ShriRam Collage of Engineering & Management

An Institute of ShriRam Group of Collages

Department
of
Electronics & Communication

TV & Radar Engineering Lab

 ShriRam Collage of Engineering & Management
An Institute of ShriRam Group of Collages
NH-3, AB Road, Banmore

LIST OF EXPERIMENT
1. To study picture tube of monochrome television.
2. To study in detail, circuit of RF tuner section through various test points, the
fault simulation and step-by-step fault finding.
3. To observe the composite video signal at the output of VIF section
4. To study in detail, circuit of SIF and video section through various test points,
the fault simulation and step-by-step fault finding.
5. To study the Horizontal oscillator section through various test points and to
study the fault simulation and step-by-step fault finding.
6. To study the vertical oscillator section and to through various test points and to
study the fault simulation and step-by-step fault finding.
7. To study the detail circuit of video and chroma section through various test
points and to study the fault simulation and step-by-step fault finding.
8. To study the detail circuit of System Control Section through various test points
and to study fault simulation and step-by-step procedure.

ASHISH DUVEY
Assistant Professor
Ash.srcem@gmail.com
 ShriRam Collage of Engineering & Management
An Institute of ShriRam Group of Collages
NH-3, AB Road, Banmore

Experiment No.1
Aim: - To study picture tube of monochrome television.
Apparatus: - Monochrome Television trainer kit.
Theory: -
Picture tube is a transducer to convert electrical video signals varying with time into
variations of light in space to reproduce the original picture. It uses the phenomenon of
fluorescence and scanning.

Monochrome picture tube consists of an evacuated glass envelope, housing an electron

gun to produce a sharply focused electron beam and a fluorescent screen to produce light
when the electron beam strikes the phosphor element on the element. Also there are
devices to deflect the electron beam horizontally and vertically to enable it to scan the
screen through width and height to reproduce the original picture. The functions of
various of picture tube are discussed below:

Electron Gun:
It produces a well-focused electron beam, using thermionic emission of electrons from a
Cathode and few grids for controlling, accelerating, and focusing the electrons.

Cathode:
It consists of a thoriated oxide of tungsten which is heated by a heater wire placed closed
to the cathode but without touching it electrically. The material between the heater and
the cathode is a thermal conductor, but it is an electric insulator. Such a cathode known as
indirectly heated cathode.

Control Grid 1:
The element next to cathode is the control grid. It is a metallic cylinder of nickel, and has
a small aperture, which allows the electrons to pass through. Control grid is kept at
negative potential with respect to cathode. The grid bias is 30 to 50V variable.
Negative grid bias enables the control grid to controls the space charge of the electron
coming out of the cathode. This controls the brightness of the screen.

Screen Grid 2:
It is a metallic cylinder of nickel, which is kept at positive potential with respect to
cathode. This grid accelerates the electron in the beam. It is therefore also called as
accelerating grid. The effect of voltages on the screen and the control grid is such a that
the electrons converges in the space between these two grids.

Focusing Grid:
This grid provides the required the electrostatic field to prevent spreading of the electron
and help in producing a sharp spot on the screen.

ASHISH DUVEY
Assistant Professor
Ash.srcem@gmail.com
 ShriRam Collage of Engineering & Management
An Institute of ShriRam Group of Collages
NH-3, AB Road, Banmore

Final Anode:
To cause fluorescence in the phosphor material, the electrons should strike the screen
with great velocity. The required high velocity is imparted by the final anode, which is
coated to a long conducting coating of aquadag inside the wide bell of the tube. The
aquadag coating extends from the screen to the narrow neck. It is given a very high
potential, called EHT.

Fluorescent screen:
It consists of rectangular faceplate made of an optically flat glass of high quality. The
glass is 1.5 cm thick to withstand the outside air pressure against the internal vacuum.
There is a very thin aluminum coating on the back of the phosphor surface. It improves
the brightness by reflecting the light from back to front. Also the aluminum coating stops
the ions to reach the phosphor coating, which permanently damages the screen.

Deflection Coil:
Electron beam is deflected by magnetic deflection. The saw tooth currents flow in the
horizontal and vertical deflection coils which produces the magnetic fields which deflects
the beam in the picture tube. The mounting block containing deflection coils is called as
yoke.

Result: - Cross-sectional view of the picture tube is studied.

Viva Question:-
1. Why electrostatic focusing is preferred over electromagnetic focusing?
2. What is the function of aquadag coating?
3. At what potential all the grids maintained?

ASHISH DUVEY
Assistant Professor
Ash.srcem@gmail.com
 ShriRam Collage of Engineering & Management
An Institute of ShriRam Group of Collages
NH-3, AB Road, Banmore

Experiment No: - 2
Aim: - To study detail circuit of RF tuner section through various test points and to study
the fault simulation and step-by-step fault finding.

Apparatus: - Colour TV trainer kit, CRO, CRO probes, and multimeter.

Theory: -

This section consists of RF amplifier, mixer and local oscillator and is normally mounted
on a separate sub -chassis, called the Front end or RF tuner. The purpose of the tuner
unit is to amplify both sound and picture signals picked by the antenna and to convert the
carrier frequency and their associated bands into intermediate frequencies and their
sidebands. The input impedance of RF tuner is 75 ohms.

RF tuner consists of RF amplifier, local oscillator and mixer. The function of tuner is to
select a single channel signal form the various signals picked up by the antenna, amplify
it and mix it with the continuous wave output of the local oscillator. The function of the
local oscillator is to tune the desired station.

Adjusting the tuned circuits of all the three stages does channel selection. Each tuned
circuits consists of a coil and a capacitor. The resonating capacitance consists of a
distributed capacitance of the circuit and small fixed ceramic capacitors. The fine-tuning
control is varied to obtain exact picture & sound IF. The IF signal form the tuner is
coupled to the first picture IF amplifier through a coaxial cable. The AGC line is
connected from the main circuit to the tuner circuit. The tuner is enclosed in a compact
shielded box.

Balun Transformer:
The tuner must have input impedance equal to the characteristic impedance of the
antenna for maximum signal transfer to avoid reflections on the line. The Balun
transformer is used to match the twin wire ribbon feeder impedance of 300 ohms to the
75 ohms input impedance of RF amplifier.

HP Filter and Trap circuits:

Unwanted signals which lie in the IF band of 32 MHz to 42 MHz are rejected by the two
trap circuits connected on either side of the HP filter. The HP filter has a cut-off
frequency of 45 MHz.

RF Amplifier:
The RF amplifier provides adequate gain to weak signals. It maintains high signal to
noise ratio at the mixer. RF amplifier prevents radiation from local oscillator & rejects
image frequency signals.
ASHISH DUVEY
Assistant Professor
Ash.srcem@gmail.com
 ShriRam Collage of Engineering & Management
An Institute of ShriRam Group of Collages
NH-3, AB Road, Banmore

Local oscillator:
The Local oscillator generates an unmodulated sinusoidal voltage in the mixer with the
incoming RF signal to affect its frequency translation to the IF band. The LO frequency is
changed whenever a different channel is selected to maintain difference equal to the IF
between the LO frequency & the tuned channel carrier frequency.

Mixer Stage:
The function of the mixer stage is to convert the incoming RF signal frequency from
different channels into a common IF pass band of the receiver. The mixer stage & LO in
combination can be considered as frequency converters.

Following are the factors on which design of tuner depend:

1. Choice of IF & local oscillator frequencies.

2. Need for an RF amplifier stage.
3. Coupling networks.

There are two types of tuner: 1. VHF Tuner

2. UHF Tuner

Procedure: -
(1) Study the circuit diagram of RF tuner.
(2) Observe the various signals at various test points provided on the kit.
(3) Simulate the fault using the jumper arrangements provided on the kit.
(4) Go with the step-by-step procedure to detect the fault as given in the trainer kit
manual.

Result: - The RF tuner is the first block of the TV receiver which select a particular
station and rejects all the other stations. It converts the input signal into IF signal. It
receives the signals like AGC and AFT from other sections of the receiver.

Viva Question:
1. What is the function of BALUN transformer?
2. What is the use of ganged tuning?
3. How is combined IF of the signal?

ASHISH DUVEY
Assistant Professor
Ash.srcem@gmail.com
 ShriRam Collage of Engineering & Management
An Institute of ShriRam Group of Collages
NH-3, AB Road, Banmore

Experiment No. 3
Aim: - To observe the composite video signal at the output of VIF section.

Apparatus: - Colour TV trainer kit, CRO, CRO probes, and multimeter.

Theory: -

Composite video signals consists of a camera signal corresponding to the desired picture
information, blanking pulses to make the retrace invisible & synchronizing pulses to
synchronize the transmitter and receiver scanning. A horizontal synchronizing pulse is
needed at the end of each active line period whereas a vertical sync pulse is required after
each field is scanned. Horizontal and vertical sync pulses must have same amplitude to
get higher efficiency of the picture signal transmission but their duration should be
different so that they can be separable at the receiver.

The level of the video signal in the composite video signal corresponds to the maximum
whiteness of the signal transmitted. This level is called as peak- white level, which is
fixed at 10 to 12.5 % of the maximum value of the signal, and the black level corresponds
to about 72%.

The sync pulses that are added at 75 % level called as blanking level. The white level is
referred to as pedestal. Thus the picture information may vary between 10% to 75 % of
the composite video signal depending on the relative brightness of the picture at any
instant. The darker the picture, higher will be voltage within those limits. The lowest 10%
of the voltage range is not used to minimize noise effects. At the receiver, the picture tube
is biased to ensure that a received video voltage corresponding to about 10 % modulation
gives complete whiteness on the screen.

Composite video signal has an average value or DC component corresponding to the

average brightness of the picture. In the absence of DC component, the receiver can not
follow the changes in the brightness.

The composite video signal contains blanking pulses to make the retrace lines invisible
by raising the signal amplitude slightly above the black level during the time, the
scanning circuits produces retraces. The composite video signal contains the vertical and
horizontal blanking pulses to blank the corresponding retrace intervals. The repetition
rate of horizontal blanking pulses is equal to the line scanning frequency of 15625 Hz.
Similarly the frequency of vertical blanking pulses is equal to the field frequency of 50
Hz.

The theory should cover following points,

Detail diagram of Composite video signal.
Detail description of each and every parts of composite video signal.
ASHISH DUVEY
Assistant Professor
Ash.srcem@gmail.com
 ShriRam Collage of Engineering & Management
An Institute of ShriRam Group of Collages
NH-3, AB Road, Banmore

Procedure: -
1) Search the test point in the VIF section at which you can observe the
composite video signal.
(5) 2) Go with the step-by-step procedure to detect the fault as given in the trainer kit
manual.

Result: -
The composite video signal consists of video signal corresponding to picture details,
synchronizing pulses, and the blanking pulses. The horizontal and vertical sync. pulses
are used to achieve the horizontal synchronizing and vertical synchronizing between the
transmitter and receiver. The blanking pulses are used to blank the screen during
horizontal and vertical retrace.

Viva Question:
1. Define pedestal height?
2. Give the significance of P/S ratio.
3. Why sync pulses are added at the blanking level?

ASHISH DUVEY
Assistant Professor
Ash.srcem@gmail.com
 ShriRam Collage of Engineering & Management
An Institute of ShriRam Group of Collages
NH-3, AB Road, Banmore

Experiment No: -4
Aim: - To study the detail circuit of SIF and video section through various test points and
to study the fault simulation and step-by-step fault finding.

Apparatus: - Colour TV trainer kit, CRO, CRO probes, and multimeter.

Theory: -

The SIF section consists of various subsections such as SIF amplifier section, FM
detector section, audio pre amplifier section, and electronics attenuator for volume
control. The SIF signal is separated from the composite video signal is given to the SIF
amplifier. The amplified SIF signal is given to the in built SIF detector (FM detector)
section.
The main function of this section is to separate the carrier frequency from the SIF signal.
The carrier frequency SIF signal is termed as audio signal. This audio signal is then fed to
the audio amplifier section. The amplifier section amplifies the audio signal and passes it
to the volume control sub section. The purpose of the volume control is to control the
audio signal. This controlled audio signal is given to the sound output section.
The sound output section consists of sound driver and sound output subsections. The
purpose of the sound driver is to amplify the signal. The amplified version of the audio
signal is further sent to the audio output section. Audio output section amplifies the audio
signal up to peak level.

The theory should cover following points, Detail

circuit of SIF and video section
Description of the circuit in detail.

Procedure: -
1) Study the circuit diagram SIF section and video section.
2) Observe the various signals at various test points provided on the kit.
3) Simulate the fault using the jumper arrangements provided on the kit.
4) Go with the step-by-step procedure to detect the fault as given in the trainer kit
manual.

Result: - The SIF section consists of the SIF amplifier, FM detector, and audio pre
amplifier. In the video section the signal is processed before giving it as an input to the
picture tube for reproduction of the received signal.

Viva Question:
1. Which IC is used in sound section of the monochrome TV trainer kit?
2. Why FM is used for sound transmission?
3. List the audio amplifier IC known to you?

ASHISH DUVEY
Assistant Professor
Ash.srcem@gmail.com
 ShriRam Collage of Engineering & Management
An Institute of ShriRam Group of Collages
NH-3, AB Road, Banmore

Experiment No: -5
Aim: -To study the Horizontal oscillator section through various test points and to study
the fault simulation and step-by-step fault finding.

Apparatus: Colour TV trainer kit, CRO, CRO probes, and multimeter.

Theory: -

The Horizontal section consists of following subsections, the sync amplifier, sync
separator, AFC section, and Horizontal oscillator amplifier section. The sync pulses
separated from the composite video signal are fed to the sync amplifier. The sync
amplifier amplifies the sync signal. The amplified sync signal is given to the sync
separator section, which separates the horizontal sync signal and vertical sync signal from
the original amplified sync signal. After this separation, vertical sync signal is given to
the vertical section and simultaneously horizontal sync signal is given to the AFC section.
AFC section controls the phase level of the horizontal sync signal and converts it into DC
control voltage termed as AFC. This AFC signal flows to the horizontal oscillator
section. This section generates the horizontal line signal of 15625 Hz. The oscillated
signal is amplified by the horizontal amplifier and given to the driver section.
The theory should cover following points,
1. Detail circuit of horizontal oscillator section.
2. Description of the circuit in detail.

Procedure: -
1) Study the circuit diagram of horizontal oscillator section.
2) Observe the various signals at various test points provided on the kit.
3) Simulate the fault using the jumper arrangements provided on the kit.
4) Go with the step-by-step procedure to detect the fault as given in the trainer
kit manual.

Result: - The horizontal section consists of sync amplifier, sync separator, AFC section,
and horizontal oscillator section. The horizontal section generates the saw tooth current
of frequency 15625Hz to move the electron beam in the horizontal direction.

Viva Question:
1. Define: Front porch, Back porch.
2. Whats the significance of front porch and back porch

ASHISH DUVEY
Assistant Professor
Ash.srcem@gmail.com
 ShriRam Collage of Engineering & Management
An Institute of ShriRam Group of Collages
NH-3, AB Road, Banmore

Experiment No: -6
Aim: -To study the vertical oscillator section various test points and to study the fault
simulation and step-by-step fault finding.

Apparatus: - Colour TV trainer kit, CRO, CRO probes, and multimeter.

Theory: -
The vertical sync signal obtained from the sync separator section is given to the vertical
oscillator section. This section now generates the vertical signal of 50 Hz. The oscillated
vertical signal of 50 Hz is now synchronized along with vertical sync signal. To maintain
the vertical signal of 50 Hz generated by vertical oscillator section, one control
mechanism is connected. This control mechanism is termed as vertical hold control.
The horizontal output section is also called as EHT section. An anode voltage of the order
of 15 KV is needed for sufficient brightness in black and white picture tubes. This is
known as HV or EHT supply. To obtain such a high voltage by stepping up the main
voltage with a transformer is almost impossible and prohibited in cost. A different
method of this high voltage generation is used. During the retrace intervals of horizontal
scanning, high voltage pulses of amplitude between 6 to 9 KV are developed across the
primary winding of the horizontal output transformer. These are step up by an
autotransformer winding of about 10 to 15 KV and fed to a high voltage rectifier. The
output of the rectifier is filtered to provide required dc voltage.
The theory should cover following points,
Detail circuit of horizontal output and vertical oscillator section. Description
of the circuit in detail.

Procedure: -
1) Study the circuit diagram of horizontal output section and vertical oscillator
section.
2) Observe the various signals at various test points provided on the kit.
3) Simulate the fault using the jumper arrangements provided on the kit.
4) Go with the step-by-step procedure to detect the fault as given in the trainer kit
manual.

Result: -
The horizontal section generates the EHT voltage, which is given as the input to the
internal aquadag coating of the picture tube. The vertical oscillator section generates the
saw tooth current of frequency 50 Hz that is fed to the vertical deflection winding to
achieve the vertical movement of the beam inside the picture tube.

Viva Question:
1. How much is the frequency of horizontal scanning & vertical scanning?
2. Specify the timing required for horizontal scanning & vertical scanning.
3. At what time the sync pulses are added during the scanning process?
ASHISH DUVEY
Assistant Professor
Ash.srcem@gmail.com
 ShriRam Collage of Engineering & Management
An Institute of ShriRam Group of Collages
NH-3, AB Road, Banmore

Experiment No.7
Aim: - To study the detail circuit of video and chroma section through various test points
and to study the fault simulation and step-by-step fault finding.

Apparatus: - Colour TV trainer kit, CRO, CRO probes, and multimeter.

Theory: -
The chroma section consists of chroma amplifier, colour oscillator, colour killer detector,
matrix, and luminance signal amplifier. From the composite video signal the Y signal is
detected and it goes to Y amplifier. The signal corresponding to red green and blue colour
is separated in this section.
Any colour has three characteristics. These are:
1. Luminance
2. Hue or tint
3. Saturation
The hue and saturation of a colour together is called as
chrominance. The theory should include following points
1. Detail circuit of video and chroma section.
2. Description of circuit diagram in detail.

Procedure: -
(1) Study the circuit diagram of video and chroma section.
(2) Observe the various signals at various test points provided on the kit.
(3) Simulate the fault using the jumper arrangements provided on the kit.
(4) Go with the step-by-step procedure to detect the fault as given in the trainer kit
manual.

Result: - The colour composite video signal, luminance signal and sub carrier frequency
is observed in the video and chroma section.

Viva Question:
1. Give the significance of chromaticity diagram.
2. Define Hue, Saturation and Luminance.

ASHISH DUVEY
Assistant Professor
Ash.srcem@gmail.com
 Experiment No. 8
Aim: - To study the detail circuit of System Control Section through various test points
and to study fault simulation and step-by-step procedure.

Apparatus: - Colour TV trainer kit, CRO, CRO probes, and multimeter.

Theory: -
In almost all the TV receivers the circuits are provided to adjust volume, brightness,
contrast, channel selection etc. For various system control purposes either remote control
or front panel control is provided. The remote control enables the TV viewer to operate
from a distance. Most of the controls provided on the front panel are also provided on the
remote control.
The TV trainer has IC 901 FONDA 4ST for system control purpose. It is dual in line
package 40 pins IC that controls all the sections of the TV trainer. Pin 1, 2 and 3 are used
for band switching purpose. These pin transfers the signal to the tuner section. The pin 5,
6, 7, 21 and 22 are the key matrix pins, which are connected with the keyboard. Keyboard
is used for selecting one function from the front panel. Pin 11 is connected to the pin 5 of
the memory IC. Whenever we store any channel or put it into memory the memory
signals are stored in the memory IC with the help of these pins. The pin 28 is stand by
input pin power ON/OFF signals are obtained here. Pin 34 is infrared remote input pin
ON pressing the remote switches. The signals are obtained first at this pin for any
function from remote switches. The remote provides the infrared waves which falls on
sensor EYE ON front panel. This eye recognizes the signal and amplifies it and gives to
pin 34. So signal work inside the IC for which remote key was pressed. Pin 36 is the
colour control pin. The pin 38 is brightness control pin. Pin 39 is volume control pin.
The theory should include following points
1. Detail circuit of System control section.
2. Description of circuit diagram in detail.

Procedure: -
1) Study the circuit diagram of system control section.
2) Observe the various signals at various test points provided on the kit.
3) Simulate the fault using the jumper arrangements provided on the kit.
4) Go with the step-by-step procedure to detect the fault as given in the trainer kit
manual

Result: -
The system control section controls all the operations of the receiver such as channel
selection, brightness control, contrast adjustment etc.

Viva Question:
1. If the remote control is not working, then what may be the probable causes for
such condition?
2. What do you mean by chrominance?