Humanities Camille Joyce M.

Dulos

What is Logic?

Logic (from the Ancient Greek: , logike) originally meaning the word, or what is
spoken, (but coming to mean thought or reason) is generally held to consist of the systematic study
of the form of arguments. A valid argument is one where there is a specific relation of logical
support between the assumptions of the argument and its conclusion.

The term "logic" came from the Greek word logos, which is sometimes translated as
"sentence", "discourse", "reason", "rule", and "ratio". It might be defined as the study of the
principles of correct reasoning.

Logic may also be defined as the science which directs the operations of the mind in the
attainment of truth.

3 Divisions of Logic

1. Simple Apprehension - a procedure where the mind grasps a thing without

affirming or denying it.
SENSE EXPERIENCE: internal, external
Common sense, memory, imagination, estimative
TERMS: Material sign
- Word; sensible conventional signs expressive of an idea.
- Expressed product
o Tree = Tree, Coconut = Coconut.
IDEAS: Formal sign
- Intellectual image/ representation of an essence; the building blocks
knowledge.
- Internal product
MENTAL PRODUCT = Concept
QUESTION ANSWERED = What it is.

Examples: Man, Mortal

2. Judgment - the act of mind where two apprehended terms are joined then affirmed
or denied.
Materially expressed: spoken/ written
MENTAL SENTENCE - internal product
o Coconut and Tree = Coconuts are Trees.
PROPOSITION - external product

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- A statement or a component, standing as one, and is capable of expressing

truth/ falsity.
- A plausible premise.
MENTAL PRODUCT = Mental Sentence
QUESTION ANSWERED = Whether it is.

Examples: Socrates is a man.

3. Reasoning - the act of the mind where we draw a conclusion from a given set of
validly drawn premises.
The mind proceeds to certain knowledge by way of inference.
ARGUMENTATION - internal product
- ARGUMENT: group of statements that is claimed to provide support one of
the others.
o All trees are tall.
o All coconuts are trees.
o Ergo: All coconuts are tall.
SYLLOGISM - expressed product.
- Premises: statements setting forth reason/ evidence
- Conclusion: statement that the evidence is claimed to support or imply.
MENTAL PRODUCT = Argument
QUESTION ANSWERED = Why it is.

Examples: All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

8 Process of Simple Apprehension

1. Faculty - Senses (sight, touch, smell, taste, and hear).

Examples:
Sense of touch. I touch something sticky.
Sense of sight. I see some people wearing uniform.

2. Sensation - Process of senses aroused.

Examples:
The texture arouse my sensation or instinct to touch. I sense that the texture is
sensational that please my senses.
The sight arouses my sensation or power to see.

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3. Sense Image - Image is produced.

Examples:
I sense now an image of a pleasant object with its sticky texture.
I now see an image of people in uniform of different colours and styles.

4. Imagination - Is the process or power of forming pictures in the material of

organic faculty of things not present to the senses.
Examples:
I imagine this sticky object.
I make vivid pictures of these young people in my imagination.

5. Phantasm - Product of imagination imperfectly pictured

Examples:
The result of my imagination is sense knowledge of a definite object with sticky
texture.
The product of my imagination is a sense of knowledge of particular person in
uniform.

6. Abstraction - discard, eliminate the common characteristics of the object

Examples:
My mind mirrors or sees the essence of that STICKY object by disregarding the
physical characteristics or accidental features. My intellect now understands or
apprehends the representation of that essence.
My intellect disregards and draws/ extracts from the physical features of those
persons in uniform.

7. Idea - define the significant characteristics

Examples:
The mental representation is an idea, my idea of a JAM.
The mental representation is an idea, my idea of a PRIEST.

8. Term - figure of the subject (needs speech or writing)

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Examples:
I express this idea orally or in writing and say JAM. I write JAM.
I express this idea orally or in writing. So, I say or write PRIEST.

9. Predicability - term extended to another term (but without affirmation nor negation)
Examples:
The term JAM can be predicated or related to other terms like strawberry jam,
orange jam, raspberry jam, etc.
The term PRIEST can be predicated or related to other terms like Diocesan priests,
Benedictine monk, Religious priest, Franciscan friar, etc.

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