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1.PROBLEM STATEMENT
2.INTRODUCTION
3.LITERATURE REVIEW
4.PROCEDURE
5.APPARATUS REQIRED
6.CALCULATION
7.SUGGESION
PROBLEM STATEMENT:-
Design a concrete mix to achieve characteristic compressive strength of
15Mpa at 10 days with air content of 10%
INTRODUCTION: -
Compressive strength is the capacity of a material to withstand load tending
to reduce size, as appose to tensile strength, which withstand loads tending
to elongate. In other words, compressive strength resists compression.
The process of selecting suitable ingredients for concrete and determining
their relative quantities with the objective of producing a concrete of the
required strength, durability, and workability as economically as possible, is
termed as the concrete mix design.
Literature riview:-
Compressive strength is the most important property of concrete. The
compressive strength of concrete is determined in the laboratory in
controlled conditions. On the basis of this test result we judge the quality of
concrete. But sometimes the strength test results vary so widely that it
becomes difficult to reach at any conclusion.
FACTORS AFFECTING CONCRETE STRENGTH
Concrete strength is effected by many factors, such as quality of raw
materials, water/cement ratio, coarse/fine aggregate ratio, age of concrete,
compaction of concrete, temperature, relative humidity and curing of
concrete.
The higher the water/cement ratio, the greater the initial spacing between
the cement grains and the greater the volume of residual voids not filled by
hydration products.
There is one thing missing on the graph. For a given cement content, the
workability of the concrete is reduced if the water/cement ratio is reduced. A
lower water cement ratio means less water, or more cement and lower
workability.
However if the workability becomes too low the concrete becomes difficult
to compact and the strength reduces. For a given set of materials and
environment conditions, the strength at any age depends only on the water-
cement ratio, providing full compaction can be achieved.
If the surface area of the aggregate has increased, the water demand
will also increase.
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Assuming the water demand has increased, the water cement ratio will
increase.
Since the water cement ratio has increased, the compressive strength
will decrease.
If the surface area of the solids has increased, the water demand will
stay the same for the constant workability.
If the water cement ratio reduces, the strength of the concrete will increase.
In theory, provided the concrete is not allowed to dry out, then it wil always
be increasing albeit at an ever reducing rate. For convenience and for most
practical applications, it is generally accepted that the majority of the
strength has been achieved by 28 days.
6. Compaction of concrete:
Any entrapped air resulting from inadequate compaction of the
plastic concrete will lead to a reduction in strength. If there was 10%
trapped air in the concrete, the strength will fall down in the range of 30
to 40%.
7. Temperature:
The rate of hydration reaction is temperature dependent. If the
temperature increases the reaction also increases. This means that the
concrete kept at higher temperature will gain strength more quickly than a
similar concrete kept at a lower temperature.
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8. Curing:
It should be clear from what has been said above that the detrimental
effects of storage of concrete in a dry environment can be reduced if the
concrete is adequately cured to prevent excessive moisture loss.
Apparatus required:-
1. Weighing balance
2. Trowel
3. Tray
5. Tampering rod
6. Grease oil
procedure:-
1. Calculated weight of cement, sand and course aggregate were
weighed.
2. It was then mixed thoroughly in the mechanical mixer until
uniformity of concrete achieved. This material was sufficient for
casting of a cubes of the size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm.
3. The concrete may be also mixed by hand in such a manner as to
avoid less of water. In mixing by hand the water cement and fine
aggregates shall be mixed dry to uniform colour and then the coarse
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aggregate was added and mixed until the coarse aggregate was
uniformly distributed throughout the batch.
4. The concrete was poured and prepared in the mould which has been
aided with minimum viscosity oil. The concrete was filled in cube
moulds in three layers.
5. 150mm cube each layer to be tampered more than 35 times.
6. Trowel the surplus concrete from the top of the cube
7. Curing of specimen
Calculation:-
Cube side = 15cm
Volume of cube = 3375 cm cube
1m3 of concrete=2400kg
3375 x 10-3m3 of concrete =3375 x 10-3 x 2400
=8.1kg
Let weight of cement = x
Let weight of sand = 2x
Let weight of aggregate = 4x
result:-
The compressive strength of M15 grade concrete was found to be
17.62N/mm2
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Sugestion:-
A. Curing.
Ensure that the concrete is hydrated for a minimum of 7 days (or as instructed by the designer).
B. Vibration.
Helps remove an air pockets trapped in the pour. This is done before the concrete sets (as it is
being poured).
C. Ratios.
Ensure the correct ratios cement, sand, Stone and water. Extra cement may equate to extra
strength but is prone to cracking. Extra water and the cement raises while the heavier stone settles
(segregation).
D. Steel
The correct steel and ensuring it's correct placement is essential.
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