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Design of Bored Tunnel Linings Installed within Partially Excavated Cut & Cover Station Boxes
ABSTRACT: According to the construction programme of the MRTA ISP Underground Structures North, in
Bangkok, Thailand, four cut & cover station boxes will be tunnelled through by earth-pressure-balance
shield machines. The excavation works inside these stations will be in different stages of progress when the
temporary precast concrete tunnel linings are installed. The tunnels will be used for construction operational
works, such as the transport of muck from the excavation face, and the lining removed when the excavation
within the station is finalised. For the design of the temporary precast concrete tunnel linings, a detailed
finite difference analysis was carried out to assess the interaction between the tunnel linings, the soil and
diaphragm walls as the excavation within the station proceeds. The paper outlines the criteria utilised in the
analysis and summarises the relevant conclusions obtained from the assessment.
1. INTRODUCTION
The cut & cover station boxes will be typically 4.1 Ground Modelling
200 m long and 23 m wide. Retaining walls
consist of 1.0m thick diaphragm walls. The toe The constitutive model was based on an ideal
level of the walls will be slightly different for each elasto-plastic (Mohr-Coloumb) failure criterion.
station, ranging from 32.5m to a maximum depth Regarding stress conditions for the design of
of 37.5m. the tunnel lining, full ground stresses were used.
The construction will follow a top-down Stress-release (ground relaxation) due to tunnel
excavation method with the bracing support excavation was neglected as preliminary
provided by the installation of temporary steel investigation had shown that it has minor
struts and the definitive concrete slabs. The influence due to the particular load conditions.
stations will have a roof, a retail, a concourse and Considering that the interaction of the tunnels
a base concrete slab. with the walls will occur in short-term conditions,
Steel arch supports, consisting of H joists and undrained parameters were assumed for the
longitudinal stiffeners, were also considered for cohesive soil layers. The effect of ground water
strengthening of the precast concrete lining at flow and consolidation was not considered in the
critical excavation stages. model.
Strength and deformation soil parameters were
3. GEOTECHNICAL CONDITIONS assumed isotropic and defined as a function of the
depth, as shown in the Table 1 and Equations (1)
Soil conditions correspond to the typical to (3).
Bangkok subsoil. It is constituted of a first layer of
man made ground of about 2.5m, followed by the Table 1. Soil parameters
soft clay layer 9 to 15m thick and the stiff clay
SOIL LAYERS
layer with thickness ranging from 6 to 14m. PARAMETER MADE
Below these clay layers is the Bangkok aquifer, GROUND
SOFT CLAY STIFF CLAY SAND
which is constituted of dense to very dense sand Cu [kPa] - (1) (2) -
interlayered by thin layers and lenses of stiff to E'c (1.0%)* [kPa] 20000 200Cu 350Cu 2000N60
hard clays. E'c (0.1%)* [kPa] - 430Cu 850Cu 2500N60
Regarding ground water conditions, deep well E'r (1.0%)* [kPa] - 3E'c 2E'c 3E'c
pumping has led to a drop of the water pressure of Eu,c (1.0%)* [kPa] - 225Cu 400Cu -
Eu,c (0.1%)* [kPa] - 500Cu 1000Cu -
the various aquifers and an under drainage of the Eu,r (1.0%)* [kPa] - 3Eu,c 2Eu,c
clay layers. The ground water level of the ' [-] 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.25
Bangkok aquifer, which was originally at the [-] 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
ground surface, has dropped by more than 20m. k'0 [-] 0.75 0.75 0.65 0.50
The present reference water table along the k0 [-] 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
* Correspondent shear strains
contract alignment is about 23.0m below the
surface. Long-term monitoring shows that this Cu 2 Dp 5 (15 Cu 50) (1)
water table is consistent for already several years. (2)
Cu 50 7.8(15 Dp )
Bored tunnels will be mainly located in the stiff
clay layer whereas the diaphragm wall of the
N 60 20 0.78(16 Dp ) (3)
Where: To avoid an unrealistic heave and to consider
Cuundrained shear strength (kPa) the elastic behaviour of the ground due to the
N60Standard Penetration Test Value unloading from the tunnel excavation, an
Ec / Eu,cdrained / undrained Youngs modulus unloading Youngs modulus (correspondent to 1%
for loading-reloading (MPa) shear strain) was used for the area below the
Er / Eu,rdrained / undrained Youngs modulus tunnel invert.
for unloading (MPa) The Stiffness-Shear Strain Model is shown in
drained / undrained Poissons ratio Figure 3.
ko / kodrained / undrained lateral earth pressure
coefficient
Dpdepth with relation to the ground surface level
(m).
The following criteria was used for the For illustration purposes, the results obtained
assessment of the lining performance: from the analysis of lining section forces at the
Lat Phrao station is presented.
5.2.1 Structural Design
6.1.1 Structural Design
Segments were designed for the ultimate limit
state in accordance with the BS 8810 based on the Figure 7 shows a plot of the required
results obtained from the beam model with reinforcement (ReqReinf) normalised with the
continuous lining and reduced lining flexural Standard Lining Reinforcement (StandReinf) in
stiffness. relation to the excavation depth (He) inside the
Due to the temporary character of the lining, the station normalised with the distance from the
structural capacity was checked for a reduced load tunnel top to the ground surface (Ho).
factor (1.2) and reduced partial safety factors for
the materials (1.3 and 1.05 for the concrete and
steel respectively)
Serviceability limit states, such as allowable
crack widths, were not considered as a criterion
for the lining design.
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS