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1. Heat Treatment:
It is defined as a combination of heating and cooling operations, is any sequence of two
or more such operations applied to a material (steel) in order to modify its internal
structure or to change its physical, chemical or mechanical properties.
OR
Heat treatment is heating the material to some specific temp., holding it at that temp
for a specific period and cooling it to or below the room temperature at definite rate.
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3. Softening Heat Treatments
Heating or Holding or Cooling or Purposes or Properties
Temperature Time Transformation
727C+50C
(A1+50)
Normal Hypo- 20 min. per Air cooling to i. Less internal stresses are
Eutectoid steel cm of room relieved.
izing
thickness temperature. ii. Hardness, ductility,
910C+50C machinability, is more.
Austenite to iii. Less grain size uniformly
(A3+50) obtained.
Pearlite.
Hyper-
Eutectoid steel
727C+50C
(A1+50)
2
4. Hardening heat treatment
Heating or Holding or Cooling or Purposes or
Temperature Time Transformation Properties
3
C
Martempering Above 727 Between nose Air or oil to room i. Less
& MS, till temperature distortion &
(A1) wraping as
equalization of cooling.
uniform
temperature, martensite
Austenite to
not to form formation is
Martensite
Banite. there
(never 100%). throughout.
ii. Less
possibility of
quenching
cracks.
iii. It is a
hardening
process but
name is a
misnomer i.e.
martempering.
C
Austempering Above 727 Between nose Molten salt bath i. Produces
& M5, till cooling. structures &
(A1) properties
Banite
Austenite to similar to
transformation tempered
Banite
completes. martensite.
(100%). Without
matensite
transformation.
ii. More
dimensional
stability due to
absence of
retained
austenite.
iii. Only
applicable to
4
high
hardenability
steels.
iv. Holding time
is very long, so
expense are
high.
5
Pearlite. tensile stresses.
iii. Suitable only
for medium
carbon steel
and some alloy
steel.
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5. Case Hardening
In many applications such as Crankshafts, Camshafts, gears etc. Hard and wear
resistant surface is required with tough core to withstand impact loads, such a
requirement cannot be easily achieved as low carbon steels are tough but cannot be
hardened, High carbon steels can be hardened be hardened but are not tough, medium
carbon steels do not give optimum results.
So this requirement is fulfilled by increasing carbon and or nitrogen on the
surface of low carbon steels. This kind of a heat treatment is called as Case hardening
or Surface hardening.
Temp Processing
Process Methods
(C) Characteristics
Source of C & N is fused 1. Carbon enhances the service life of
salt bath or gaseous medium nitrided cases.
containing CH4, C2H6 with 2. Temp. is between A1 & A3 of steel.
5 10 % ammonia. 3. Time for treatment is less than an hour.
Carbo-nitriding/ 4. Case depth is small (0.075 0.25 mm)
750 - 850
Cayniding N diffuses in ferrite, C 5. Grinding or lapping not done after this
diffuses in austenite. because of small case depth.
Oil or water quenching is
preferred.
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Temp Processing
Process Methods
(C) Characteristics
1. In solid carburizing temp is 925 950
Heating from austenite C, case depth is 1 2.5 mm & 6 15
region to room temp hrs.
(cementation). Component 2. In liquid carburizing temp is 900 925
is packed in steel or C.I box C, case depth is 0.1 0.5 mm & - 1
Carburizing 900 950
having charcoal &
bariumcarbonate with clay.
hr.
3. In gas carburizing temp is 900 C, case
depth is 0.2 0.5 mm & 1 2 hrs.