z

AL
KA
NE
Structur S Ethane
al
Formula
 Uses
Ethane is used in the production of ethylene for making plastics, anti-freeze and detergents; it's a ripening
agent for foods, a refrigerant, a substance in producing welding gas and a primary ingredient in mustard gas. Ethane is a
component in the natural gas methane and is removed by cryogenic liquefaction .

Properti
es Chemical formula C2H6

Molar mass 30.07 gmol1

At standard temperature and pressure,

Appearance Colorless gas ethane is a colorless, odorless gas. It has a boiling
point of -88.5 C and melting point of -182.8 C.
Odor Odorless
Solid ethane exists in several modifications. On
cooling under normal pressure the first modification
to appear is aplastic crystal, crystallizing in the
Density cubic system. In this form, the positions of the
1.3562 mg cm3 (at 0 C)[2] hydrogen atoms are not fixed; the molecules may
rotate freely around the long axis. Cooling this
ethane below ca. 89.9 K changes it to monoclinic
0.5446 g cm3
metastable ethane II (space group P21/n). Ethane

Propane
(at 184 K)[3] is only very sparingly soluble in water.

Melting point 182.8 C; 296.9 F; 90.4 K

Boiling point 88.5 C; 127.4 F; 184.6 K

Solubility in water
Structur
56.8 mg L1[4]
al
Vapor pressure 3.8453 MPa (at 21.1 C)

Formula
Henry's law
constant (kH)
19 nmol Pa1 kg1
Uses
 Propane is the primary flammable gas in blowtorches for soldering or brazing.

Propane is used as a feedstock for the production of base petrochemicals in steam cracking.

Propane is the primary fuel for hot air balloons.

It is used in semiconductor manufacture to deposit silicon carbide.

Propane is commonly used in theme parks and in the movie industry as an inexpensive, high-energy fuel
for explosions and other special effects.

Propane is used as a propellant, relying on the expansion of the gas to fire the projectile. It does not
ignite the gas. The use of a liquefied gas gives more shots per cylinder, compared to a compressed gas.

Propane is used as a propellant for many household aerosol sprays, including shaving creams and air
fresheners.

Properti
es
Chemical formula C3H8

Molar mass 44.10 gmol1

Appearance Colorless gas Propane combustion is much cleaner

than gasoline combustion, though not as clean as
natural gas combustion. The presence of CC
Odor Odorless
bonds, plus the multiple bonds of propylene and

Butane
butylene, create organic exhausts besides carbon
Density 2.0098 kg/m3 (at 0 C, 101.3 kPa) dioxide and water vapor during typical combustion.
These bonds also cause propane to burn with a
visible flame.
Melting point 187.7 C; 305.8 F; 85.5 K

Boiling point Structur

42.25 to 42.04 C; 44.05 to 43.67 F;

Solubility in water 40 mg L1 (at 0 C) al

Vapor pressure 853.16 kPa (at 21.1 C (70.0 F)) Formula

Uses
 Butane is often used in cigarette lighters and portable cooking stoves. It is also used as a heating fuel, a
coolant, and a propellant in aerosols. Butane is a highly flammable gas, which makes it ideal to be used for heating; it is
often sold bottled for use in outdoor grills or camping stoves. When it was determined that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
depleted the ozone layer, butane became a replacement material to act as a propellant in aerosol spray cans. When
butane is inhaled, it can cause a sense of euphoria and hallucinations. As a result, it is often abused through intentional
inhalation, commonly known as 'huffing.' Butane is known to cause "sudden sniffer's death," an immediate and sudden
fatal condition that is usually a result of asphyxiation or ventricular fibrillation.

Properti
es
Chemical formula C4H10

Butane is an organic compound with the

Molar mass 58.12 gmol1 formula C4H10 that is an alkane with
four carbon atoms. Butane is a gas at room
Appearance Colorless gas temperature and atmospheric pressure. The term
may refer to either of two structural isomers, n-
butane or isobutane (or "methylpropane"), or to a
Odor Gasoline-like or natural gas-like mixture of these isomers. In
the IUPAC nomenclature, however, "butane" refers
Density 2.48 kg/m3 (at 15 C (59 F)) only to the n-butane isomer (which is the isomer
with the unbranched structure). Butanes are highly
flammable, colorless, easily liquefied gases. The
Melting point 140 to 134 C; 220 to 209 F; name butane comes from the
roots but- (from butyric acid) and -ane.
Boiling point 1 to 1 C; 30 to 34 F; 272 to 274 K

Solubility in water 61 mg L1 (at 20 C (68 F))

Vapor pressure
Pentane
~170 kPa at 283 K

Structur
al
Formula

Uses
 Pentanes are some of the primary blowing agents used in the production of polystyrene foam and other
foams. Usually, a mixture of n-, i-, and increasingly cyclopentane is used for this purpose. Because of its low boiling
point, low cost, and relative safety, pentanes are used as a working medium in geothermal power stations in some
blended refrigerants. Pentanes are also an active ingredient in some pesticides. Pentanes are relatively inexpensive and
are the most volatile liquid alkanes at room temperature, so they are often used in the laboratory as solvents that can be
conveniently and rapidly evaporated. However, because of their nonpolarity and lack offunctionality, they dissolve only
non-polar and alkyl-rich compounds. Pentanes are miscible with most common nonpolar solvents such
as chlorocarbons, aromatics, and ethers. They are often used in liquid chromatography.

Properti
es
Chemical formula C5H12

Molar mass 72.15 gmol1

The boiling points of the pentane isomers range from

Appearance Colourless liquid about 9 to 36 C. As is the case for other alkanes, the more
thickly branched isomers tend to have lower boiling points.
Odor Gasoline-like[1]
The same trends to be true for the melting points of alkane
isomers, and that of isopentane is 30 C lower than that of n-
Density 0.626 g mL1 pentane. However, the melting point of neopentane, the most
heavily branched of the three, is 100 C higher than that of
isopentane. The anomalously high melting point of
Melting point 130.5 to 129.1 C; 202.8 to 200.3 F
neopentane has been attributed to
the tetrahedral molecules packing more closely in solid form.
Boiling point 35.9 to 36.3 C; 96.5 to 97.3 F But this explanation is contradicted by the fact that

AL
neopentane has a lower density than the other two isomers.
Solubility in water 40 mg L1 (at 20 C)
The branched isomers are more stable (have lower heat of
formation and heat of combustion) than n-pentane. The
Vapor pressure 57.90 kPa (at 20.0 C) difference is 1.8kcal/mol for isopentane, and 5 kcal/mol for
neopentane.
Acidity (pKa) ~45

KE
Rotation about two central single C-C bonds of n-pentane
produces four different conformations.

NE
S
 ETHENE
Structur
al
Formula

Uses
Ethene (ethylene) is used

(i) In the manufacture of many important polymers like polyethene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). These polymers are
used in the manufacture of raincoats, shoe soles, pipes and floor tiles.

(ii) To prepare epoxyethane which is used in the manufacture of detergents.

(iii) To make ethyle glycol which is used to prepare Terylene

(iv) To prepare other important chemicals like ethyl alcohol (C 2H5OH), acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) etc.

(v) As a general anaesthetic.

Properti
es
Chemical formula C2 H4

Molar mass 28.05 g/mol This hydrocarbon has four hydrogen atoms bound to a
pair of carbon atoms that are connected by a double bond. All
Appearance colorless gas six atoms that comprise ethylene are coplanar. The H-C-
H angle is 117.4, close to the 120 for ideal
Density 1.178 kg/m3 at 15 C, gas[1] sp hybridized carbon. The molecule is also relatively rigid:
rotation about the C-C bond is a high energy process that
Melting point 169.2 C (272.6 F; 104.0 K) requires breaking the -bond.

Boiling point 103.7 C (154.7 F; 169.5 K) The -bond in the ethylene molecule is responsible for
its useful reactivity. The double bond is a region of high electron
Solubility in water 3.5 mg/100 mL (17 C)[; 2.9 mg/L density, thus it is susceptible to attack by electrophiles. Many
reactions of ethylene are catalysed by transition metals, which
Solubility inethanol 4.22 mg/L bind transiently to the ethylene using both the and * orbitals.

Acidity (pKa) 44
 Being a simple molecule, ethylene is spectroscopically simple. Its UV-vis spectrum is still used as a test of
theoretical methods
 PROPEN
Structur
al
E
Formula

Uses
Propene is the second most important starting product in the petrochemical industry after ethylene. It is the raw
material for a wide variety of products. Manufacturers of the plastic polypropylene account for nearly two thirds of all
demand. Polypropylene end uses include films, fibers, containers, packaging, and caps and closures. Propene is also
used for the production of important chemicals such as propylene oxide, acrylonitrile, cumene, butyraldehyde, and acrylic
acid. In the year 2013 about 85 million tonnes of propene were processed worldwide.

Propene and benzene are converted to acetone and phenol via the cumene process. Propene is also used to
produce isopropanol (propan-2-ol), acrylonitrile, propylene oxideand epichlorohydrin. The current industrial production
of acrylic acid involves the catalytic partial oxidation of propene. The propene is also an intermediate in the one-step
propane selective oxidation to acrylic acid. In industry and workshops, propene is used as an alternative fuel to acetylene
in Oxy-fuel welding and cutting, brazing and heating of metal for the purpose of bending. It has become a standard
in BernzOmatic products and others in MAPP substitutes, now that true MAPP gas is no longer available.

Properti
es
Chemical formula C3H6

Molar mass 42.08 gmol1

At room temperature and atmospheric pressure,
propene is a gas, and as with many other alkenes, it is also
Appearance Colorless gas
colorless with a weak but unpleasant smell.

Density 1.81 kg/m3, gas (1.013 bar, 15 C)
613.9 kg/m3, liquid
Melting point 185.2 C (301.4 F; 88.0 K)
Propene has a higher density and boiling point
than ethylene due to its greater mass. It has a slightly lower
boiling point than propane and is thus more volatile. It lacks
strongly polar bonds, yet the molecule has a small dipole
moment due to its reduced symmetry (its point group is Cs).

Boiling point 47.6 C (53.7 F; 225.6 K) Propene has the same empirical formula
as cyclopropane but their atoms are connected in different
ways, making these moleculesstructural isomers.
Solubility in water 0.61 g/m3
 Isobutyle
Structur
al
ne
Formula
Chemical formula C4H8

Molar mass 56.106 g/mol

Appearance Colorless gas Uses

Density 0.5879 g/cm3, liquid Isobutylene is used as an intermediate in the
production of a variety of products. It is reacted
with methanol and ethanol in the manufacture of the gasoline
Melting point 140.3 C (220.5 F; 132.8 K)
oxygenates methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl tert-
butyl ether (ETBE), respectively. Alkylation with butane
Boiling point 6.9 C (19.6 F; 266.2 K) produces isooctane, another fuel additive. Isobutylene is also
used in the production of methacrolein. Polymerization of
Solubility in water isobutylene produces butyl rubber (polyisobutylene).
Insoluble
Antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) are produced by Friedel-
Crafts alkylation of phenols using isobutylene.

Properti
es

Isobutylene (or 2-methylpropene) is a hydrocarbon of industrial significance. It is a four-carbon

branched alkene (olefin), one of the four isomers of butylene. At standard temperature and pressure it is a
colorless flammable gas.
 1-
Structur
al
Decene
Formula

Uses
Chemical formula C10H20
1-Decene is the only isomer of industrial
importance. As an alpha olefin, it is used as
Molar mass 140.27 gmol1 a monomer in copolymers and is an intermediate in the
production of epoxides, amines, oxo alcohols, synthetic
Density 0.74 g/cm3[1] lubricants, synthetic fatty acids, and alkylated aromatics.

The industrial processes used in the production of 1-

Melting point 66.3 C (87.3 F; 206.8 K) decene are oligomerization of ethylene by the Ziegler
Process or by thecracking of petrochemical waxes.
Boiling point 172 C (342 F; 445 K)
1-Decene has been isolated from the leaves
and rhizome of the plant Farfugium japonicum and has been detected as the initial product in the microbial degradation
of n-decane.

Properti
es
Decene is an alkene with the formula C10H20. Decene contains a chain of ten carbon atoms with
one double bond. There are many isomers of decene depending on the position and geometry of the double
bond. 1-Decene is the only isomer of industrial importance.
AL
KY
NE
S
 Propyne
Structur
al
Formula

Uses
Propyne is a convenient three-carbon building block for organic synthesis. Deprotonation with n-
butyllithium gives propynyllithium. This nucleophilic reagent adds to carbonyl groups,
producing alcohols and esters. Whereas purified propyne is expensive, MAPP gas could be used to cheaply generate
large amounts of the reagent

Propyne, along with 2-butyne, is also used to synthesize alkylated hydroquinones in the total synthesis of vitamin E.

Properti
es
Chemical formula C3H4

Molar mass 40.0639 g/mol

Propyne (methylacetylene) is
Appearance Colorless gas[2] an alkyne with the chemical formula CH3CCH. It
was a component of MAPP gasalong with its
Odor Sweet[2] isomer propadiene (allene), which was commonly
used in gas welding. Unlike acetylene, propyne can
be safely condensed.
Density 0.53 g/cm3

Melting point 102.7 C (152.9 F; 170.5 K)

Boiling point 23.2 C (9.8 F; 250.0 K)

Vapor pressure 5.2 atm (20C)

 Ethyne
Structur
al
Formula
Uses
Uses of Ethyne

as the fuel for the oxyacetylene blow-lamp used in cutting and welding metals.
to prepare ethanal (i.e. acetaldehyde), and.
many important organic chemicals, including vinyl chloride monomer, which is used in the manufacture
of the industrially important plastic polyvinyl chloride, PVC.

Properti
es Chemical C2H2
formula

Acetylene (systematic name: ethyne) is

Molar mass 26.04 gmol1
the chemical compound with the formula C2H2. It is
a hydrocarbon and the simplestalkyne.[5] This
Appearance Colorless gas colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a
chemical building block. It is unstable in its pure
form and thus is usually handled as a solution.
Odor Odorless [6]
Pure acetylene is odorless, but commercial
grades usually have a marked odor due to
Density 1.097 g/L = 1.097 kg/m3 impurities.[7]

As an alkyne, acetylene is unsaturated because its

Melting point 80.8 C (113.4 F; 192.3 K) Triple point at
two carbon atoms are bonded together in a triple
1.27 atm bond. The carboncarbon triple bond places all four
atoms in the same straight line, with CCH bond
Solubility in angles of 180.
slightly soluble
water

Vapor pressure 44.2 atm (20 C)[3]

Acidity (pKa) 25[4]

 1-
Structur
al
Pentyne
Formula
Uses
1-Pentyne has been used in preparation of:

lithium acetylides, required for asymmetric synthesis of ,-dibranched propargyl sulfinamides

7-hydroxy-10-methoxy-3H-naphtho[2.1-b] pyrans

Properti
es
Chemical formula C5H8

Molar mass 68.12 1-Pentyne, an organic compound, is a

terminal alkyne. It is an isomer of 2-pentyne, an
internal alkyne.
Appearance Clear, colorless liquid
Selective and non-selective hydrogenation
of 1-pentyne catalyzed by silica-supported
Density 0.691 g/mL
palladium has been studied by in situ X-ray
absorption spectroscopy
Melting point 106 to 105 C

Boiling point 40.2 C (104.4 F; 313.3 K)

Solubility in water Insoluble

 3-
Structur
al
Hexyne
Formula

Uses
Chemical formula C6H10

Molar mass 82.14 g/mol 3-Hexyne was used in the synthesis of fused hetero-
hydropyridyl ligands bonded to the {Ru(p-cymene)}
Appearance Colorless liquid organometallic moiety by reacting with ruthenacycles . It was
also used in the preparation of [4+2] cycloaddition product by
reacting with borole.
Density 0.723 g/cm3

Melting point 105 C (157 F; 168 K)

Properti
Boiling point
es
81 to 82 C (178 to 180 F; 354 to 355 K)

Solubility in water low

3-Hexyne is the organic compound with the formula
C2H5CCC2H5, simplified to C6H10. This colorless liquid is the most common of the three isomeric hexynes.
Together with 2-butyne and diphenylacetylene, it serves as a reference acetylenic ligand inorganometallic
chemistry. 3-Hexyne is useful because the 1H NMR signals for the methylene bridges convey stereochemical
information in its octahedral complexes.

3-Hexyne (Diethylethin) forms with 5-Decyne (Dibutylethin), 4-Octyne (Dipropylethin) und 2-

Butyne (Dimethylethin) a group of symmetric alkynes.
 Ali
cy
cli
c
Co
mp
ouCyclopropa
Structur
al

nd
Formula ne
 Uses
Cyclopropane, also called trimethylene, explosive, colourless gas used in medicine since 1934 as
a general anesthetic. Cyclopropane is nonirritating to mucous membranes and does not depress respiration. Induction of
and emergence from cyclopropane anesthesia are usually rapid and smooth. A mixture of about 5 to 20 percent
cyclopropane in oxygen is administered by inhalation. Because of the flammability and expense of cyclopropane, it is
usually used in a closed (rebreathing) system, in which an absorbent chemical, such as soda lime, removes exhaled
carbon dioxide, and the anesthetic is recirculated.

Properti
es Chemical formula C3H6

Molar mass 42.08 g/mol

Cyclopropane is a colorless gas with a

Appearance Colorless gas petroleum-like odor. It is shipped as a liquid at 4-6
atms. It is easily ignited. The vapors are heavier
than air. Contact with the liquid may cause frostbite.
Odor Sweet smelling
It can asphyxiate by the displacement of air and
has a narcotic effect in high concentration (formerly
Density 1.879 g/L (1 atm, 0 C) used as an anesthetic gas). Under prolonged
exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may
rupture violently and rocket.
Melting point 128 C (198 F; 145 K)

Boiling point 33 C (27 F; 240 K)

Acidity (pKa) ~46

Structur Cyclobutan
al
Formula e
 Uses
Cyclobutane is used as reagent in organic chemistry laboratories.
Cyclobutane is insoluble in water but is soluble in alcohol, acetone, and ether. It has all the chemical propertiescharacteri
stic of cycloparaffins. It may be obtained from 1,4-dibromo butane and by other methods. Octafluorocyclobutane,
C4F8, produced by the dimerization of tetrafluoroethylene is used in industry as a Freon.

Properti
es
Chemical formula C4H8

Gas that condenses to a liquid at 55F.

Molar mass 56.107 g/mol Insoluble in water. Soluble in alcohol, acetone and
ether. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense
Appearance Colorless gas heat the containers may rupture violently and
rocket. Cyclobutane is a colourless gas and
commercially available as a liquefied gas.
Density 0.720 g/cm3 Derivatives of cyclobutane are called cyclobutanes.
Cyclobutane itself is of no commercial or biological
Melting point 91 C (132 F; 182 K)
significance, but more complex derivatives are
important in biology and biotechnology.

Boiling point 12.5 C (54.5 F; 285.6 K)

Cyclopenta
Structur ne
al
Formula
 Uses
Cyclopentane is used in the manufacture of synthetic resins and rubber adhesives and also as a blowing
agent in the manufacture of polyurethane insulating foam, as
found in many domestic appliances such
Chemical formula C5H10 asrefrigerators and freezers, replacing environmentally
damaging alternatives such as CFC-11 and HCFC-141b.
Molar mass 70.1 g/mol Multiply alkylated cyclopentane (MAC) lubricants have low
volatility and are used in some specialty applications.

Appearance clear, colorless liquid

Odor mild, sweet

Properti
Density 0.751 g/cm3
es
Melting point 93.9 C (137.0 F; 179.2 K)

Cyclopentane is a
Boiling point 49.2 C (120.6 F; 322.3 K) highly flammable alicyclic hydrocarbon with chemical
formula C5H10 and CAS number 287-92-3, consisting of a
Solubility in water 156 mgl1 (25 C)[1] ring of five carbon atoms each bonded with
two hydrogen atoms above and below the plane. It occurs as
a colorless liquid with apetrol-like odor. Its melting point is
Solubility soluble in ethanol, acetone,ether 94 C and its boiling point is 49 C. Cyclopentane is in the
class of cycloalkanes, being alkanesthat have one or
Vapor pressure 400 mmHg (31 C)[2] more rings of carbon atoms.

Structur Cyclohexa
al
Formula ne
 Uses
Cyclohexane is sometimes used as an organic solvent.

Cyclohexane is also used for calibration of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) instruments, because
of a convenient crystal-crystal transition at 87.1 C.

Cyclohexane vapour is used in vacuum carburizing furnaces, in heat treating equipment manufacture .

Properti
es
Chemical formula C6H12

Molar mass 84.16 gmol1

Appearance Colorless liquid

Cyclohexane is a cycloalkane with
the molecular formula C6H12 (abbreviated
Odor Sweet, gasoline-like to Cy).Cyclohexane is mainly used for the industrial
production of adipic acid and caprolactam, which
Density 0.7781 g/mL, liquid are precursors to nylon. Cyclohexane is a
colourless, flammable liquid with a distinctive
detergent-like odor, reminiscent of cleaning
Melting point 6.47 C (43.65 F; 279.62 K) products (in which it is sometimes used)

Boiling point 80.74 C (177.33 F; 353.89 K)

Solubility in water Immiscible

Solubility Soluble in ether, alcohol,acetone

Miscible with olive oil

Vapor pressure 78 mmHg (20 C)