Single Point Cutting Tool Geometry

Prof. S. S. Pande

Mechanical Engineering Department

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
 Outline

Tool Geometry, Tool Angles

Systems for Tool nomenclature
- ISO System - ORS/NRS
- American Standards System - ASA
Tool Angle Conversion: ISO ASA
- Mathematical Basis
 Basic Tool Shape
P
Tool
2

Work

Wedge angle : 2
 Cutting Efficiency
P
Tool
2
R R
P = 2R sin
Cutting Efficiency =
Orthogonal Cutting Geometry
Orthogonal Cutting

Velocity V
 Orthogonal Cutting

Characteristics
Cutting edge Perpendicular to
cutting Velocity Vector
Plain Strain (2D) phenomenon
No Spread of material across
 Oblique Cutting

Tool

Chip

V Work piece
 Oblique Cutting
Characteristics
Cutting edge at an angle() to normal to
velocity vector in the cutting plane
Inclination angle
- modifies Tool angles
- governs Direction of chip flow
Stablers Law for Chip flow
nc = k. nc = chip flow angle
K = 0.8 1.0
Free and Restricted Cutting

Feed
Motion
Tool
 Chip Flow

Free Restricted
Single Point Tool Geometry
Tool Nomenclature Systems
Tool in Hand
ISO System : ORS/ NRS
- Orthogonal/ Normal Reference System
American Standards Association (ASA)
system

Tool in Machine
Tool /Insert setting in fixture
Tool Angle Reference Systems
ORS and ASA

y

 Tool Reference Planes
c o
Cutting Orthogonal

v axis

Feed

B
Basic
Orthogonal (ORS) Reference Planes
Trace
of o

Trace
of c

c o

B
B
Reference Planes - ORS
View in o
View in c

c o
B
Reference Planes ASA system
V y
Y x
X
X B
ASA Reference Planes
Y

x
X X

y
Y
Tool Angles ASA System
V View in x Plane

Y View in y Plane

X
 Tool Angles
Feed

X e
X

s

= Plan Approach angle

s = Side cutting Edge angle
e = End cutting Edge angle
= 90 - s
 Tool Designation
ASA System
y , x , y , x , e , s , r

y : Back rake angle

x : Side rake angle
y : Front clearance angle
x : Side clearance angle
e : End cutting Edge angle
s : Side cutting Edge angle
r : Nose radius (mm)
Tool Angle Conversion

ORS ASA
(o, ) (x , y )

= Plan Approach angle

Tool Angle Conversion
ASA ORS
(x , y ) (o, )

= Plan Approach angle

 Does Orthogonal Plane o
represent True rake angle?
Orthogonal and Normal Reference Planes

c
n o

Tool Angle Conversion

ORS NRS
o n
 Tool in Machine System

Static angles on Tool/Insert change

due to
Setting in tool Holders/ Fixtures
Tool/ Work relative motion.
Inserts in Tool Holder
Inserts and Tool Angles
Tool Setup on Machine