Etiology/Causes

Alcohol is classified as a depressant. Alcohol can imped the body of

being to do normal functions if excessive use is continued. Motor
coordination is impaired, which results in slurring speech, negative
hearing and vision, reduced judgment making, and lower reaction time.

Genetic, psychological, environmental, and social factors all contribute

to Alcohol Use Disorder. All of these can effect how it reacts and affects
your body. We have to remember everyone is different. Drinking is
different for everyone and varies between the individual. Alcohol can
change the normal function areas of the brain if use over and over
again. This may also affect pleasure, judgment, and the ability to
control things in a negative way that could be harmful to your body. It
can led to needing alcohol to takes the place of the things above.

Non-Biological System
https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/43/3/906/762274/Cause-specific-
mortality-risk-in-alcohol-use
Cause-specific mortality risk in alcohol use disorder treatment patients:
a systematic review and meta-analysis (2014)
Authors: Michael Roerecke , Jrgen Rehm

This study looked at the mortality risk of alcohol use treatment

patients. The disorder is highly disabling. The mortality rate for this
disorder is normally tested higher than that of other disorders. The
results showed that AUD patients were significantly higher than that of
the general population. Future studies need to look at the influence of
comorbidities on excess mortality risk compared to the normal
population.

Biological

Biological stress indicators as risk markers for increased alcohol use

following traumatic experiences (2013)

Authors: Sebastian Trautmann, Markus Muehlhan, Clemens

Kirschbaum, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Michael Hofler, Tobias Stalder,
Susann Steudte-Schmiedgen
This study looked biological stressors that caused the disorder. It
looked at long-term cortisol and acute stress levels are a factor for
increased use of alcohol.

Non-biological
Treatment of comorbid alcohol use disorders and depression with
cognitive-behavioural therapy and motivational interviewing: a meta-
analysis (2014)
Authors: Heleen Riper, Gerhard Andersson, Sarah B. Hunter, Jessica de
witt, Matthias Berking, Pim cuijpers
This talks about the relationship of cognitive behavior therapy and how
it is affected in treating alcohol disorder. The study found that paired
with motivational interviewing as well as cognitive behavior, it showed
small but significant effect in treating the disorder.

Elevated Norepinephrine may be a Unifying Etiological Factor in the

Abuse of a Broad Range of Substances: Alcohol, Nicotine, Marijuana,
Heroin, Cocaine, and Caffeine (2013)
Author: Paul J Fitzgerald
In this study, researchers looked at acute alcohol intake in humans and
what the effect was. Would it increase NE levels or decrease them? The
researchers looked at this in rats and in humans. The results werent as
good for the rats as they were for the humans. The study showed
acute alcohol withdrawal after chronic use tends to enhance
noradrenergic signaling. The observation is consistent with the
hypothesis that chronic alcohol use suppresses noradrenergic
signaling. There is also a a rebound system during acute withdrawal,
releasing an increased NE level.
http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC3798293/

A Longitudinal Examination of Different Etiological Pathways to Alcohol

Use and Misuse (2014)
Authors: Laura Mezquita, Manuel I. Ibanez, Jorge Moya, Helena Vilia,
Generos Ortet.

Summary: The researchers in the study were looking at the different

etiological ways to go at alcohol use. The three ways were positive
affect regulation, negative affect regulation, and deviance proneness.
The method taking was 314 young adults in the 18-29 years of age
completed different personality, alcohol use, and child maltreatment
questionnaires at time 1. Five years later, they would respond to
drinking motives, antisocial behavior, alcohol use and alcohol-related
problems.
The study showed that emotional abuse predicted negative
emotionality which then predicted alcohol related problems. Emotional
neglect also leads to greater risk of alcohol use as well.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acer.12419/full

The Unknown factors that still need to be explored are the ways to cure
it. Everything out there helps the risk but there is always the possibility
of relapse. It is so easy to start back and once you get back on alcohol,
it is hard to stop again. The drugs and therapy sessions are great if the
patient sticks to it. As long as the are head string with it, the results
will be good.