Combined cycle

NGCC redirects here. For the ship prex, see temperature dierences between condensing steam and
Canadian Coast Guard Ship. outside air or water. However, it is common in cold
Combined cycle gas turbine redirects here. It is not to climates (such as Finland) to drive community heating
be confused with Closed-cycle gas turbine. systems from a power plants condenser heat. Such
cogeneration systems can yield theoretical eciencies
In electric power generation a combined cycle is an as- above 95%.
sembly of heat engines that work in tandem from the In automotive and aeronautical engines, turbines have
same source of heat, converting it into mechanical en- been driven from the exhausts of Otto and Diesel cycles.
ergy, which in turn usually drives electrical generators. These are called turbo-compound engines (not to be con-
The principle is that after completing its cycle (in the fused with turbochargers).
rst engine), the temperature of the working uid engine
is still high enough that a second subsequent heat engine
may extract energy from the waste heat that the rst en-
gine produced. By combining these multiple streams of 1 Basic Combined Cycle
work upon a single mechanical shaft turning an electric
generator, the overall net eciency of the system may be
increased by 5060%. That is, from an overall eciency
of say 34% (in a single cycle) to possibly an overall e-
ciency of 51% (in a mechanical combination of two cy-
cles) in net Carnot thermodynamic eciency. This can
be done because heat engines are only able to use a por-
tion of the energy their fuel generates (usually less than
50%). In an ordinary (non combined cycle) heat engine
the remaining heat (e.g., hot exhaust fumes) from com-
bustion is generally wasted.
Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles results in
improved overall eciency, reducing fuel costs. In sta-
tionary power plants, a widely used combination is a gas
turbine (operating by the Brayton cycle) burning natural
gas or synthesis gas from coal, whose hot exhaust powers
a steam power plant (operating by the Rankine cycle).
This is called a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) Topping and bottoming cycles
plant, and can achieve a best-of-class real (HHV - see be-
low) thermal eciency of around 54% in base-load op- The thermodynamic cycle of the basic combined cycle
eration, in contrast to a single cycle steam power plant consists of two power plant cycles. One is the Joule or
which is limited to eciencies of around 3542%. Many Brayton cycle which is a gas turbine cycle and the other
new gas power plants in North America and Europe are of is Rankine cycle which is a steam turbine cycle.[1] The
the Combined Cycle Gas Turbine type. Such an arrange- cycle 1-2-3-4-1 which is the gas turbine power plant cycle
ment is also used for marine propulsion, and is called a is the topping cycle. It depicts the heat and work transfer
combined gas and steam (COGAS) plant. Multiple stage process taking place in high temperature region.
turbine or steam cycles are also common.
The cycle a-b-c-d-e-f-a which is the Rankine steam cy-
Other historically successful combined cycles have cle takes place at a low temperature and is known as the
used hot cycles with mercury vapor turbines, bottoming cycle. Transfer of heat energy from high tem-
magnetohydrodynamic generators or molten carbonate perature exhaust gas to water and steam takes place by a
fuel cells, with steam plants for the low temperature waste heat recovery boiler in the bottoming cycle. Dur-
bottoming cycle. Bottoming cycles operating from a ing the constant pressure process 4-1 the exhaust gases in
steam condensers heat exhaust are theoretically possible, the gas turbine reject heat. The feed water, wet and super
but uneconomical because of the very large, expensive heated steam absorb some of this heat in the process a-b,
equipment needed to extract energy from the small b-c and c-d.

1
2 2 DESIGN PRINCIPLE

1.1 Steam Generators An open circuit gas turbine cycle has a compressor, a
combustor and a turbine. For gas turbines the amount of
metal that must withstand the high temperatures and pres-
sures is small, and lower quantities of expensive materials
can be used. In this type of cycle, the input temperature
to the turbine (the ring temperature), is relatively high
(900 to 1,400 C). The output temperature of the ue gas
is also high (450 to 650 C). This is therefore high enough
to provide heat for a second cycle which uses steam as the
working uid (a Rankine cycle).
In a combined cycle power plant, the heat of the gas tur-
bines exhaust is used to generate steam by passing it
through a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) with
a live steam temperature between 420 and 580 C. The
Heat transfer from hot gases to water and steam condenser of the Rankine cycle is usually cooled by water
from a lake, river, sea or cooling towers. This tempera-
The steam power plant gets its input heat from the ture can be as low as 15 C.
high temperature exhaust gases from gas turbine power
plant.[1] The steam generated thus can be used to
drive steam turbine. The Waste Heat Recovery Boiler 2.1 Typical size of CCGT plants
(WHRB) has 3 sections: Economiser, evaporator and su-
perheater. For large-scale power generation, a typical set would be a
270 MW primary gas turbine coupled to a 130 MW sec-
ondary steam turbine, giving a total output of 400 MW.
2 Design principle A typical power station might consist of between 1 and 6
such sets.
Plant size is important in the cost of the plant. The larger
4 plant sizes benet from economies of scale (lower initial
cost per kilowatt) and improved eciency.
3
Gas turbines of about 150 MW size are already in op-
2 eration manufactured by at least four separate groups
General Electric and its licensees, Alstom, Siemens, and
Westinghouse/Mitsubishi. These groups are also devel-
5 oping, testing and/or marketing gas turbine sizes of about
200 MW. Combined cycle units are made up of one or
1 more such gas turbines, each with a waste heat steam
generator arranged to supply steam to a single steam tur-
bine, thus forming a combined cycle block or unit. Typ-
ical Combined cycle block sizes oered by three major
6 manufacturers (Alstom, General Electric and Siemens)
are roughly in the range of 50 MW to 500 MW and costs
Working principle of a combined cycle power plant (Legend: 1- are about $600/kW.
Electric generators, 2-Steam turbine, 3-Condenser, 4-Pump, 5-
Boiler/heat exchanger, 6-Gas turbine)
2.2 Unred Boiler
The eciency of a heat engine, the fraction of input heat
energy that can be converted to useful work, is limited by The heat recovery boiler is item 5 in the COGAS gure
the temperature dierence between the heat entering the shown above. No combustion of fuel means that there
engine and the exhaust heat leaving the engine. is no need of a fuel handling plant, and it is simply a
In a thermal power station, water is the working medium. heat exchanger. Exhaust enters in super heater and the
High pressure steam requires strong, bulky components. evaporator and then in to economiser section as it ows
High temperatures require expensive alloys made from out from the boiler. Feed water comes in through the
nickel or cobalt, rather than inexpensive steel. These al- economizer and then exits after having attained satura-
loys limit practical steam temperatures to 655 C while tion temp in the water or steam circuit. Finally it then
the lower temperature of a steam plant is xed by the tem- ows through evaporator and super heater. If the tem-
perature of the cooling water. With these limits, a steam perature of the gases entering the heat recovery boiler is
plant has a xed upper eciency of 3542%. higher, then the temperature of the exiting gases is also
2.4 Supplementary ring
high.[1]
2.3 Dual Pressure boiler[1]
Steam turbine plant lay out with dual pressure heat recovery
boiler
It is often desirable if high heat is recovered from the ex-
iting gases. Hence dual pressure boiler is employed for
this purpose. It has two water/steam drums. Low pres-
sure drum is connected to low pressure economizer or
evaporator. The low pressure steam is generated in low
temperature zone. The low pressure steam is supplied to
the low temperature turbine. Super heater can be pro-
vided in the low pressure circuit.
Some part of the feed water from the low-pressure
zone is transferred to the high-pressure economizer by
a booster pump. This economizer heats up the water
to its saturation temperature. This saturated water goes
through the high-temperature zone of the boiler and is
supplied to the high-pressure turbine.
Heat exchange in dual pressure heat recovery boiler
3
2.4 Supplementary ring
Supplementary ring may be used in combined cycles
(in the HRSG) raising exhaust temperatures from 600 C
(GT exhaust) to 800 or even 1000 C. Using supplemen-
tal ring will however not raise the combined cycle ef-
ciency for most combined cycles. For single boilers it
may raise the eciency if red to 700750 C; for mul-
tiple boilers however, supplemental ring is often used to
improve peak power production of the unit, or to enable
higher steam production to compensate for failure of a
second unit.
Maximum supplementary ring refers to the maximum
fuel that can be red with the oxygen available in the gas
turbine exhaust. The steam cycle is conventional with re-
heat and regeneration. Hot gas turbine exhaust is used
as the combustion air. Regenerative air preheater is not
required. A fresh air fan which makes it possible to op-
erate the steam plant even when the gas turbine is not in
operation, increases the availability of the unit.
The use of large supplementary ring in Combined Cycle
Systems with high gas turbine inlet temperatures causes
the eciency to drop. For this reason the Combined Cy-
cle Plants with maximum supplementary ring are only
of minimal importance today, in comparison to simple
Combined Cycle installations. However, they have two
advantages that is a) coal can be burned in the steam gen-
erator as the supplementary fuel, b) has very good part
load eciency.
The HRSG can be designed with supplementary ring of
fuel after the gas turbine in order to increase the quan-
tity or temperature of the steam generated. Without sup-
plementary ring, the eciency of the combined cycle
power plant is higher, but supplementary ring lets the
plant respond to uctuations of electrical load. Supple-
mentary burners are also called duct burners.
More fuel is sometimes added to the turbines exhaust.
This is possible because the turbine exhaust gas (ue gas)
still contains some oxygen. Temperature limits at the gas
turbine inlet force the turbine to use excess air, above the
optimal stoichiometric ratio to burn the fuel. Often in gas
turbine designs part of the compressed air ow bypasses
the burner and is used to cool the turbine blades.
Supplementary ring raises the temperature of the ex-
haust gas from 800 to 900 degree Celsius. Relatively high
ue gas temperature raises the condition of steam (84 bar,
525 degree Celsius) thereby improving the eciency of
steam cycle.
3 Fuel for combined cycle power
plants
Combined cycle plants are usually powered by natural
gas, although fuel oil, synthesis gas or other fuels can be
4 4 CONFIGURATION

used. The supplementary fuel may be natural gas, fuel oil, design provides slightly less initial cost and slightly better
or coal. Biofuels can also be used. Integrated solar com- eciency than if the gas and steam turbines had their own
bined cycle power stations combine the energy harvested generators. The multi-shaft design enables two or more
from solar radiation with another fuel to cut fuel costs gas turbines to operate in conjunction with a single steam
and environmental impact (look ISCC section). Next turbine, which can be more economical than a number of
generation nuclear power plants are also on the drawing single shaft units.
board which will take advantage of the higher tempera- The primary disadvantage of single shaft combined cycle
ture range made available by the Brayton top cycle, as well power plants is that the number of steam turbines, con-
as the increase in thermal eciency oered by a Rankine
densers and condensate systems and perhaps the num-
bottoming cycle. ber of cooling towers and circulating water systems in-
The improvement in shale gas extraction has increased creases to match the number of gas turbines. For a multi-
natural gas supplies and reserves dramatically.[2] Because shaft combined cycle power plant there is only one steam
of this fact, it is becoming the fuel of choice for an in- turbine, condenser and the rest of the heat sink for up
creasing amount of private investors and consumers be- to three gas turbines; only their size increases. Having
cause it is more versatile than coal or oil and can be used only one large steam turbine and heat sink results in low
in 90% of energy applications. Chile which once de- cost because of economies of scale. A larger steam tur-
pended on hydro-power for 70% of its electricity supply, bine also allows the use of higher pressures and results in
is now boosting its gas supplies to reduce reliance on its a more ecient steam cycle. Thus the overall plant size
drought aicted hydro dams. Similarly China is tapping and the associated number of gas turbines required have
its gas reserves to reduce reliance on coal, which is cur- a major impact on whether a single shaft combined cy-
rently burned to generate 80% of the countrys electricity cle power plant or a multiple shaft combined cycle power
supply. plant is more economical.
Where the extension of a gas pipeline is impractical or The combined-cycle system includes single-shaft and
cannot be economically justied, electricity needs in re- multi-shaft congurations. The single-shaft system con-
mote areas can be met with small-scale Combined Cy- sists of one gas turbine, one steam turbine, one gener-
cle Plants, using renewable fuels. Instead of natural gas, ator and one Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG),
Combined Cycle Plants can be lled with biogas derived with the gas turbine and steam turbine coupled to the sin-
from agricultural and forestry waste, which is often read- gle generator in a tandem arrangement on a single shaft.
ily available in rural areas. Key advantages of the single-shaft arrangement are op-
erating simplicity, smaller footprint, and lower startup
cost. Single-shaft arrangements, however, will tend to
3.1 Low-Grade Fuel for Turbines have less exibility and equivalent reliability than multi-
shaft blocks. Additional operational exibility is pro-
Gas turbines burn mainly natural gas and light oil. Crude vided with a steam turbine which can be disconnected,
oil, residual, and some distillates contain corrosive com- using a synchro-self-shifting (SSS) Clutch,[3] for start up
ponents and as such require fuel treatment equipment. In or for simple cycle operation of the gas turbine.
addition, ash deposits from these fuels result in gas tur-
bine deratings of up to 15%. They may still be econom- Multi-shaft systems have one or more gas turbine-
ically attractive fuels however, particularly in combined- generators and HRSGs that supply steam through a com-
cycle plants. mon header to a separate single steam turbine-generator.
In terms of overall investment a multi-shaft system is
Sodium and potassium are removed from residual, crude about 5% higher in costs.
and heavy distillates by a water washing procedure. A
simpler and less expensive purication system will do the Single- and multiple-pressure non-reheat steam cycles are
same job for light crude and light distillates. A magne- applied to combined-cycle systems equipped with gas tur-
sium additive system may also be needed to reduce the bines having rating point exhaust gas temperatures of ap-
corrosive eects if vanadium is present. Fuels requiring proximately 540 C or less. Selection of a single- or
such treatment must have a separate fuel-treatment plant multiple-pressure steam cycle for a specic application
and a system of accurate fuel monitoring to assure reli- is determined by economic evaluation which considers
able, low-maintenance operation of gas turbines. plant installed cost, fuel cost and quality, plant duty cycle,
and operating and maintenance cost.
Multiple-pressure reheat steam cycles are applied to
4 Conguration combined-cycle systems with gas turbines having rating
point exhaust gas temperatures of approximately 600 C.
A single shaft combined cycle plant comprises a gas tur- The most ecient power generation cycles are those
bine and a steam turbine driving a common generator. In with unred HRSGs with modular pre-engineered com-
a multi-shaft combined cycle plant, each gas turbine and ponents. These unred steam cycles are also the lowest
each steam turbine has its own generator. The single shaft in cost. Supplementary-red combined-cycle systems are
5.1 Boosting Eciency 5

provided for specic application. in the combined cycle unit of Baglan Bay, a GE H-
The primary regions of interest for cogeneration technology gas turbine with a NEM 3 pressure reheat
combined-cycle systems are those with unred and sup- boiler, utilising steam from the HRSG to cool the turbine
plementary red steam cycles. These systems provide blades.
a wide range of thermal energy to electric power ratio Siemens AG announced in May 2011 to have achieved
and represent the range of thermal energy capability and a 60.75% net eciency with a 578 megawatts SGT5-
power generation covered by the product line for thermal 8000H gas turbine at the Irsching Power Station.[4]
energy and power systems. The most recent General Electric 9HA can attain 41.5%
simple cycle eciency and 61.4% in combined cycle
mode, with a gas turbine output of 397 to 470MW and a
5 Eciency of CCGT plants combined output of 592MW to 701MW. Its ring tem-
perature is between 2,600 and 2,900 F (1,430 and 1,590
To avoid confusion, the eciency of heat engines and C), its overall pressure ratio is 21.8 to 1 and is sched-
power stations should be stated relative to the Higher uled to be used by lectricit de France in Bouchain.
Heating Value (HHV) or Lower Heating Value (LHV) of On April 28, 2016 this plant was certied by Guinness
the fuel, to include or exclude the heat that can be ob- World Records as the worlds most ecient combined cy-
tained from condensing the ue gas. It should also be cle power plant at 62.22%.[5] The Chubu Electrics Nishi-
specied whether Gross output at the generator terminals ku, Nagoya power plant 405MW 7HA is expected to have
or Net Output at the power station fence is being consid- 62% gross combined cycle eciency.[6]
ered. As of January 2017, Mitsubishi claims a LHV eciency
The LHV gure is NOT a computation of electricity net of greater than 63% for some members of its J Series
energy compared to energy content of fuel input; it is 11% turbines.[7]
higher than that. The HHV gure is a computation of By combining both gas and steam cycles, high input tem-
electricity net energy compared to energy content of fuel peratures and low output temperatures can be achieved.
input. If the LHV approach were used for some new con- The eciency of the cycles add, because they are pow-
densing boilers, the eciency would calculate to be over ered by the same fuel source. So, a combined cycle plant
100%. Manufacturers prefer to cite the higher LHV ef- has a thermodynamic cycle that operates between the gas-
ciency, e.g. 60%, for a new CCGT, but utilities, when turbines high ring temperature and the waste heat tem-
calculated how much electricity the plant will generate, perature from the condensers of the steam cycle. This
divide this by 1.11 to get the real, e.g. 54%, HHV ef- large range means that the Carnot eciency of the cy-
ciency of that CCGT. Coal plant eciencies are com- cle is high. The actual eciency, while lower than this,
puted on a HHV basis (it doesn't make nearly as much is still higher than that of either plant on its own.[8] The
dierence for coal burn, as for gas). actual eciency achievable is a complex area.[9]
The dierence between HHV and LHV for gas, can be The electric eciency of a combined cycle power station,
estimated (using USA units) by 1055Btu/Lb * w, where if calculated as electric energy produced as a percentage
w is the lbs of water after combustion per lb of fuel. To of the lower heating value of the fuel consumed, may be
convert the HHV of natural gas, which is 23875 Btu/lb, as high as 58% when operating new, i.e. unaged, and at
to an LHV (methane is 25% hydrogen) would be: 23875 continuous output which are ideal conditions. As with
(1055*0.25*18/2) = 21500. Because the eciency is single cycle thermal units, combined cycle units may also
determined by dividing the energy output by the input, deliver low temperature heat energy for industrial pro-
and the input on an LHV basis is smaller than the HHV cesses, district heating and other uses. This is called co-
basis, the overall eciency on an LHV basis is higher. So, generation and such power plants are often referred to as
using the ratio: 23875/21500 = 1.11 you can convert the a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant.
HHV to an LHV.
So a real best-of-class baseload CCGT eciency of 54%,
as experienced by the utility operating the plant, trans- 5.1 Boosting Eciency
lates to 60% LHV as the manufacturers published head-
line CCGT eciency. The eciency of CCGT and GT can be boosted by pre-
In general in service Combined Cycle eciencies are cooling combustion air. This is practised in hot cli-
over 50% on a lower heating value and Gross Output mates and also has the eect of increasing power output.
basis. Most combined cycle units, especially the larger This is achieved by evaporative cooling of water using a
units, have peak, steady state eciencies on the LHV moist matrix placed in front of the turbine, or by using
(marketing gure) basis of 55 to 59%. Research aimed Ice storage air conditioning. The latter has the advan-
at 1370 C (2500 F) turbine inlet temperature has led tage of greater improvements due to the lower temper-
to even more ecient combined cycles and nearly 60% atures available. Furthermore, ice storage can be used
LHV eciency (54% HHV eciency) has been reached as a means of load control or load shifting since ice can
6 11 REFERENCES

be made during periods of low power demand and, po- 8 Automotive use
tentially in the future the anticipated high availability of
other resources such as renewables during certain peri- Combined cycles have traditionally only been used in
ods. large power plants. BMW, however, has proposed that
automobiles use exhaust heat to drive steam turbines.[16]
This can even be connected to the car or trucks cooling
system to save space and weight, but also to provide a
6 Integrated gasication combined condenser in the same location as the radiator and pre-
cycle (IGCC) heating of the water using heat from the engine block.
It may be possible to use the pistons in a reciprocating
engine for both combustion and steam expansion as in
Main article: integrated gasication combined cycle
the Crower engine.[17]
A turbocharged car is also a combined cycle. Bowman
An integrated gasication combined cycle, or IGCC, is a
of Southampton oer a commercially proven add-on tur-
power plant using synthesis gas (syngas). Syngas can be
bocharger which additionally can generate electric power
produced from a number of sources, including coal and
lowering overall fuel consumption by about 8%.
biomass. The system utilizes gas and steam turbines, the
steam turbine operating o of the heat leftover from the
gas turbine. This process can raise electricity generation
eciency to around 50%. 9 Aeromotive use
Some versions of the Wright R-3350 were produced as
turbo-compound engines. Three turbines driven by ex-
7 Integrated solar combined cycle haust gases, known as power recovery turbines (uno-
cially parts recovery turbines because they ate exhaust
(ISCC) valves on a regular basis) provided nearly 600 hp at take-
o. These turbines added power to the engine crankshaft
An Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) is a hy- through bevel gears and uid couplings.[18]
brid technology in which a solar thermal eld is integrated
There have been many successful turbo-compound en-
within a combined cycle plant. In ISCC plants, solar en-
gine designs particularly for aircraft but their mechani-
ergy is used as an auxiliary heat supply, supporting the
cal complexity and weight are less economical than mul-
steam cycle, which results in increased generation capac-
tistage turbine engines. Stirling engines are also a good
ity or a reduction of fossil fuel use.[10]
theoretical t for this application.
Thermodynamic benets are that daily steam turbine
startup losses are eliminated. Major factors limiting the
load output of a combined cycle power plant are the al- 10 See also
lowed pressure and temperature transients of the steam
turbine and the heat recovery steam generator waiting
times to establish required steam chemistry conditions Allam power cycle
and warm-up times for the balance of plant and the main
Cheng cycle
piping system. Those limitations also inuence the fast
start-up capability of the gas turbine by requiring wait- Combined gas and steam
ing times. And waiting gas turbines consume gas. The
solar component, if the plant is started after sunshine, Cost of electricity by source
or before, if we have heat storage, allows us to preheat
the steam to the required conditions. That is, the plant is Heat recovery steam generator
started faster and we consume less gas before achieving
Hydrogen-cooled turbo generator
operating conditions. [11] Economic benets are that the
solar components costs are 25% to 75% those of a Solar Integrated gasication combined cycle
Energy Generating Systems plant of the same collector
surface.[12] Mercury vapour turbine
The rst such system to come online was the Archimede
combined cycle power plant, Italy in 2010,[13] followed by
Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Center in Florida, 11 References
and in 2011 by the Kuraymat ISCC Power Plant in Egypt,
Yazd power plant in Iran,[14][15] Hassi R'mel in Algeria, [1] Yahya, S.M. Turbines, compressors and fans. Tata Mc
Ain Beni Mathar in Morocco. Graw Hill. pp. chapter 5.
 7

[2] Natural Gas reserves. BP. Retrieved 19 September Sanjay, Y; Singh, Onkar; Prasad, BN (Decem-
2011. ber 2007). Energy and exergy analysis of steam
cooled reheat gas-steam combined cycle. Ap-
[3] SSS Clutch Operating Principle (PDF). SSS Gears Lim-
plied Thermal Engineering. 27: 27792790.
ited.
doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.03.011.
[4] Siemens pushes world record in eciency to over 60%
while achieving maximum operating exibility. Siemens
AG. 19 May 2011. 13 External links
[5] http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/
431420-most-efficient-combined-cycle-power-plant

[6] Air-cooled 7HA and 9HA designs rated at over 61% CC

eciency. Gas Turbine World. April 2014.

[7] Record-Breaking Eciency

[8] Eciency by the Numbers by Lee S. Langston

[9] The dierence between LCV and HCV (or Lower and
Higher Heating Value, or Net and Gross) is clearly under-
stood by all energy engineers. There is no 'right' or 'wrong'
denition.. Claverton Energy Research Group.

[10] Integrated solar combined cycle plants

[11] Operational Flexibility Enhancements of Combined Cycle

Power Plants p.3

[12] Integrated Solar Combined Cycle Systems

[13] ENEL a Priolo inaugura la centrale Archimede"".

ENEL. 14 July 2010.

[14] Yazd Solar Energy Power Plant 1st in its kind in world.
Payvand Iran news. 13 April 2007.

[15] Iran - Yazd integrated solar combined cycle power sta-

tion. Helios CSP. 21 May 2011.

[16] BMW Turbosteamer gets hot and goes by John Ne,

AutoBlog, December 9, 2005

[17] Inside Bruce Crowers Six-Stroke Engine By Pete

Lyons, AutoWeek, February 23, 2006

[18] Goleta Air and Space Museum: 2002 Camarillo EAA

Fly-in.

12 Further reading
Steam & Gas Turbines And Power Plant Engineer-
ing ISBN C039000000001, R Yadav., Sanjay., Ra-
jay, Central Publishing House, Allahabad

Applied Thermodynamics ISBN 9788185444031,R

Yadav., Sanjay., Rajay, Central Publishing House,
Allahabad.

Thermodynamic Evaluation of Advanced

Combined Cycle Using Latest Gas Turbine
http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/
proceeding.aspx?articleid=1570593
8 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

14 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

14.1 Text
Combined cycle Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_cycle?oldid=777889242 Contributors: Ray Van De Walker, Edward,
Kku, Liftarn, Delirium, Mkweise, Glenn, Seano1, Xanzzibar, Mark.murphy, Wwoods, Leonard G., Khalid hassani, OnUrb, WhiteDragon,
Spiy sperry, Pjacobi, Alistair1978, Bender235, Plugwash, Ignignot, Jensbn, Hooperbloob, Woohookitty, Linas, MGTom, Male1979,
Magister Mathematicae, Ketiltrout, Rjwilmsi, Wikiliki, Ian Pitchford, Wongm, Bgwhite, YurikBot, Limulus, Million Little Gods, Gaius
Cornelius, GeeJo, Adamrush, Dhollm, Zwobot, Knotnic, Petri Krohn, MikeL~enwiki, Alureiter, Sinus, PRehse, Kimdino, SmackBot, Marc
Lacoste, Commander Keane bot, Hmains, Chris the speller, Joshv, DocKrin, Modest Genius, Tobberoth, BWDuncan, Mion, Mbeychok,
Linnormlord, Joelo, Beetstra, Peter Horn, DabMachine, Janus303, JoeBot, Chetvorno, Yellowstone6, Zureks, Fletcher, Dgianotti, Chris
Henniker, Qwyrxian, N5iln, Gralo, Imotorhead, MisterWeatherbee, RobotG, QuiteUnusual, LibLord, Steve24, MagiMaster, Roleplayer,
VoABot II, Huggorm, Valuethinker, Engineman, User A1, JaGa, Akhil999in, MartinBot, STBot, Fconaway, M samadi, Slogsweep, Ot-
toG, Robini 99, Woood, Oshwah, Toll booth, Abtinb, Andy Dingley, Biscuittin, NVAFDiscoStu, Pelle-Gnillot, Jimad, Anchor Link Bot,
FearChild, A man in space, ClueBot, Surfersafari, Ariadacapo, Pakaraki, Donebythesecondlaw, Quercus basaseachicensis, OtisF, Qwfp,
DumZiBoT, Aaron north, Eleman, Addbot, Haseebsaqib, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, LilHelpa, Mario Huerta, J JMesserly,
Ragf18, Mrl98, Amaury, Chongkian, Thehelpfulbot, FrescoBot, Jcc, Wikifedo, Lotje, Dethroned Buoy, Robertiki, Irooniqermez, Druzh-
nik, Smjure, Munay09, ClueBot NG, Jnorton7558, Willbit, BG19bot, WikiTryHardDieHard, Kendall-K1, ArthurDent006.5, Test35965,
Consectatio, Comfr, BattyBot, Millennium bug, Jeremy112233, ChrisGualtieri, Joeinwiki, Rfassbind, Strug, Rhuibrex, Moiz-shashwat,
Sbcdave, Nit.sanjay, My Chemistry romantic, Orielno, RobbieIanMorrison, Yungkayz3 and Anonymous: 164

14.2 Images
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