FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING SURVEY
(ECG 422)

ASSIGNMENT

TITLE: DETERMINATION OF AREA AND VOLUME

NAME: MOHAMAD AMIZULFITRI BIN ROZMAN

STUDENT ID: 2016209192

GROUP: EC2202C

LECTURERS NAME: MR. NORAZLAN BIN KHALID

DETERMINATION OF AREA

1. Using Trapezoidal Rule

Example 1
A series of offsets were taken from a survey line to a curved boundary line at intervals of 10
metre in the following order;

0, 2.68, 3.64, 3.70, 4.60, 3.62, 4.84, 5.74

Compute the area between the base line, the curved boundary and end offsets using
Trapezoidal Rule.

Solution:

Interval, d = 10 m

d
Area, A = 2 [O1 + On + 2(O2 + O3 + + On-1]

10
= 2 [0 + 5.74 + 2(2.68 + 3.64 + 3.70 + 4.60 + 3.62 + 4.84]

= 259.5 m2
Example 2
The following offsets were taken at 15 m intervals from a survey line to an irregular
boundary line (3.50, 4.30, 6.75, 5.25, 7.50, 8.80, 7.90, 6.40, 4.40, 3.25 m). Calculate the area
enclosed between the survey line, the irregular boundary line, and the offsets:

Solution:
Area =15/2{3.50+3.25+2(4.30+6.75+5.25+7.50+8.80+7.90+6.40+4.40)}
= 15/2{6.75+102.60}
= 820.125 m2

Reference: http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=128295
2. Using Simpsons rule

Example 1

A series of offsets were taken from a survey line to a curved boundary line at intervals of 10
metre in the following order;

0, 2.68, 3.64, 3.70, 4.60, 3.62, 4.84, 5.74

Compute the area between the base line, the curved boundary and end offsets using
Simpsons Rule.

Solution:

Since the number of ordinates is even, area of between first 7 ordinates will be found by
Simpsons Rule while area between last two ordinates will be found by trapezoidal rule.

d
Area, A1 = 3 [O1 + On + 2(O3 + O5) + 4(O2 + O4 + O6)]

10
= 3 [0 + 4.84 + 2(3.64 + 4.60) + 4(2.68 + 3.70 + 3.62)]

= 204.40 m2

4.84+5.74
10
Area, A2 = 2

= 52.9 m2
Total area = 204.40 + 52.9

= 257.3 m2

Example 2
The following offsets were taken at 15 m intervals from a survey line to an irregular boundary line

3.50,4.30, 6.75, 5.25, 7.50, 8.80, 7.90, 6.40, 4.40, 3.25 m

Calculate the area enclosed between the survey line, the irregular boundary line, and the offsets, by
using Simpsons rule.

Solution:

if this rule is to be applied, the number of ordinates must be odd. But here the number of ordinates
must be odd . But here the number of ordinate is even(ten).

So, simpsons rule is applied from O1 to O9 and the area between O9 and O10 is found out by the
trapezoidal rule.

15
A1= 3 { 3.50+4.40+4( 4.30+5.25+8.80+6.40)}+2(6.75+7.50+7.90)

15
2
= 3 ( 7.90+99.00+44.30)= 756.00 m

15
2
A2= 2 (4.40+3.25)= 57.38 m

Total area= A1+ A2 =756.00+57.38 = 813.38

Using coordinates

Example 1
Calculating area of a polygon from Coordinates:
If the coordinate points are numbered clockwise:

n
area 1
Ni . + Ei+1 Ei . Ni+1 )
2 i=1

This formula is not easy to rem ember, so let' s look at a practical application:

Solution:
Diagram to go in here

Diagram to go in here area

= (1/2) x (10 x 10 + 25 x 30 + 45 x 70 + 40 x 50 50 x 30 - 10 x 45 - 25 x 40 - 70 x 10)

= 117
The result is ve if lettered anti-clockwise, but the magnitude will be correct. The formula can be
used on a polygon with any number of sides. The points MUST be listed in sequential order
Example 2

The following offsets were taken from a chain line to an irregular boundary line at an interval
of 10 m:

0, 2.50, 3.50, 5.00, 4.60, 3.20, 0 m

Compute the area between the chain line, the irregular boundary line and the end of offsets
by:

Solution:

Mid-ordinate rule:
Required area= 10(1.25+3.00+4.25+3.90+1.60)

= 10*18.80=188 m2

By average-ordinate rule:

Here d=10 m and n=6(no of devices)

Base length= 10*6=60 m

Number of ordinates= 7

Required area=10((1.25+3.00+5.00+4.60+3.20+0)/7)
DETERMINATION OF VOLUME

1.Using Spot Height

Example 1
Volume calculation from spot height

Calculation

Mean Level = 207.11 / 16 = 12.944m

If depth of excavation is 8m
Therefore,

Volume of spot height = Mean Level x Plan area

= (12.944 8) x 10 x 10
= 4.944 x 100
= 494.4 m 3

Example2
Figure shows the distribution of 12 spot heights with a regular 20 m spacing covering a
rectangular area which is to be graded to form a horizontal plane having an elevation of 10 m.
Calculate the volume of the earth.

Solution:

Since the horizontal surface has the elevation of 10 m, the heights of the corners above the
finished surface will be (h 10) where h is the spot heights of the points.

h1 = 17.18 + 17.16 + 18.38 + 17.76 = 71.08 m

h2 = 17.52 + 18.00 + 18.29 + 18.24 + 17.63 + 17.32 = 107.00 m

h3 =0

h4 = 17.69 + 18.11 = 35.80 m

Area, A = 20 20 = 400 m2

Hence, volume is given by;

( h1+2 h2+3 h 3+4 h 4)

V = A
4

(17.08+2 107.00+2 0+ 4 35.80)

= 400 4

= 37428.00 m3
2.Using Contour

Example 1
The areas within the underwater contour lines of a reservoir are as follows:

Contour
184 182 180 178 176 174 172
(m)
Areas
3125 2454 1630 890 223 110 69
(m2)

Calculate the volume of water in the reservoir between 172 m and 184 m contours.

Solution:

L
Volume = 2 [A184 + A172 + 2(A174 + A176 + A178 + A180 + A182)]

2
= 2 [3125 + 69 + 2(110 + 223 + 890 + 1630 + 2454)]

= 13808 m3
Example 2

By Prismoidal formula: V= L (A + Square Root (A*B) + B) / 3

Conto Area Previo Area Conto Area Cumulat

ur us ur betwe ive
(A + Square
Area Interv en Volume
Root (A*B) +
al Conto (Cubic
B) / 3
urs Meters)
2 0.52 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00
 4 3.07 0.52 1.62 2.00 3.23 3.23

6 7.74 3.07 5.23 2.00 10.45 13.69

8 14.53 7.74 10.96 2.00 21.92 35.61

10 23.82 14.53 18.99 2.00 37.98 73.59

12 37.01 23.82 30.18 2.00 60.35 133.94

14 55.65 37.01 46.01 2.00 92.03 225.96

16 78.89 55.65 66.93 2.00 133.86 359.82

18 114.92 78.89 96.34 2.00 192.68 552.50

20 262.95 114.92 183.90 2.00 367.80 920.30

3.Using Cross Section

Example 1
Calculate the cubic content of an embankment of which the cross-sectional areas at 15 m
intervals are as follows:

Distance
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
(m)
Area
11 42 64 73 160 180 220
(m2)

Solution:

15
Volume = 3 [11 + 220 + 4(42 + 72 + 180) + 2(64 + 160)]

= 5 (231 + 1176 + 448)

= 9275 m3
Example 2
Find the volume of the solid whose base is the region inside the circle x 2 + y 2 = 9 if cross
sections taken perpendicular to the yaxis are squares.

Because the cross sections are squares perpendicular to the yaxis, the area of each cross
section should be expressed as a function of y. The length of the side of the square is

determined by two points on the circle x 2 + y 2 = 9 (Figure 1).

The area ( A) of an arbitrary square cross section is A = s 2, where

The volume ( V) of the solid is

Referens

1. https://www.slideshare.net/kmasz/topic-2-area-volume
2.https://www.slideshare.net/riezatbepe/area-and-volume-survey-engineering-rz

3. https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/calculus/calculus/applications-of-the-definite-
integral/volumes-of-solids-with-known-cross-sections

4. www.civilprojectsonline.com Surveying and Levelling