Timber 1 of 4

BUILDING
CONSTRUCTI
ON
II
WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC
CONSTRUCTION
2. WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC
CONSTRUCTION
2.1 TYPES OF WOOD
FRAMING
1. Light Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC 2. Heavy Wood Framing of
Construction
2.0
Beam and Girder Framing
Types of Wood Framing
Systems 2.1
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
1. Light Wood Framing
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade a). Balloon Frame. This the lightest
Floor Finish form of framing, in which the studding
CHB Wall Construction
Posts
and corner posts are set up in
Wood Floor Framing continuous lengths from first floor line
System & Floor Finishes or sill to roof plate. Boards called
Wall Framing System & ribbons are notched and nailed into
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & the studs and corner posts at the
Ceiling Finishes proper height to support the second
Wood Roof Framing story joists. A joist is brought against
System & Roofing a stud wherever possible. This type of
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware frame is lacking in rigidity and is liable
Windows & Window to sway and tremble in heavy winds.
Hardware
Miscellaneous Ribbon, Ribband - a horizontal member which is housed in the studs of balloon framing and carries joists.
Combination Frame.
b) Combination Frame. A modification of
the old braced frame which was of heavy
timbers with every joint mortised and
tenoned. The modification consists of lighter
timbers and less mortising and pinning to
save material and labor.
Girts are framed into the corner posts at the

Wood Frame & Light RC second story level joists as well as to brace
Construction
2.0 the whole frame. The girts which support the
floor joist are called drop girts; those parallel
Systems 2.1
to the joists are called raised or flush girts.
Joints & Splicing The studs run from sill to girt and from girt to
Timber Connectors roof plate. Diagonal braces run from sill to
Isolated Footings corner posts and from the corner posts to
Paving and Slab on Grade
Floor Finish the roof plate. This type of construction is
CHB Wall Construction more rigid than the balloon frame.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes
Wall Framing System &
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System &
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing Braced Frame, Full Frame 1. The frame of a building in which the resistance to lateral forces or to frame instability is provided by diagonal
Wood Stairs bracing, K-bracing, or other type of bracing. 2. Heavy, braced wood framing for a structure which uses girts that are mortised into solid
Doors & Door Hardware posts; the posts are full frame height, with one-story-high studs between, usually diagonally braced.
Windows & Window Girt A horizontal structural member in the framing of a timber-framed house, typically supporting the ends of the ceiling joists and acting
as the main horizontal support for the floor or roof above. Often preceded by an adjective indicating its position; for example, front girt,
Hardware
denotes a heavy timber that runs horizontally along the front of the house; rear girt, along the rear.
Miscellaneous
Platform Frame.
c) Platform Frame. A system of
framing for a building of wood
construction several stories high, in
which the studs are only one story
high; the floor joists for each story
rest on the top plates of the story
below or on the sole plate of the
Wood Frame & Light RC first story. Also called Western
Construction
2.0
Framing.
Systems 2.1
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes 2. Heavy Wood Framing of Beam and Girder Framing - This is the type of
Ceiling Framing System & framing used in the Philippines in which the floor joists are carried by girders,
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing and the roof trusses or rafters by girts which frame into the posts. Studs rest
System & Roofing on floor sills and extend up the girder or girt in every floor.
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware
Top Plate 1. The top horizontal member of a frame building to which the rafters are fastened. 2. The horizontal member at the top of
Windows & Window the partition studs.
Hardware Sole Plate 1. Same as solepiece. 2. A horizontal timber which serves as a base for the studs in a stud partition. 3. A plate riveted to
Miscellaneous the bottom flange of a plate girder to bear on the masonry plate.
2.2 JOINTS AND SPLICING
2.2.1 TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS
1. Plain Joint (Lap Joint). The plain joint is used

in very hasty construction for temporary
framing and is made by lapping one piece
Wood Frame & Light RC
Construction
2.0 over the other and nailing then together. It is
not a very strong joint. PLAIN LAP LAP JOINT
Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2
Timber Connectors 2. Butt or Square Joint (End Joint). The butt joint is made by placing full thickness
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade of wood directly against the second piece. The butt end should be squared and
Floor Finish the sides against which it butts smooth so that the pieces will be perpendicular to
CHB Wall Construction each other. The joint is toe-nailed.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs FINGER
END JOINT SCARF JOINT SQUARE
SPLICE JOINT
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
3. Oblique Joint. This type of joint is made when the two pieces do not meet at right
angles, e.g. bracings. One piece is cut at an angle to fit the other and the two
pieces nailed securely together.
Stop Chamfer
Easement
Joggle
Eased Edge
Wood Frame & Light RC Dap
Construction
2.0
Types of Wood Framing CHAMFER

Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2 4. Spliced or Scabbed Joint. (See Splices)
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
5. Scarf Joint. A joint by which the ends of two pieces of timber are united to form a
Floor Finish continuous piece; the mating surface may be beveled, chamfered, notched, etc.
CHB Wall Construction before bolting, gluing, welding, etc.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware Scarf Joint In welding, a butt joint between tow pieces of metal whose ends are beveled. In electrical systems, a joint in electrical
Miscellaneous cable in which the ends are beveled before soldering.
6. Mortise and Tenon Joint. This type of joint is used for building wooden
framework where great strength and rigidity are all important. It is made by
cutting a hole or mortise in one piece and a tenon or tongue in the second
piece to fit the hole in the other. The tenon may extend fully through the other
piece or only part of the way.
Mortise
Wood Frame & Light RC Stub Tenon

Construction
2.0
Types of Wood Framing BLIND OPEN Through

Systems MORTISE MORTISE Tenon
Joints & Splicing 2.2 MORTISE
Timber Connectors JOINT
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade CHASE
Floor Finish Key
MORTISE
Posts Undercut FOXTAIL
Wood Floor Framing Tenon
System & Floor Finishes WEDGE
Wall Framing System & Haunched
Wall Finishes Tenon
Ceiling Finishes Articulate
Wood Roof Framing BRIDLE
System & Roofing KEYED
JOINT
Wood Stairs JOINT
Windows & Window DRAWBORE
Hardware
Miscellaneous
7. Halved Joint. This joint is made by cutting half the thickness of the wood from each piece
at the ends to be joined so as to bring the sides flush. The purpose of this type of joint is to
maintain a level surface at the joint.

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2 END-LAP CROSS-LAP MITERED
Timber Connectors JOINT JOINT HALVING
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish 8. Rabbet Joint. This joint is made by cutting a shoulder or edge from one piece to receive
Posts
the other piece. It is used in window or door frames, or in shelf and drawer construction.
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes Rabbet
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware RABBET JOINT
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
9. Dado Joint. This is similar in shape and purpose to the rabbet joint. In the dado joint a
groove is made in one piece at right angles to the grain of the other board. If nails are
used, they are needed only at the end piece since the groove will provide the
necessary strength to hold the other piece in place.
Dado
Stopped Dado

Construction
2.0
DADO JOINT
Systems 10. Miter Joint. The miter is a joint between two pieces which come together at a corner.
Joints & Splicing 2.2 It is a finish joint and should not be used where strength is an important requirement.
Timber Connectors It is made by cutting the two ends at angles complementary to each other, usually
Isolated Footings
45, and then butting them together. The joint is secured by clamp nails or finishing
Floor Finish nails, corrugated fasteners or dowels, or by gluing.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing MITER JOINT SHOULDER TONGUED COPED JOINT
Wood Stairs quirk
MITER MITER
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
11. Dovetail Joint. This type of joint, used for cabinet work and furniture work, is
strong and durable. It is made by cutting a pin in the shape of a dovetail in one
piece to fit a groove similarly shaped in the other piece.

Construction
2.0 DOVETAIL SECRET LAP COMMON DOVETAIL JOINT
HALVING DOVETAIL DOVETAIL DOVETAIL
Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2 12. Coped Joint. The coped joint is used when fitting one piece of moulding at right
Timber Connectors angles to the second piece.
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish Other types of joints include the shiplapped joint and the tongue and grooved joint
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing ANGLE JOINT EDGE JOINT TONGUE AND SPLINE BUTTERFLY
System & Roofing GROOVE WEDGE
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window Shiplap, shiplap boards, shiplap siding Wood sheathing whose edges are rabbeted to make an overlapping joint.
Hardware Tongue and Groove Joint, T & G Joint A joint formed by the insertion of the tongue of one member into the
corresponding groove of another.
Miscellaneous
COMMON WOOD JOINTS
FOR FURNITURE

Construction
2.0

Systems
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
VARIATIONS OF
LAP JOINTS

Construction
2.0

Systems
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
VARIATIONS OF
MORTISE-AND-TENON JOINTS

Construction
2.0

Systems
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.2.2 SPLICES
The function of a splice is to connect two or more pieces of timber in such

a way that the joint will be as strong as a single timber of equivalent size.
Splices are of three types: for compression, tension and bending.
A. Splices for Compression
Wood Frame & Light RC 1. Scabbed or Fished Splice. Two pieces of timber are squared at their ends
Construction
2.0
and fitted together. Two short wood pieces called scabs or metal plates
Types of Wood Framing called fishplates are fastened on either side of the pieces to be joined.
Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2 The scabs or fishplates serve to keep the splice straight and to prevent
Timber Connectors buckling.
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
Scabs or Fish Plates
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware Scab A short flat piece of lumber which is bolted, nailed, or screwed to two butting pieces in order to splice them together.
Miscellaneous Fishplate A wood or metal piece used to fasten together the ends of two members with nails or bolts.
2. Halved Splice. The halved splice is better for direct compression, and when
combined with scabs or fishplates, may be used where there is some tension.
This splice is made by cutting half the thickness of each piece to the required
length and putting the halved sections together.

Construction
2.0
Types of Wood Framing B. Splices for Tension

Systems
Timber Connectors 1. Square Splice. This is a modification of the compression halved splice. It
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade has an extra notch to keep it from slipping and is usually used in combination
Floor Finish with scabs or fishplates.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware Square Splice A type of half-lapped scarf joint; may be reinforced with a fishplate; esp. used to resist tension.
Miscellaneous
C. Splices for Bending
1. Scarfed Splice. When a piece of timber is subjected to bending as in a

horizontal piece supporting a weight, the upper part is subjected to
compression while the lower half is under tension. A splice for bending
should, therefore, combine the features of the tension and compression
splice. The upper part should be cut square to offer the maximum
resistance to compression while the lower half is beveled on the end,
2.0
since there is no tendency to crush the timber. To overcome the
Construction
tendency to pull apart at the bottom, a fishplate or scab is placed at the
Types of Wood Framing bottom and bolted securely
Systems
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing Fish Plate
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.3 TIMBER CONNECTORS
Timber connectors are metal devices used to provide
added strength at bolted joints. They eliminate
complicated framing of joints, simplify the design of
heavy construction, and save much time and labor.
Among the various types of timber connectors are:

Construction
2.0
Types of Wood Framing 1. Split Rings. These are made in

Systems sizes of 2-1/2, 4 and 6 in. in
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors 2.3 diameter. They used for heavy
Isolated Footings construction.
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes 2. Toothed Rings. These are toothed
Wall Framing System & and corrugated. They are made in
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & 2, 2-5/8, and 4 4 in. dia. They are
Ceiling Finishes used between two timber frames
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing for comparatively light
Wood Stairs construction.
Windows & Window
Hardware Split-ring Connector A ring-shaped metal insert placed in precut circular grooves and held by bolts; used as a timber
Miscellaneous connector.
3. Claw Plates. One side is clawed
and other smooth. They are used
either singly, in timber to metal
connections, or in pairs in timber to
timber connections. The female
plate is adaptable for use when the
connector must lie flush with the
Wood Frame & Light RC timber surface.
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors 2.3
Isolated Footings 4. Shear Plates. When installed these
Floor Finish lie flush with the timber surface.
CHB Wall Construction They are used singly or in pairs. In
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
timber to metal connections the
System & Floor Finishes plate is placed with its back towards
Wall Framing System & the metal.
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware Shear Plate In structural steel, one of the reinforcement plates added to the web of a steel beam to increase the web capacity to
resist shearing loads.
Miscellaneous
2.4 MASONRY WALLS
Masonry walls consist of modular building blocks bonded together with

mortar to form walls that are durable, fire-resistant, and structurally
efficient in compression. Masonry walls may be constructed as solid
walls, cavity walls, or veneered walls.

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls 2.4
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing SOLID CAVITY VENEERED
System & Roofing WALL WALL WALL
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Masonry walls may also be classified as unreinforced or reinforced.
Unreinforced masonry walls, also called plain masonry walls,

incorporate horizontal joint reinforcement and metal wall ties to bond
wythes of a solid or cavity walls.

Construction
2.0

Systems CAVITY WALLS
SOLID MASONRY MASONRY
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls 2.4
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Reinforced masonry walls, utilize
System & Floor Finishes steel reinforcing bars embedded in
Wall Framing System & grout filled joints and cavities to aid
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & the masonry in resisting stresses.
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware Wythe refers to a continuous vertical section of a wall that is one masonry unit in thickness.
Miscellaneous Grout 1. Mortar containing a considerable amount of water so that it has the consistency of a viscous liquid, permitting it to be
poured or pumped into joints, spaces, and cracks within masonry walls and floors, between pieces of ceramic tiles, and
into joints between preformed roof deck units. 2. In foundation work, mixtures of cement, cement-sand, clay or chemicals;
used to fill voids in granular soils, usually by a process of successive injection through drilled holes.
2.4.1 TYPES OF MASONRY UNITS
The most common types of masonry units are bricks, which are
heat-hardened clay units, and concrete blocks, which are
chemically hardened units. Other types of masonry units include
structural clay tile, structural glass block, and natural or cast
stone.
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls 2.4
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes CONCRETE BLOCK
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing GLASS BLOCK
Wood Stairs STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE
Windows & Window BRICK
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.4.2 MORTAR
Mortar is a plastic mixture of cement or lime, or a combination of both,

with sand and water, used as a bonding agent in masonry construction.
TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO MATERIAL

CONSTITUENCY
Construction
2.0

1. Cement mortar is made by mixing portland cement, sand,
Systems and water.
Joints & Splicing 2. Lime mortar is a mixture of lime, sand, and water that is
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls 2.4 rarely used because of its slow rate of hardening and low
CHB Wall Construction compressive strength.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing 3. Cement-lime mortar is a cement mortar to which lime is
System & Floor Finishes added to increase its plasticity and water retentivity.
Wall Finishes 4. Masonry cement is a proprietary mix of Portland cement
Ceiling Framing System & and other ingredients, as hydrated lime, plasticizers, air-
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing entraining agents, and gypsum, requiring only the addition
System & Roofing of sand and water to make cement mortar.
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO STRENGTH
1. Type M mortar is a high strength mortar recommended for

use in reinforced masonry below grade or in contact with the
earth, as foundation and retaining walls subject to high
lateral or compressive loads; compressive strength is 2500
psi (17,238 kPa).
Wood Frame & Light RC 2. Type S mortar is a medium-high-strength mortar

2.0
Construction recommended for use in masonry where bond and lateral
strength are more important than compressive strength;
Systems compressive strength is 1800 psi (12,411 kPa).
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls 2.4 3. Type N mortar is a medium-strength mortar recommended
CHB Wall Construction for general use in exposed masonry above grade where
Posts
Wood Floor Framing high compressive and lateral strength are not required;
System & Floor Finishes compressive strength is 750 psi (5,171 kPa).
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & 4. Type O mortar is a low-strength mortar suitable for use in
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing interior non-load bearing walls and partitions.
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
5. Type K mortar is a very low-strength mortar suitable only for
Windows & Window use in interior non-load bearing walls where permitted by the
Hardware
Miscellaneous
building code.
2.5 CHB WALL CONSTRUCTION
Concrete Block or Cement Block is a hollow or solid concrete masonry
unit (CMU) consisting of Portland cement and suitable aggregates combined
with water. Lime, fly ash, air-entraining agents, or other admixtures may be
included.
2.5.1 TYPES OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS

Construction
2.0
A stretcher
Types of Wood Framing is a masonry
Systems
Joints & Splicing unit laid
Timber Connectors horizontally
Masonry Walls with its
CHB Wall Construction 2.5
length in the
On Grade Construction
Concrete Piers on Isolated direction of
Footing the face of
Posts the wall.
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Windows & Accessories
Skylights
2.5.2 LAYOUT OF CHB

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Concrete Piers on Isolated
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.5.3 WALL FOOTING
The wall footing or strip

footing is a strip of
reinforced concrete
wider than the wall
which distributes the
Wood Frame & Light RC load to the soil.
2.0
Construction Reinforcements for wall
Types of Wood Framing footings shall equal
Systems 0.2% to 0.3% of the
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
cross sectional area of
Masonry Walls concrete, except for
unusual cases.
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories *MERCADO, JOSE L. The Architectural Reviewer,
Vol. II: Materials and Methods of Construction
Skylights
To provide anchorage of CHB to concrete, the following are used:
a) Hook or hooked bar a steel reinforcing bar, for use in reinforced

concrete, with the end bent into a hook to provide anchorage. Used in joint
with the wall footing.

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
b) Dowel-bar reinforcement short, reinforcing bars of steel which extend
approximately equally into two abutting pieces of concrete, to increase the
strength of the joint. Used in joint with columns or beams.

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.5.4 STIFFENER COLUMNS AND BEAMS
CHB partition walls are ideally

supported against lateral
movements vertically by stiffener
columns and horizontally by
Wood Frame & Light RC stiffener beams. A stiffener
Construction
2.0
column is located at the
Types of Wood Framing intersections of CHB walls and at
Systems regular intervals (of about 3 M) for
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors a long partition wall. Stiffener
Masonry Walls columns are in the form of an I, T
or an L.
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
In low cost construction, however, stiffener columns may be substituted for a
grouted cell (or, a CHB cell compacted with grout) while stiffener RC beams for
bond beams.

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Windows & Accessories Bond-beam block A hollow concrete masonry unit with portions depressed to form a continuous channel in which reinforcing
Skylights steel can be placed for embedment in grout. A lintel block sometimes is used as a bond-beam block.
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
A lintel is a horizontal structural member (such as a beam) over an
opening which carries the weight of the wall above it; usually of steel,
stone, or wood. In CHB construction, a lintel is constructed with lintel
blocks or U-blocks, which have a single core with an open end; usually
placed with its open end upright; such blocks form a continuous beam
when filled with grout and proper reinforcement.

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.6 ON GRADE CONSTRUCTION
2.6.1 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
On Grade Construction 2.6
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes Concrete slabs on grade require the support of a level, stable, uniformly dense or
Ceiling Finishes properly compacted soil base containing no organic matter. When placed over
Wood Roof Framing soil of low bearing capacity or expansive soils, a concrete ground slab must be
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
designed as a mat or raft foundation, which requires professional analysis and
Doors & Accessories design by a qualified structural engineer.
Skylights
2.6.2 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE JOINTS
Three types of joints are done in order to accommodate movement in the plane
of a concrete slab on grade:

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.6.3 GRADE BEAMS
Grade Beam that part of a foundation system (usually in a building without a basement)
which supports the exterior wall of the superstructure; commonly designed as a beam which
bears directly on the column footings, or may be self-supporting, as a long strap footing.

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights

Timber 1 of 4

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Timber 1 of 4

Încărcat de

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Formate disponibile

BUILDING

1. Light Wood Framing

Girts are framed into the corner posts at the

2.2.1 TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS

1. Plain Joint (Lap Joint). The plain joint is used

Types of Wood Framing CHAMFER

Wood Frame & Light RC Stub Tenon

Types of Wood Framing BLIND OPEN Through

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Wood Frame & Light RC

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

The function of a splice is to connect two or more pieces of timber in such

A. Splices for Compression

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing B. Splices for Tension

1. Scarfed Splice. When a piece of timber is subjected to bending as in a

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing 1. Split Rings. These are made in

Types of Wood Framing

Masonry walls consist of modular building blocks bonded together with

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Unreinforced masonry walls, also called plain masonry walls,

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Types of Wood Framing

Mortar is a plastic mixture of cement or lime, or a combination of both,

TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO MATERIAL

Types of Wood Framing

1. Type M mortar is a high strength mortar recommended for

Wood Frame & Light RC 2. Type S mortar is a medium-high-strength mortar

2.5.1 TYPES OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

The wall footing or strip

a) Hook or hooked bar a steel reinforcing bar, for use in reinforced

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

CHB partition walls are ideally

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Types of Wood Framing

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

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