and

placed it a box container with a height of 12 inches, width of 6 inches and depth

of 3 inches tall. The sample that was tested required the basic parameters of fire

rating tests such as, the material resisted the maximum fire resistance time which

is 120 min.

Sound Control Test

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In order to have analyzable results, the researchers measured the energy

of the sound waves using decibels (dB) to test the sound proofing insulation. The

researchers used a digital sound level meter to measure the results.

This device uses its built-in microphone to measure noise volume in

decibels (dB), and shows a reference. The researchers used a monotone audio

to determine the sound it produced varied on the type of Cellulose Insulation

produced. The test was done to determine the level of the sound absorbed by the

produced fiber mat.

Rodent and Insect Resistance Test

An insect or pest was placed inside a stainless container, for 24 hours,

with a width of 15 inches, length of 25 inches and a height of 10 inches together

with the cellulose insulation, the product was tested if the rodent or insect

resisted coming near to the product. The researchers assured that no insect or

rodent was harmed in this test.

Tensile Strength Test

The term tensile strength refers to the amount of tensile (stretching)

stress a material can withstand before or failing. The product cellulose insulation

as fiber mat from Cogon Grass was tested at the Adamson University

Technology Research and Development Center. A tensile strength test begins

with a machined specimen placed in a testing machine and load will be applied. A

strain gage or extensometer is used to measure elongation, and the stress

obtained at the highest applied force is the Tensile Strength. Elongation

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describes the extent to which the sample stretched before fracture. Variations of

this test include; room temperature, low temperature, elevated temperature and

humidity.

Thermal Conductivity Test

This test was conducted to determine which of the three set-ups of the

Cellulose Insulation was best in absorbing heat. The researchers boiled three

sets of 300mL water which were placed in a beaker that has a total volume of 1L.

Each of the fiber mats were placed on top of each beaker. They recorded the

temperature of the water every two minutes and express it in Kelvin (K) to

determine whether there is a change on the temperature of the boiling water.

RESULTS

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Five different tests were conducted. Namely, Sound Control, Thermal

Conductivity, Rodent and Pest Resistance, Tensile Strength and Flammability.

The first test was the Sound Control Test. This test was conducted to

determine how much sound was absorbed by the produced Cellulose Insulation.

The results were shown below.

Table 2.1: Sound Control Test Results

Time Initial Set up A Set up B Set up C

(in seconds) Test (in dB) (in dB) (in dB)
(in dB) Fine Medium Coarse
15 62 59 56 57
30 63 59 58 57
45 63 60 59 58
60 64 60 59 58
Total 252 238 232 230
Mean 63 59.5 58 57.5

According to table 2.1, Set up A that had the fine grind cogon grass

(Imperata cylindrica) obtained a mean score of 59.5, the second set up had a

mean score of 58 and lastly the final set up that obtained the best result among

the three got a mean score of 57.5 decibels.

Rodent and Insect Resistance

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Table 2.2: Rodent and Insect Resistance

Time Sample A Sample B Sample C

(in hours) (Fine Grind) (Medium Grind) (Coarse Grind)
24 None None None

This test was conducted to determine the rodent and insect resistance of

the produced Cellulose Insulation Fiber Mat. The rodent was left with the product

for at least 24 hours, as well as the insect in separate containers. None of the

three set-ups were approached, bitten, eaten by the rodent. Likewise with the

insect, the product was not destroyed nor approached by the insect. The data are

shown below.

Thermal Conductivity

Table 2.3: Thermal Conductivity Test Results

Time Set up A Set up B Set up C

(in minutes) (in K) (in K) (in K)

2 312.15 319.15 312.15

2 306.15 312.15 309.15
2 303.15 309.15 302.15
2 298.15 305.15 299.15
Total 1219.6 1880.9 1222.6

Mean 304.9 470.2 305.7

Thermal conductivity refers to the amount/speed of heat transmitted

through a material. The lower the value that the product gave the researchers,

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the better the cellulose insulation product as fiber mat from cogon grass the

researchers has made. The results were shown in the table above.

The results showed that Set up A obtained a mean score of 304.9 K, while

set up B obtained a very high mean score of 470.2 K and lastly set up C obtained

a closer mean score to set up A which is 305.7 K.

Tensile Strength

The second to the last test is the tensile strength. This was conducted to

test the products strength. The results were presented in the table below.

Table 2.4: Tensile Strength Results

Fine Medium Coarse

10.42N 15.42N 28.05N

From table 2.4, it can be seen that the set up that had fine grind cogon

grass (Imperata cylindrica) can resist a tension of 10.42 newton of force, the next

set up that had medium grind resisted a 15.42 newton of force and the last and

final set up had resisted a 28.05 newton of force.

Fire Resistance

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Table 2.5: Fire Resistance Test Results

Sample A Sample B Sample C

(Fine Grind) (Medium Grind) (Coarse Grind)
Fire Resistant Fire Resistant Fire Resistant

The final test was the Fire Resistance test, this test was conducted to help

the researchers know whether the product can resist an extensive amount of

heat. Due to the presence of the boric acid, the final result showed that the three

different products were fire resistant.

Table 2.6: Test of Mean Difference of the Three Set-ups

Using ANOVA for Comparing Means on Sound Control Test

Sum of Mean
df F Sig. Interpretation
Squares Square
Between
6.000 3 2.000
Groups
No Significant
Within 1.500 .287
10.667 8 1.333 Difference
Groups
Total 16.667 11

Table 2.6 shows the ANOVA results for comparing means of sound

absorption of the three set ups in every 15 seconds. The computed value of f-

ratio is equal to 0.287 with level of significance set at 0.05 level.

Table 2.7: Test of Mean Difference of the Three Set-ups

Using ANOVA for Comparing Means on Thermal Conductivity Test

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Sum of Mean
df F Sig. Interpretation
Squares Square
Between No Significant
5.500 8 .688 .825 .634
Groups Difference
Within
2.500 3 .833
Groups
Total 8.000 11

Table 2.7 shows the ANOVA results for comparing means of thermal

conductivity of the three set ups in every 2 minutes. The computed value of f-

ratio is equal to 0.634 with level of significance set at 0.05 level.

DISCUSSION

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The variation of how the Cogon Grass (Imperata cylindrica) was grinded

indicates the different qualities of each of the samples made. The equal amounts

of boric acid, glycerin, cassava starch and liquid sosa (sodium hydroxide) also

presents the potential of the three samples by varying the grinding level of the

main material used. The researchers conducted five different tests in order to

know the effectiveness of the Cellulose Insulation as fiber mat from cogon grass

when subjected to the following characteristics it manifests. These tests were

done to determine which of the set ups have the best qualities of being a

cellulose insulation.

Based on the results, as Table 2.1 presented, Set up C got the lowest

mean of 57.5 among the three set ups. This means that this sample absorbed

sound from the environment dominantly. Another good quality of a Cellulose

Insulation is being rodent and pest resistant. Based on the test conducted by the

researchers, the produced Cellulose Insulation is pest and rodent resistant

because none of the pests came near to the product. One quality of the product

is that it should be able to reduce the heat coming from variables such as the

sunlight. As the results show from Table 4.1, set up A was able to absorb the

greatest amount of heat comparing it to the other set ups that was tested. Set up

C ranked second, and the results showed that set up B was the mat that

absorbed the least amount of heat. This indicates potential of the samples that

have the greatest amount of heat absorbed every 2 minutes.

Tensile strength determines the strength of an object if force is applied to

it. From table 5.1, it could be seen that, set up C has the greatest amount of

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strength when exerted by force 28.50 N (newton) per 25mm. Therefore, set up

C had the most durable value.

This showed that set up C is the most reliable fiber mat of the three

samples. Lastly, the flammability test was done to know if the product can resist

intensive amount of heat. The results from the Adamson University Technology

Research Development Center (AUTRDC) shows that the products were fire

resistant with the help of the boric acid content.

On determining if there is a significant difference on the mean number of

sound absorption, computed f-ratio as set by the p-value which is higher than the

level of significance at 0.05 indicates that there is no significant difference

between the three samples in terms of absorbing sound. Therefore, null

hypothesis is accepted at 0.05 level of significance.

On determining if there is a significant difference on the mean number of

thermal conductivity, computed f-ratio as set by the p-value which is higher than

the level of significance at 0.05 indicates that there is no significant difference

between the three samples in terms of minimizing temperature. Therefore, null

hypothesis is accepted at 0.05 level of significance.

Conclusion

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The effectiveness of cogon grass used in Cellulose insulation as fiber mat

from cogon grass in terms of:

1. Sound Control Test

- In this test the researchers have concluded that the set up C, which is

composed of; 30g coarse grind leaves of cogon grass, 30g of cassava

starch, 10 g boric acid, 5 mL of glycerin.

2. Pest and Rodent Resistant
- The researchers have concluded that the boric acid caused the

product to be pest and rodent resistant that would let the product to

last longer.
3. Thermal Conductivity
- The conclusion in this test by the researchers was that the Set up C,

which is mostly made up of coarse grind cogon grass, was the sample

that can mostly absorb heat compared to the other two samples.
4. Tensile Strength
- The researchers concluded that the most durable fiber mat among the

three set ups was set up C, which needed the highest value of force

exerted.
5. Flammability
- In conclusion, boric acid affected the length of time consumed to burn

the cellulose insulation as fiber mat.

6. Effectiveness of Cogon Grass

- There is significant difference on the effectiveness of the cogon grass

as cellulose insulation fiber mat when subjected to its grinding

property. The coarse - grinded cogon grass has the highest potential to

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produce the best quality of cellulose insulation as fiber mat from cogon

grass (Imperata cylindrica)

Recommendation

Based from the conclusion of the study, the following recommendations

were considered:

1. In the results of the study

- Since there is a significant difference on the effectiveness of the

cogon grass as cellulose insulation fiber mat when subjected to

its grinding property, the researchers had suggested to use the

set up C, which is mainly composed of the coarse grinded

cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica).

2. A substitute for Boric Acid for Fire Retardant
- The chemical boric acid, which was used as the products fire

retardant, may be hard to find in local stores as a substitute to it

is the chemical Sodium tetraborate decahydrate or commonly

known as the borax which can be bought in local laundry

stores at a low cost price.

3. In gathering the Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica)

- Make sure that the grass that you are collecting has the same

characteristics and features as of the cogon grass; no apparent

stems, leaves are hairy, many sharp points on the roots, and the

grass is tall averaging 3-4 feet.

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Reference

Related Literature

Bynum, R.T. 2006. Insulation Handbook. USA: McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.

Cellulose vs. Fiberglass Insulation. 2012. Retrieved from

https://homebuilding.thefuntimesguide.com/cellulose_fiberglassinsulation/

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Chikoye, D. et. al 2002. Characteristics and Management of Imperata cylindrica

(L.) Raeuschel in Smallholder Farms in Developing Countries. Retrieved

from http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5031e/y5031e08.htm

Chiras, D. D. 2002. The Solar House- Passive Eating and Cooling. Canada:

Chelsea Green Publishing Company

Colin, C. et al. 2012. Cellulose Insulation Moisture Performance. Retrieved from

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Oxford.

Indefjit, D.C. 2009. Management of Invasive Weeds. India: University of Delhi

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Johnston, D. 2006. Green Remodeling: Changing the World in One Room at a

Time. Canada: New Society Publishers

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http://www.cellulose.org/HomeOwners/DispellingMyths.php

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https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/cogongrass.shtml

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Specification. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken

Typpo, D. 2017. Cellulose Insulation and Fiber Glass. Retrieved from

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http://www.ecia.eu.com/about-ecia/content/who-we-are

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Related Studies

Durano, E. 2008. The Feasibility of Producing Paper out of Cogon Grass

Imperata Cylindrica). Misamis Oriental.

Gabieta, V. et al. 2010. The Feasiblity of Cogon Grass (Imperata cylindrica) as

an Economical and Environment-Friendly Substitute for Cardboard Food

Packaging. Quezon City: Philippine Science High School.

Palada, M.C., Chang L.C. 2008. Methods in Drying Weeds & Grass. Philippines.

Appendix

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Documentation

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Engineering Program

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