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ENERGY BALANCE
The energy balance of the plants unit operations and processes allows the designer
of the plant an insight on the amount of energy that is utilized in every equipment, what
happens to them, and if transferred or transformed, into what forms or into what body of
matter did it go. The balance of such is particularly important for equipment that involves
the use of heating or produces heat during the extent of the reaction. Power requirements
of various machines and equipment that require energy in the form electricity to run, were
Basis:
Dryer (D1)
G2 = 1,420,741.777 kg G1 = 1,420,741.777 kg
F4 = 31,428.57143 kg F5 = 9,990.97744kg
Xs4 = 0.302 Xs4 = 0.95
Xw4 = 0.698 Xw4 = 0.05
Q = 56,119,300.19 kJ W1 = 21,437.59399 kg
5.1.1 Streams
Input Output
F4 = Sized reduced banana pulp (kg) F5 = Dried unripe banana pulp (kg)
G4 = Heated, Dry Air entering (kg) G5 = Heated, Dry Air exiting (kg)
air which is 31.5C, as per calculation using a psychometric chart (Perry & Green
similar humid conditions with air in Panabo City, Davao del Norte.
2. The temperature of dried banana pulp leaving the dryer and outlet air is 35C (Hall
1988). The entering unheated air and wet banana pulp are at the same temperatures of
4. The amount of air and banana pulp (without moisture) entering and exiting the dryer
1 ( ) + 4 ( ) = 2 ( ) + 5 ( )
Moisture Balance:
1 ( ) + 4 4 = 2 ( ) + 5 5
Enthalpy of Heated Air Entering (HG)
= +
= 113.5 /
Enthalpy of Heated Air Exiting (HM)
= , ( ) +
= (31.6575 + 2560.22 ) /
Enthalpy of Entering, Wet Banana Pulp (HK)
= , ( ) + ,
= 214.1158275 /
= , ( ) + ,
= 155.3155737 /
Substituting the values calculated to the overall energy balance equation:
81.84251 2560.22 1 = 58.8002538 Eqn 5.1
Substituting the values calculated to the moisture balance equation:
0.0181 1 = 21,437.59399 Eqn 5.2
Solving equations 5.1 and 5.2 simultaneously:
G1 = G2 = 1,534,875.252 kg
Ym = 0.03196699436 kg H2O/kg dry air
Amount of heat supplied by the heater to the dryer, assuming no heat loss:
= ( )1
= (113.5 74)/(1,534,875.252 )
= 60,627,572.45
Solving for the amount of fuel required to supply the amount of heat needed:
2 (1 + ), (2 ) =
= , .
5.2 Banana Starch Dryer
Dryer (D2)
G6 = 42,689.59997 kg G5 = 42,689.59997 kg
Q = 8,607,742.257 kJ W6 = = 2,132.72892 kg
kg
5.2.1 Streams
Input Output
P2 = Sized reduced banana peel (kg) P3 = Dried unripe banana peel (kg)
G5 = Heated, Dry Air entering (kg) G6 = Heated, Dry Air exiting (kg)
O1 = Waste water (kg)
1. The conveyor dryer is operated at an assumed temperature of leaving heated air which
is 95C (APV 2000) while the entering heated air is assumed to be at a temperature of
200C, similar humid conditions of air in Panabo City, Davao del Norte (APV 2000;
2. The temperature of dried banana pulp leaving the dryer and outlet air is 35C (Hall
1988). The entering unheated air and wet banana pulp are at the same temperatures of
4. The amount of air and banana pulp (without moisture) entering and exiting the dryer
2015).
For properties of air in Panabo City, Davao del Norte, refer to Table 1.
5 ( ) + 2 ( ) = 6 ( ) + 3 ( )
Moisture Balance:
5 ( ) + 2 ,2 = 2 ( ) + 3 ,3
Enthalpy of Heated Air Entering (HG)
= +
= 275
Enthalpy of Heated Air Exiting (HM)
= , ( ) +
= (95.475 + 2679.6 ) /
Enthalpy of Entering, Wet Banana Pulp (HK)
= , ( ) + ,
= 9.9325331 /
= , ( ) + ,
= 85.7397761 /
Substituting the values calculated to the overall energy balance equation:
179.5251 2679.6 1 = 110048.9325 Eqn 5.3
Substituting the values calculated to the moisture balance equation:
0.0181 1 = 2132.728926 Eqn 5.4
Solving equations 5.3 and 5.4 simultaneously:
G1 = G2 = 42,689.59997 kg
Ym = 0.0679589813 kg H2O/kg dry air
Amount of heat supplied by the heater to the dryer, assuming no heat loss:
= ( )1
= (275 230)/(426899.59997 )
= 19,210,031.999
Solving for the amount of fuel required to supply the amount of heat needed:
2 (1 + ), (2 ) =
= .
Dryer (D3)
G6 = 217,917.5255 kg G5 = 217,917.5255 kg
P2 = 28,571.42857 kg P3 = 25,396.8254 kg
Xs, p2 = 0.800 Xs, p3 = 0.900
Xw, p2 = 0.200 Xw, p3 = 0.100
Q = 8,607,742.257 kJ O1 = 3174.60317 kg
5.3.1 Streams
Input Output
P2 = Sized reduced banana peel (kg) P3 = Dried unripe banana peel (kg)
G5 = Heated, Dry Air entering (kg) G6 = Heated, Dry Air exiting (kg)
air which is 31.5C, as per calculation using a psychometric chart (Perry & Green,
similar humid conditions with air in Panabo City, Davao del Norte.
2. The temperature of dried banana pulp leaving the dryer and outlet air is 35C (Hall
1988). The entering unheated air and wet banana pulp are at the same temperatures of
4. The amount of air and banana pulp (without moisture) entering and exiting the dryer
For properties of air in Panabo City, Davao del Norte, refer to Table 1.
5 ( ) + 2 ( ) = 6 ( ) + 3 ( )
Moisture Balance:
5 ( ) + 2 ,2 = 2 ( ) + 3 ,3
Enthalpy of Heated Air Entering (HG)
= +
= 113.5 /
Enthalpy of Heated Air Exiting (HM)
= , ( ) +
= (31.6575 + 2569.22 ) /
Enthalpy of Entering, Wet Banana Pulp (HK)
= , ( ) + ,
= 123.1550222 /
Enthalpy of Exiting, Dried Banana Pulp (HZ)
= , ( ) + ,
= 125.3481474 /
Substituting the values calculated to the overall energy balance equation:
81.84251 2560.22 1 = 335,269.987 Eqn 5.3
Substituting the values calculated to the moisture balance equation:
0.0181 1 = 3174.603174 Eqn 5.4
Solving equations 5.3 and 5.4 simultaneously:
G1 = G2 = 217,917.5255 kg
Ym = 0.03256791126 kg H2O/kg dry air
Amount of heat supplied by the heater to the dryer, assuming no heat loss:
= ( )1
= (113.5 74)/(217,917.5255 )
= 8,607,742.257
Solving for the amount of fuel required to supply the amount of heat needed:
2 (1 + ), (2 ) =
= .
5.4 Acid Hydrolysis
P4 = 24888.88889 kg
30C
P5 = 128049.59999 kg
120C
Steam = 17492.52574 kg
120C
Steam = 17492.52574 kg
250C
5.4.1 Streams
Input Output
1. Heat evolved from the mixing of sulfuric acid and water is negligible.
2. Heat of reactions to form soluble sugars are negligible.
3. Temperature of entering feed (P4) is equal to the ambient temperature (30C).
4. Operating conditions for the acid hydrolysis is 120C and 300 kPa (Waghmare &
Arya 2016).
5. Superheated steam is injected to the outer jacket of the hydrolysis tank at 250C
and 300 kPa.
6. The steam leave the outer jacket as liquid at 120C, the same as the output
temperature of the acid hydrolysate.
5.4.3 Energy Balances
Total 42,116,246.94
Source: (The Engineering Toolbox 2016b; Valentas et al. 1997).
Table 3. Theoretical data for Heating Steam stream
Parameter Value
Entering Temperature 250C
Operating Pressure 300 kPa
Saturation temperature at given pressure 133.54C
Enthalpy of vapor at saturation temperature 2724.7 kJ/kg
Enthalpy of liquid at saturation temperature 561.429 kJ/kg
Average Cp of steam 1.88 kJ/kg
Source: (Perry & Green 2008).
1 =
= . /
2 =
= . /
3 =
= . /
= . /
( ) = , .
5.5 Acid Hydrolysis Heat Exchanger
P5 = 128049.59999 kg G7 = 64,645.8999 kg
Tp5=120C Tg7=15C
G8 = 64,645.8999 kg
Tg8=30C
Acid Hydrolysis Heat Exchanger P5 = 128049.59999 kg
Tp5=30C
5.5.1 Streams
Input Output
Table 4. Heat Capacities of each component and their corresponding heats of reaction.
Component Mass (kg) Cp (kJ/kgK) T Q=mCpT (kJ)
Water 101384.44093 4.18050 10.00000 38145388.97771
Ash 1891.55556 0.87932 10.00000 149696.11811
Protein 2090.66667 1.76500 10.00000 332102.40053
Fat 1169.77778 1.95300 10.00000 205611.84039
Lignin 572.44444 1.18500 10.00000 61051.19953
Others 945.77778 0.20300 10.00000 17279.36004
Starch 2563.55556 1.75000 10.00000 403760.00070
Glucan 231.46667 1.18500 10.00000 24685.92036
Xylan 79.64444 1.18500 10.00000 8494.07953
Glucose 11435.36404 1.14899 10.00000 1182523.79110
Rhamnose 129.31391 1.13234 10.00000 13178.46979
Arabinose 68.62265 1.13234 10.00000 6993.38161
Xylose 839.39248 1.13234 10.00000 85543.06682
Mannose 15.76861 1.14899 10.00000 1630.62203
Galactose 82.34718 1.14899 10.00000 8515.47001
Uronic Acid 1468.34131 2.15865 10.00000 285267.14719
H2SO4 3081.12000 1.56938 10.00000 435189.49760
TOTAL 41,366,911.34304
Source: (The Engineering Toolbox 2016b)
= ( )
= , , .
= , . /
H1 = 3144.00 kg
A1 = 103160.71570 kg
TA1 = 30C
WA = 100016.71570 kg
TWA = 27.77442 C
5.6.1 Streams
Input Output
H1 = 98% (w/v) H2SO4 solution A1 = Dilute H2SO4 with a concentration of
3.07867 % (w/w)
WA = H2O fed to the mixer
= 2 ( )
Using the value taken from Perrys Chemical Engineering Handbook (2008).
= 9.304
2
TWA = 27.77442 C
5.7 Fermentation
I = 19341.24970 kg
G = 5469.65920 kg
Inoculum
C = 13785.62370 kg
P6 =155706.81419 kg
P5 = 128050.20743 kg
5.7.1 Streams
Input Output
= () ()
= 2 + 2 2 6126
Hf,EtOH = - 234.95 KJ
mol
= 10.19 = 221,19476
= , , .
Table 5. Heat Capacities of each component and their corresponding heats of reaction.
Components Mass (kg) Cp (kJ/kg K) mCp (kJ/K)
Glucose 14541.02503 1.148993 16707.53598
Rhamnose 129.3139071 1.132341 146.4274388
Arabinose 68.62264813 1.132341 77.704238
Xylose 929.9004245 1.132341 1052.964377
Mannose 15.76860851 1.148993 18.11802079
Galactose 82.34717775 1.148993 94.61633081
Total 18,097.36638
Source: (The Engineering Toolbox 2016b).
Hfeed = Hreactants = (( ))(Tfeed)
Hreactants = - 90,486.83191 kJ
Table 6. Heat Capacities of each component and their corresponding heats of reaction.
Components Mass (kg) Cp (kJ/kg K) mCP (kJ/K)
Glucose 4216.89726 1.148993 4845.185433
Rhamnose 37.50103305 1.132341 42.46395726
Arabinose 19.90056796 1.132341 22.53422902
Xylose 269.6711231 1.132341 305.3596692
Mannose 4.572896467 1.148993 5.25422603
Galactose 23.88068155 1.148993 27.43873593
CO2 5469.659201 37.24329 203708.1038
EtOH 5724.895037 112.3759 643340.2322
Total 852,296.5723
Source: (The Engineering Toolbox 2016b).
Hreactants = ( )(Tproducts)
Hreactants = - 4,261,482.86130 kJ
= + +
= = 5,437,312.78784 kJ
5.8 Distilling Column
V = 13084.24601 kg
C
D = 5947.38455 kg
P6 = 155706.81419 kg
L = 7136.86146 kg
B = 147437.422 kg
R
5.8.1 Streams
Input Output
4. Normal operating pressure at the base of the column is 1 atm (Padukone, 1996).
5.8.3 Energy Balances
2 = [ + ( + 1 ) + 2 ( 2 + + 1) + 2 ] [ ]
2 2 3
where =
, = .
= [ + ( + 1 ) + 2 ( 2 + + 1) + 2 ] [ ]
2 3
where =
, = 2.80664
Distillate Sensible Heat, (HD):
Distillate is composed of 95% ethanol and 5% H2O, thus, the average heat capacity of the
distillate is
Cp,distillate = 0.95 ( 2.80664 ) + 0.05 ( 4.22390 )
Cp,distillate = 2.87750
The vapor-liquid equilibrium data from Geankoplis (1978), states that the boiling point of
At 83C, the latent heat of ethanol and H2O from Van Ness et al. (2007) are:
Hethanol = 793.5195
2 = 2300.68
Since the vapor consist of 95% ethanol and 5% water, the latent heat of the vapor is
Assuming that the average heat capacity of other solids is 1.000 kJ/ kg K
Hf = P6 Cp T
2 = 113861.1959 kg
Molarity of B:
m =
m = 0.29237 m
Boiling point relative to the molarity of the solution is given by: (SOURCE)
Tb = 0.51(m) Tb = 100 + Tb
Tb = 0.14911 Tb = 100.14911 C
Solving for HB
HB = Cp,bottoms T
HB = 9,202,037.375 kJ
QB + HF = QC + HD + HB
QB = QC + HD + HB HF
QB = [(13,087.64433) + (-457,052.22612) + (9,202,037.375) (8705595.16020)] kJ
QB = 11,951,612.08 kJ