Example 1: Simple-Span Bulb Tee

Filename: LRFD1.mcd Mathcad Version:2001i(Professional)

Description: Design of an interior (PCI BT-72 Bulb Tee) girder of a composite simple-span bridge. Note: This
problem is similar to Design Example 9.4 of the PCI Bridge Design Manual.

Specification: AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 3rd. ed., 2004

References: PCI Design Handbook, 1997

1.1 Input
K K K K
Units: K := 1000 lbf FT := ft IN := in KSI := KCF := KLF := KSF :=
2 3 FT 2
IN FT FT
Materials: Beam Concrete: fc := 6.5 KSI fci := 5.8 KSI wc := 0.150 KCF H := 70
Deck Concrete: fct := 4.0 KSI wct := 0.15 KCF
2
Strand: Astrand := 0.153 IN d b := 0.5 IN Pull := 0.75 Dep_Frac := 0.40
Ep := 28500 KSI fpu := 270 KSI fpy := 0.9 fpu t := 18 hr
Rebar: fy := 60 KSI Es := 29000 KSI
Geometry:
2 4
Beam: Section := "PCI BT-72" h := 72.0 IN A := 767.0 IN I := 545894 IN yb := 36.60 IN
2
b f := 42.0 IN tf := 2.50 IN b v := 6.00 IN Ac := 450 IN (see Fig. 3)

Span: L ovr := 121.0 FT L des := 120.0 FT L pad := 12 IN

Bridge: Ng := 6 Nl := 4 S := 9.00 ft Nbarriers := 2
Deck: ts := 8 IN tws := 0.50 IN th := 0.50 IN b h := b f

Width overall := 51.00 FT Width ctc := 48.00 FT

Loads:
Dead: wbarrier := 0.300 KLF wfws := 0.025 KSF
Live: HL-93 wlane := 0.64 KLF
Factors: Flexure: f := 1.00 Shear: v := 0.90 DLA := 0.33 DLAf := 0.15 (LRFD 3.6.2.1-1)

Figure 1: Cross section of bridge with input variable definitions.

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-1 Example Problem 1

 Figure 2: Half beam elevation.

Note that the parameter 'Ac' is specifically defined in LRFD as

the area of concrete on the flexural tension side of the
member as shown in Figure 3 (LRFD Article 5.8.3.4.2 and
LRFD Fig. 5.8.3.4.2-3). Ac is used in the shear calculations.

Figure 3: Cross section of one girder with associated slab with input variable definitions.

Strand Pattern:
L ovr L des
Dep_Pt := Dep_Frac Ldes + Dep_Pt = 48.5 FT
2
2 70 0 0
2 68 2 20
2 66 2 18
2 64 2 16
0.0
2 62 2 14 2
As := 0.0 IN
EPat_n := 2 EPat_h := 60 IN MPat_n := 2 MPat_h := 12 IN
0.0
2 58 2 10
2 8 4 8 0.0
8 6 8 6 d s := 0.0 IN
12 4 12 4 0.0
12 2 12 2

End Pattern Mid Pattern Rebar Pattern

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-2 Example Problem 1

 1.2 Section Properties
Non-Composite Section Properties:

I 3
Sb := Sb = 14915.1 IN
yb
I 3
yt := h yb St := St = 15420.7 IN
yt

Effective Width: (LRFD 4.6.2.6.1)

The effective width of the composite section is the least of:
Ldes
a. One-quarter span length: b eff := b eff = 360 IN
1 4 1
bf
b. One-half flange width + 12tf: b eff := + 12 ts b eff = 117 IN
2 2 2

c. Average spacing of adjacent beams: b eff := S b eff = 108 IN

3 3

b eff := min b eff ( ) b eff = 108 IN

fct
n :=
fc n = 0.7845 b tran := n b eff b tran = 84.7222 IN

Composite Section Properties:

(
Aslab := b tran ts tws ) Aslab = 635.4 IN
2
Ah := n th b h Ah = 16.4738 IN
2

2
Acomp := A + Ah + Aslab Acomp = 1418.9 IN
th ts tws
A yb + Ah h + + Aslab h + th +
2 2
ybc := ybc = 54.77 IN
Acomp

h c := h + th + ts tws h c = 80 IN
ytc := h c ybc ytc = 25.23 IN

(
b tran ts tws ) 3
4 n bh th
3
4
Islab := Islab = 2978.5 IN Ih := Ih = 0.3432 IN
12 12
2 2
th ts tws
(
Ic := I + A yb ybc ) 2
+ Ih + Ah h +
2
ybc + Islab + Aslab h + th +
2
ybc
4
Ic = 1100305.6 IN
Ic 3 Ic 3
Sbc := Sbc = 20089.5 IN Stc := Stc = 55593.8 IN
ybc ytc n
Composite section modulus at the top of the prestressed beam:
Ic 3
ytcb := h ybc Stcb := Stcb = 63860.7 IN
ytcb

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-3 Example Problem 1

 1.3 Moments and Shears

At Release:
Girder self-weight at release:
At transfer, there are three locations along the girder of interest:
1. Transfer point of strands: xr := 60 d b (LRFD 5.8.2.3)
1
Lovr L des
2. Depression point: xr := Dep_Frac L des +
2 2
L ovr
3. Midspan of beam: xr :=
3 2
T
xr = ( 2.5 48.5 60.5 ) FT

wsw := wc A wsw = 0.799 KLF

i := 1 .. 3
wsw xr
i T
Mswr := L ovr xr Mswr = ( 118.3 1404.7 1462.2 ) K FT
i 2 i

At Final Conditions:
Girder self-weight at final:
At final conditions, there are also three points of interest:

1. The critical section for shear is dv from the face of the support, with dv taken as 0.72h (see
discussion in Theory section).
Lpad
xf := 0.72 h c +
1 2
2. Depression point: xf := Dep_Frac L des
2
T
3. Midspan of beam: xf := 0.5 L des xf = ( 5.3 48 60 ) FT
3
j := 1 .. 3
wsw xf
j T
Mswf := L des xf Mswf = ( 242.8 1380.6 1438.1 ) K FT
j 2 j

L des T
Vswf := wsw xf Vswf = ( 43.7 9.6 0 ) K
j 2 j

Deck Weight:

(
wd := ts S + th b h wct ) wd = 0.9219 KLF
wd xf
j T
Mdeck := Ldes xf Mdeck = ( 280.2 1593 1659.4 ) K FT
j 2 j
Ldes T
Vdeck := wd xf Vdeck = ( 50.4 11.1 0 ) K
j 2 j

Barrier Weight (Composite Dead Load):

Nbarriers wbarrier
wbarrier = 0.3 KLF Per barrier: wb := wb = 0.1 KLF
Ng
wb xf
j T
Mbarrier := L des xf Mbarrier = ( 30.4 172.8 180 ) K FT
j 2 j

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-4 Example Problem 1

 L des T
Vbarrier := wb xf Vbarrier = ( 5.5 1.2 0 ) K
j 2 j

Future Wearing Surface:

Width ctc wfws
wfws = 0.025 KSF Per Beam: wf := wf = 0.2 KLF
Ng
wf xf
j T
Mfws := Ldes xf Mfws = ( 60.8 345.6 360 ) K FT
j 2 j
Ldes T
Vfws := wf xf Vfws = ( 10.9 2.4 0 ) K
j 2 j

Live Load:
Distribution Factor for Moment for 2 or More Lanes Loaded, Bridge Type (k):

ts tws fc
e g := h yb + th + e g = 39.65 IN n := n = 1.2748
2 fct
2 4
Kg := n I + A e g Kg = 2233003.4 IN (LRFD 4.6.2.2.1-1)

0.6 0.2 0.1

S S Kg
DFm := 0.075 +
(LRFD 4.2.2.2b-1)
9.5 FT Ldes
(
Ldes ts tws )3
DFm = 0.7318

Distribution Factor for Fatigue Moment (1 Lane Loaded):

0.4 0.3 0.1

S S Kg
DFf := 0.06 +
DFf = 0.4988
14 FT L des
(
L des ts tws )3 (LRFD 4.2.2.2b-1)

Note: PSBeam does not automatically check all lane load configuration; the distribution
factor computed is as per the number of lanes entered. (LRFD 3.6.1.1.2)
Distribution Factor for Shear for 2 or More Lanes Loaded:
2.0
S S
DFv := 0.2 + DFv = 0.8839 (LRFD 4.6.2.2.3a-1)
12 FT 35 FT

Live Load Moments (HL-93):

Maximum Moments Due to Design Truck and Design Lane:

Due to the Design Truck:

PSBeam uses a sophisticated, highly flexible and accurate axle-placement algorithim. However, for
convenience in checking, a closed-form solution for the maximum moment at any point along a
simply-supported beam due to the LRFD design truck is given below. There are two formulae, one
which is valid for the region between the support and the L/3 point of the beam, and the other which is
valid between L/3 and midspan. These two formulae correspond to different orientations of the truck
(i.e., when it faces one way or the other).

L := L des (purely to condense the expression)

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-5 Example Problem 1

 8 K x f
L j 8 K 2
Mtruck := if xf , 9 L 9 xf 84 FT , 9 xf + 9 xf L 42 FT xf 14 FT L
j j 3 L j L j j j

T
Mtruck = ( 335.1 1827.2 1880 ) K FT

Due to the Design Lane:

wlane xf
j T
Mlane := L xf Mlane = ( 194.5 1105.9 1152 ) K FT
j 2 j

Maximum Service Live Load Moments (HL-93):

The dynamic load allowance (DLA) is applied to the truck portion only: (LRFD 3.6.2.1-1)

T
MLL := DFm Mlane + ( 1 + DLA) Mtruck MLL = ( 468.5 2587.8 2673 ) K FT
j j j

Live Load Shears:

8 K T
Vtruck := 9 L 9 xf 84 FT Vtruck = ( 63.2 37.6 30.4 ) K
j L j

2
wlane L xf
j T
Vlane := Vlane = ( 35.1 13.8 9.6 ) K
j 2 L
T
VLL := DFv Vlane + ( 1 + DLA) Vtruck VLL = ( 105.3 56.4 44.2 ) K
j j j

1.4 Strand Pattern Properties

No_Strands := EPat_n No_Strands = 48

i := 1 .. last( EPat_n )

( EPat_ni EPat_hi ) ( MPat_ni MPat_hi )

i i
yend := yend = 21.5 IN ymid := ymid = 6.92 IN
No_Strands No_Strands

j := 1 .. 3
xr
( )
j
ycg_r := if xr Dep_Pt , yend yend ymid , ymid
j j Dep_Pt

20.7483 0.6

ycg_r = 6.9167 IN
6.9167 0.4

ycg_r
ecc_r j := yb ycg_r j
j
0.2

15.8517
0
ecc_r = 29.6833 IN 0 5 10 15 20

29.6833 xf
j
Figure 4: Profile of c.g. of strand pattern (at points of interest).

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-6 Example Problem 1

 C.G. and Eccentricity of Strand Pattern at Final Check Points:
j := 1 .. 3
L ovr Ldes
xf + 19.756
j 2
ycg_f := if xf xf , yend
j j 2 L ovr L des
( )
yend ymid , ymid ycg_f = 6.917 IN
xf + 6.917
2 2

T
ecc_f j := yb ycg_f ecc_f = ( 16.844 29.683 29.683 ) IN
j

1.5 Flexural Stresses

At Release:
Beam Self-Weight Stresses:
Mswr 0.092 Mswr 0.095
j j
fswrt := fswrt = 1.093 KSI fswrb := fswrb = 1.13 KSI
j St j Sb
1.138 1.176

At Final Conditions:
Note: Since for a simple-span structural system of this type, it is unlikely that compression at
the top of the deck at a given section would exceed its allowable value, calculation of those
stresses will be omitted for simplicity. Only the stresses at the bottom and top of the precast
beam itself will be computed.

Self-Weight:
Mswf 0.189 Mswf 0.195
j j
fswt := fswt = 1.074 KSI fswb := fswb = 1.111 KSI
j St j Sb
1.119 1.157
Deck Weight:
Mdeck 0.218 Mdeck 0.225
j j
fdeckt := fdeckt = 1.24 KSI fdeckb := fdeckb = 1.282 KSI
j St j Sb
1.291 1.335
Barriers:
Mbarrier 0.006 Mbarrier 0.018
j j
fbarriert := fbarriert = 0.032 KSI fbarrierb := fbarrierb = 0.103 KSI
j Stcb j Sbc
0.034 0.108

Future Wearing Surface:

Mfws 0.011 Mfws 0.036
j j
ffwst := ffwst = 0.065 KSI ffwsb := ffwsb = 0.206 KSI
j Stcb j Sbc
0.068 0.215
Live Load:
MLL 0.088 MLL 0.28
j j
fLLt := fLLt = 0.486 KSI fLLb := fLLb = 1.546 KSI
j Stcb j Sbc
0.502 1.597

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-7 Example Problem 1

 1.6 Prestress Losses

At Release:
At release, two components of prestress loss are significant: relaxation of the prestressing steel and elastic
shortening. Elastic shortening is the loss of prestress that results when the strands are detensioned and the girder
shortens in length due to the applied prestress. When the strands are tensioned in the prestress bed and anchored
at the abutments, the steel gradually begings to relax as a function of time. By the time the strands are detensioned
a small, but measurable, loss due to steel relaxation has occured.
Steel Relaxation (short term):
fpj := Pull fpu fpj = 202.5 KSI fpy = 243 KSI

t
log
hr fpj
fpR1 := 0.55 fpj fpR1 = 1.801 KSI (LRFD 5.9.5.4.4b-2)
40.0 fpy
Elastic Shortening:

1.5 1.5 .5
Eci := 33000 wc KCF fci KSI Eci = 4617 KSI (LRFD 5.4.2.4-1)

2
Apsm := No_Strands Astrand Apsm = 7.344 IN (Area of strand at midspan)

fpbt := fpj fpR1 fpbt = 200.7 KSI

e m := yb ymid e m = 29.68 IN
2
Apsm fpbt I + em A e m Mswr A
3
fpES :=
A I Eci fpES = 18.245 KSI
2
Apsm I + e m A +
Ep
Total Prestress Loss at Release:
fsr := fpES + fpR1 fsr = 20.045 KSI

fsr
%Loss := 100 %Loss = 9.8988
Pull fpu

fper := fpj fpES fpR1 fper = 182.5 KSI

Pr := fper No_Strands Astrand Pr = 1339.9 K

At Final Conditions:
Elastic Shortening: Same as at release (see above)
Shrinkage:
fpSR := ( 17 0.150 H) KSI fpSR = 6.5 KSI
Creep:
I
Scgp := 3
yb ymid Scgp = 18390.6 IN

(
Pi := Apsm fpj fpR1 fpES ) Pi = 1339.9 K

ecc_r 3 Mswr
1 3
fcgp := Pi +
A Scgp Scgp fcgp = 2.956 KSI

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-8 Example Problem 1

 Ic 3
Sc_cg := Sc_cg = 22993 IN ybc = 54.7702 IN
ybc ymid

Mdeck Mbarrier + Mfws

3 3 3
fcdp := + fcdp = 1.3646 KSI
Scgp Sc_cg

fpCR := 12.0 fcgp 7.0 fcdp fpCR = 25.916 KSI (LRFD 5.9.5.4.3-1)

Steel Relaxation:
For stress-relieved strands:

fpR2 := 20 KSI 0.4 fpES 0.2 fpSR + fpCR ( ) (LRFD 5.9.5.4.4c-1)

For low-relaxation strands, take 30% of the above value:

fpR2 := 0.3 20 KSI 0.4 fpES 0.2 fpSR + fpCR ( ) fpR2 = 1.866 KSI

Total Prestress Loss at Final:

fPT := fpES + fpSR + fpCR + fpR2 fPT = 52.526 KSI

fPT
%Loss := 100 %Loss = 25.9388
Pull fpu

Check effective stress after losses:

fpe := Pull fpu fPT fpe = 150 KSI
fallow := 0.80 fpy fallow = 194.4 KSI (LRFD 5.9.3-1)

1.7 Stresses Due to Prestress

At Release Conditions:
j := 1 .. 3
1 ecc_rj T
fpsrb := Pr + fpsrb = ( 3.171 4.414 4.414 ) KSI
j A Sb
1 ecc_rj T
fpsrt := Pr fpsrt = ( 0.37 0.832 0.832 ) KSI
j A St

At Final Conditions:
Lovr L des
distj := xf + T
j 2 dist = ( 5.8 48.5 60.5 ) ft
L t := 60 d b L t = 30 IN

distj T
dtj := if distj > L t , 1.0 , dt = ( 1 1 1 ) (Fraction strands are transfered.)
Lt
j := 1 .. 3
T
Pf := fpe dtj No_Strands Astrand Pf = ( 1101.4 1101.4 1101.4 ) K
j

2.68 0.233
1 ecc_f j 1 ecc_f j
fpsb := Pf + fpsb = 3.628 KSI fpst := Pf fpst = 0.684 KSI
j j A Sb j j A St
3.628 0.684

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-9 Example Problem 1

 1.8 Service Stress Check

At Release Conditions:
Top of girder (tension):

T
frt := fpsrt + fswrt frt = ( 0.462 0.261 0.306 ) KSI
j j j

fallow_rt := 0.0948 fci KSI fallow_rt = 0.228 KSI

Status_ServiceLSrtj := if frt fallow_rt , "OK" , "NG" T

j Status_ServiceLSrt = ( "OK" "OK" "OK" )
Bottom of girder (compression):

frb := fpsrb + fswrb T

j j j frb = ( 3.076 3.284 3.237 ) KSI
fallow_rc := 0.6 fci
fallow_rc = 3.48 KSI
T
Status_ServiceLSrcj := if frt fallow_rc , "OK" , "NG" Status_ServiceLSrc = ( "OK" "OK" "OK" )
j

At Final Conditions:
Check Service Limit States:

Service III Limit State (Tensile Stresses in Bottom of Beam):

T
fIIIb := fpsb + fswb + fdeckb + fbarrierb + ffwsb + 0.8 fLLb fIIIb = ( 1.981 0.311 0.464 ) KSI
j j j j j j j

fallow_ft := 0.19 fc KSI fallow_ft = 0.484 KSI (LRFD 5.9.4.2.2b)

T
Status_ServiceLSft j := if fIIIb fallow_ft , "OK" , "NG" Status_ServiceLSft = ( "OK" "OK" "OK" )
j

Service I (Compressive Stresses in Top of Beam):

Compressive Stress Due to Permanent Loads:
T
fIdt := fpst + fswt + fdeckt + fbarriert + ffwst fIdt = ( 0.6571 1.7273 1.8278 ) KSI
j j j j j j

fallow_fcd := 0.45 fc fallow_fcd = 2.925 KSI (LRFD 5.9.4.2.1)

T
Status_ServiceLSfcdj := if fIdt fallow_fcd , "OK" , "NG" Status_ServiceLSfcd = ( "OK" "OK" "OK" )
j

Compressive Stress Due to Full Dead Load + Live Load:

fIlt := fpst + fswt + fdeckt + fbarriert + ffwst + fLLt T
j j j j j j j fIlt = ( 0.7451 2.2136 2.33 ) KSI

fallow_fcl := 0.6 fc fallow_fcl = 3.9 KSI (LRFD 5.9.4.2.1)

Status_ServiceLSfclj := if fIlt fallow_fcl , "OK" , "NG" T

j Status_ServiceLSfcl = ( "OK" "OK" "OK" )

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-10 Example Problem 1

 1.9 Flexural Strength Check

Mu := 1.25 Mswf + Mdeck + Mbarrier + 1.5 Mfws + 1.75 MLL T

j j j j j j Mu = ( 1603 8980 9315 ) K FT

fct 4 ( KSI)
1 := if fct 4 ( KSI) , 0.85 , if fct 8 ( KSI) , 0.65 , 0.85 0.05 1 = 0.85 (LRFD 5.7.2.2)
1 ( KSI)

2 1
Preliminary estimate of Ld: L d := 270.0 KSI fpe d b KSI L d = 85.01 IN
3

distj L t
distj fpe
fpe +
Ld Lt
(
fpu fpe )
df j := if distj < L t , , if distj < L d , , 1.0
L t fpu fpu

T
df = ( 0.8755 1 1 ) (fraction strands are developed)

T 2
Aps := No_Strands df j Astrand Aps = ( 6.4295 7.344 7.344 ) IN
j

b := b eff

T
d p := h + th + ts tws ycg_f d p = ( 60.24 73.08 73.08 ) IN
j j

fpy
k := 2 1.04
fpu k = 0.28
(LRFD 5.7.3.1.1-2)
h f := ts

Aps fpu + As fy
j j T
cj := c = ( 5.42 6.2 6.2 ) IN
fpu (LRFD 5.7.3.1.1-4)
0.85 fct 1 b + k Aps
j dp
j

(
b w := if cj hf , b , b v
j
) T
b w = ( 108 108 108 ) IN

Aps fpu + As fy 0.85 1 fct b b w hf

j j j T
cj := c = ( 5.42 6.2 6.2 ) IN (LRFD 5.7.3.1.1-3)
fpu
0.85 fct 1 b w + k Aps
j j dp
j

cj T
fps := fpu 1 k fps = ( 263.2 263.6 263.6 ) KSI (LRFD 5.7.3.1.1-1)
j dp
j

T
a j := 1 cj a = ( 4.6085 5.2717 5.2717 ) IN

2 1
L d := fps fpe d b KSI L d = 81.61 IN (LRFD 5.11.4.1-1)
1 3

Lovr L des T
distj := xf + dist = ( 5.8 48.5 60.5 ) ft
j 2

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-11 Example Problem 1

 distj L t
fpe + fps fpe
distj fpe L d Lt j
df j := if distj < L t , , if distj < L d , , 1.0
L t fps fps
j j

T
df = ( 0.8999 1 1 ) (fraction strands are developed)

T 2
Aps := No_Strands df j Astrand Aps = ( 6.609 7.344 7.344 ) IN
j

aj aj aj hf
Mn := Aps fps dp + As fy d s + 0.85 fc b b w 1 h f
j j j j 2 j j 2 j 2 2 (LRFD 5.7.3.2.2-1)

T
Mn = ( 8399 11364 11364 ) K FT

Mn := f Mn Mr := Mn
j j j j

T T
Mr = ( 8399 11364 11364 ) K FT Mu = ( 1603 8980 9315 ) K FT

T
Status_StrengthLSj := if Mu Mr , "OK" , "NG" Status_StrengthLS = ( "OK" "OK" "OK" )
j j

Maximum Steel Check:

cj T
c_d p := c_d p = ( 0.09 0.085 0.085 ) (LRFD 5.7.3.3.1-1)
j dp
j

T
Status_MaxStlj := if c_d p 0.42 , "OK" , "NG"" Status_MaxStl = ( "OK" "OK" "OK" )
j

Minimum Steel Check:

Compute Cracking Moment at Midspan:
fIIIb = 0.464 KSI
fr := 0.24 fc KSI fr = 0.612 KSI 3

f := fIIIb fr f = 0.148 KSI

3

M := f Sbc M = 247.6 K FT
Mcr := Mswf + Mdeck + Mbarrier + Mfws + 0.8 MLL + M Mcr = 6023.4 K FT
3 3 3 3 3

1.2 Mcr = 7228.1 K FT Ref: Mr = 11364.1 K FT

3 (LRFD 5.7.3.3.2)

Status_MinStl := if 1.2 Mcr < Mr , "OK" , "NG"

3 Status_MinStl = "OK"

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-12 Example Problem 1

 1.10 Vertical Shear Design
At each section the following must be satisfied for shear:

Vu Vr Note: Evaluation has been disabled for these three equations (as indicated (LRFD 5.8.2.1-2)
by the small boxes) to enable them to be shown without first evaluating their
parameters.
Vr := Vn
Vn := Vc + Vs + Vp (LRFD 5.8.3.3-1)
Critical Section for Shear: (LRFD 5.8.3.2)

The critical section for shear near a support in which the reaction force produces compression in
the end of the member is, from the face of support (Fig. 2), the greater of:
a. 0.5dv cot(), or
b. dv
where,
dv = Effective shear depth = Distance between resultants of tensile and compressive forces = de - a/2

Compute Aps & dp

Note that Aps in the equation used to compute x is the area of the prestressing steel on
the flexural tension side only. It is not the total area of strands. The variable Aps_ex is
introduced below to handle this.
NoAps_ft( Pat_n , Pat_h , hc_2) := j last( Pat_n )
N0
hc_2
while Pat_h j
2
N N + Pat_n j

jj1
break if j = 0
N

(
NAps_ft := NoAps_ft EPat_n , EPat_h , hc ) NAps_ft = 34

CGAps_ft( Pat_n , Pat_h , hc_2) := j last( Pat_n )

N0
N_cg 0
hc_2
while Pat_h j
2
N N + Pat_n j

N_cg N_cg + Pat_n j Pat_h j

jj1
break if j = 0
N_cg
N

(
CGAps_ft := CGAps_ft EPat_n , EPat_h , hc ) CGAps_ft = 4 IN

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-13 Example Problem 1

 d pv := h + th + ts tws CGAps_ft d pv = 76 IN
2
Aps_ex := dt1 NAps_ft Astrand Aps_ex = 5.202 IN dt1 = 1

Compute "a" based on Aps on Flexural-Tension Side:

2
Aps_a := df 1 NAps_ft Astrand Aps_a = 4.681 IN df 1 = 0.8999

Aps_a fps + As fy
1 1
cv := cv = 3.89 IN
fps
1
0.85 fct 1 b + k Aps_a
d pv

(
b wv := if cv hf , b , b v ) b wv = 108 IN

Aps_a fps + As fy 0.85 1 fct b bwv hf

1 1
( )
cv := cv = 3.89 IN
fps
1
0.85 fct 1 bwv + k Aps_a
d pv

a v := 1 cv a v = 3.3073 IN

av av av hf
Mnv := Aps_a fps dpv
1 2
+ As fy d s
1 1 2
( )
+ 0.85 fc b b wv 1 hf
2

2

Mnv = 7634 K FT

Compute dv:

Mnv
d v := d v = 74.346 IN (LRFD C5.8.2.9-1)
Aps_a fps
1

But dv need not be taken less than the greater of 0.9de and 0.72h. Thus,

0.9 d p = 54.22 IN 0.72 h c = 57.6 IN

1

Min_d v := if 0.9 d p 0.72 h c , 0.9 d p , 0.72 h c Min_d v = 57.6 IN

1 1

(
d v := if d v < Min_d v , Min_d v , d v ) d v = 74.346 IN
To compute critical section, assume: := 21.53 deg
0.5 d v cot( ) = 94.2249 IN

(
Crit_sec := if d v > 0.5 d v cot( ) , d v , 0.5 d v cot( ) ) (LRFD 5.8.2.7)

Crit_sec = 94.22 IN Crit_sec = 7.852 ft

Assuming that the distance from the face of support to the centerline of bearing is half the
bearing pad length, the critical section for shear is:
Lpad
xf := Crit_sec + xf = 8.352 ft (Note: Compare this to previous assumption)
1 2 1

At the critical section, the factored shear is:

Vu := 1.25 Vswf + Vdeck + Vbarrier + 1.5 Vfws + 1.75 VLL

1 1 1 1 1

Vu = 325.2 K

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-14 Example Problem 1

 Compute the vertical component of the prestressing force, Vp:

Pf = 1101.4 K (Note: This approach uses the total P/S force.)

1
yend ymid
:= atan = 1.4354 deg
xr
2
Vp := Pf sin ( ) Vp = 27.6 K
1
Compute maximum permissible shear capacity at a section:
Vn_max := 0.25 fc bv dv + Vp Vn_max = 752.5 K
(LRFD 5.8.3.3-2)
(
Status_Vnmax := if Vu Vn_max, "OK" , "NG" ) Status_Vnmax = "OK"
The shear contribution from the concrete, Vc, is given by:

Vc := 0.0316 fc b v d v
(LRFD 5.8.3.3-3)
To obtain in the above equation, we need and v/f'c.
First, compute v/f'c:
Vu v Vp
v :=
v b v d v v = 0.7483 KSI
(LRFD 5.8.3.4.2-1)

v
v_fc :=
fc v_fc = 0.1151
Compute :

Computing requires an iterative procedure. The basic steps are as follows:

Step 1: Assume initial value of (see above)

Step 2: Compute x: using LRFD 5.8.3.4.2-1:

Mu
dv
( )
+ 0.5 Vu Vp cot( ) Aps_ft fpo Note: Evaluation has been disabled for
this equations to enable it to be shown
x := without first evaluating its parameters.
2 Ep Aps_ft

Mu = 1602.88 K FT
1

Compute fpo:
This can be taken as 0.70fpu per the 2000 Interim Specifications:

fpo := 0.75 fpu fpo = 202.5 KSI (LRFD 5.8.3.4.2)

Mu
( )
1
+ 0.5 Vu Vp cot( ) Aps_ex fpo
dv
x := x = 0.00140791
2 Ep Aps_ex (LRFD 5.8.3.4.2-2)

Step 3: If x < 0, x must be taken as:

1.5 1.5 .5
Ec := 33000 wc KCF fc KSI Ec = 4888 KSI

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-15 Example Problem 1

 Mu (LRFD 5.8.3.4.2-3)
( )
1
+ 0.5 Vu Vp cot( ) Aps_ex fpo
dv
x2 := x2 = 0.00008891
( )
2 Ec Ac + Ep Aps_ex

(
x := if x < 0 , x2 , x ) x = 0.00008891
Step 4: Now, knowing v/f'c and x, a new value of can be looked up in LRFD Table
5.8.3.4.2-1. This procedure has been automated below using a double interpolation
procedure.

Table 1: LRFD Table 5.8.3.4.2-1. Vector C is the column headings (x), vector R is the row
headings (v/f'c), x are the values, and x are the values corresponding to the values.

0.2 22.3 20.4 21.0 21.8 24.3 26.6 30.5 33.7 36.4
0.075
0.1 18.1 20.4 21.4 22.5 24.9 27.1 30.8 34.0 36.7
0.100
0.05 19.9 21.9 22.8 23.7 25.9 27.9 31.4 34.4 37.0
0.125
0 21.6 23.3 24.2 25.0 26.9 28.8 32.1 34.9 37.3
0.150 x := deg
C := 0.125 R := 23.2 24.7 25.5 26.2 28.0 29.7 32.7 35.2 36.8
0.175
0.25 24.7 26.1 26.7 27.4 29.0 30.6 32.8 34.5 36.1
0.200
0.50 26.1 27.3 27.9 28.5 30.0 30.8 32.3 34.0 35.7
0.225
0.75 27.5 28.6 29.1 29.7 30.6 31.3 32.8 34.3 35.8
0.250
1
6.32 4.75 4.10 3.75 3.24 2.94 2.59 2.38 2.23
3.79 3.38 3.24 3.14 2.91 2.75 2.50 2.32 2.18
3.18 2.99 2.94 2.87 2.74 2.62 2.42 2.26 2.13
2.88 2.79 2.78 2.72 2.60 2.52 2.36 2.21 2.08
x :=
2.73 2.66 2.65 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.28 2.14 1.96
2.63 2.59 2.52 2.51 2.43 2.37 2.14 1.94 1.79
2.53 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.34 2.14 1.86 1.73 1.64
2.39 2.39 2.33 2.33 2.12 1.93 1.70 1.58 1.50

LB( vector , value) := j1 UB( vector , value ) := j1

LB 1 UB 1
j max last( vector) jmax last( vector)

while value > vectorj while value > vectorj

jj+1 jj+1
LB j 1 UB j
break if j > j max break if j j max

LB UB

(
Cl := LB C , x 1000 ) i := Cl i=2 Rl := LB( R , v_fc) k := Rl k=2

(
Cu := UB C , x 1000 ) j := Cu j=3 Ru := UB( R , v_fc) l := Ru l=3

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-16 Example Problem 1

 x 1000 Ci
a := if C u = 1 , xk , i , if Cl = last( C ) , xk , last( C) , xk , i +
Cj C i
(
xk , j xk , i ) a = 0.3599

x 1000 Ci
b := if C u = 1 , xl , i , if Cl = last( C) , xl , last( C) , xl , i +
Cj Ci
(
xl , j xl , i ) b = 0.3857

v_fc Rk
CP :=
R l Rk
(
:= a + CP b a ) = 21.52 deg

Since the accuracy of the values in LRFD Table 5.8.3.4.2-1 is only to the the 0.1 degree, if the
looked up value of is not within 0.1 degrees of the value from the previous trial (the assumed value
for the first trial), then another iteration should be performed. Experience has shown that this level of
convergence is normally achieved by 4 interations. Hence, 4 trials have been included.

With now known, the corresponding value of can now be interpolated:

x 1000 Ci
a := if Cu = 1 , xk , i , if Cl = last( C) , xk , last( C) , xk , i +
Cj C i
(
xk , j xk , i ) a = 3.3489

x 1000 Ci
b := if Cu = 1 , xl , i , if Cl = last( C ) , xl , last( C) , xl , i +
Cj Ci
(
xl , j xl , i ) b = 2.9789

v_fc Rk
:= a +
Rl R k
(
b a ) = 3.1252

Compute Vc:

Vc := 0.0316 fc KSI bv dv Vc = 112.3 K

Required Vs is, therefore:

Vu
Vs := Vc Vp Vs = 221.5 K
v
Assuming two vertical legs of No. #4 bars:

Vs 2
IN
Av := Av = 0.235 (LRFD C5.8.3.3-1)
fy d v cot( ) FT

2
2 0.2 IN
Spac := Spac = 20.4 IN (stirrup spacing)
Av

Check minimum transverse reinforcement:

bv 2
IN
Av_min := 0.0316 fc KSI Av_min = 0.1 (LRFD 5.8.2.5-1)
fy FT
Check maximum stirrup spacing:
(LRFD 5.8.2.7-2)
vspc := 0.125 fc vspc = 0.813 KSI

Ref: v = 0.748 KSI

( ( ) (
Max_spac := if v < vspc , if 0.8 d v < 24 IN , 0.8 d v , 24 IN , if 0.4 d v < 12 IN , 0.4 dv , 12 IN ))
Max_spac = 24 IN

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-17 Example Problem 1

 1.11 Longitudinal Reinforcement Check
Check Longitudinal Reinforcement:
The LRFD Specs requires that the longitudinal steel be checked at all locations along the girder. This requirement is
made to ensure that the longitudinal reinforcement is sufficient to develop the required tension tie which is required for
equilibrium. Equation 5.8.3.5-1 is the general equation, applicable at all sections. However, for the special case of the
inside edge of bearing at simple-end supports, the longitudinal reinforcement must be able to resist a tensile force of
(Vu/ - 0.5V s - Vp)cot(). Note that when pretensioned strands are used to develop this force, only a portion of the full
prestress force may be available near the support due to partial transfer. Additionally, only those strands on the flexural
tension side of the member contribute to the tension tie force.

L ovr L des L pad

+
2 2
TF := TF = 0.4
60 d b
Trans_Fac := if ( TF < 1 , TF , 1 ) Trans_Fac = 0.4

( )
FL_prov := Trans_Fac N Aps_ft Astrand fpe + As fy
1
FL_prov = 312.1 K

Vu
FL_reqd := 0.5 Vs Vp cot( ) FL_reqd = 565.8 K
v

(
Status_Vl := if FL_prov FL_reqd , "OK" , "NG" ) Status_Vl = "NG"

Analysis Refinements:
If it is assumed that the point of intersection of the bearing crack (at angle theta) and c.g. of the strands is where the
force in the strands is computed, then additional tensile capacity from the strands can be utilized. Assuming that the
crack starts at the face of bearing, which is half the bearing pad length away from the center of beairng and the additional
transfer distance is (cg strands)*(cot(theta), then the transfer fraction is:

Figure 5: Elevation view of end of girder showing

location where assumed failure crack crosses the c.g.
of that portion of the strand pattern that is effective for
resisting tensile forces caused by moment and shear.

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-18 Example Problem 1

 L ovr L des L pad
+ + CGAps_ft cot( )
2 2
TF := TF = 0.7382
60 d b

Trans_Fac := if ( TF < 1 , TF , 1 ) Trans_Fac = 0.7382

FL_prov := Trans_Fac NAps_ft Astrand fpe + As fy FL_prov = 575.9 K

1

The actual shear steel that is detailed will be used rather than the minimum previously
solved for to compute Vs.

Av fy d v cot( )
Vs :=
s (LRFD Eq. C5.8.3.3-1)

2
Av_actual := 1.24 IN

s := 12 IN

Av_actual fy d v cot( )
Vs_actual := Vs_actual = 1169.3 K
s

Vu
Vs_actual_max := Vs_actual_max = 361.4 K (LRFD 5.8.3.5)
v

(
Vs_actual := if Vs_actual < Vs_actual_max , Vs_actual , Vs_actual_max ) Vs_actual = 361.4 K

Vu
FL_reqd := 0.5 Vs_actual Vp cot( ) FL_reqd = 388.3 K
v

(
Status_Vl := if FL_prov FL_reqd , "OK" , "NG" ) Status_Vl = "OK"

In addition to the above refinements, Article C5.8.3.4.2 permits a value of x larger than calculated by
Eqns. 5.8.3.4.2-1, 2 or 3 to be used. This will result in a higher value of and a lower corresponding .
The above calculations can then be repeated using the higher values.

1.12 Interface Shear Design

The ability to transfer shear across the interface between the top of the precast beam and the cast-in-place deck must
be checked. This check falls under the interface shear or shear friction section of LRFD (5.8.4). Recall that under the
Standard Specs, this check falls under the horizontal shear section.

Little guidance is offered by the LRFD Specs on how to compute the applied shear stress at the strength limit state.
Two procedures are presented here for comparison. One treats the problem as a linear elastic analysis using the
VQ/Ib approach, and the other uses the approach recommended by the PCI Bridge Design Manual which is a strength
limit state approach. Both approaches assume that all loads generate stress across the interface.
Applied Factored Shear:
Linear Elastic Approach:

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-19 Example Problem 1

 2
Aslab = 635.4 IN ytc = 25.23 IN ts = 8 IN
ts
yarm := ytc yarm = 21.23 IN
2
3
Q := Aslab yarm Q = 13490 IN
Vu Q
vuh_e := vuh_e = 0.0949 KSI
Ic b f
Strength Approach:
Vu
vuh_s := vuh_s = 0.1042 KSI d v = 74.3463 IN
d v b f
Adopted Shear:
The horizontal shear computed using the strength approach will be adopted.
vuh_s
vnh_reqd := vnh_reqd = 0.1157 KSI
v
2
Acv := b f 1.0 FT Acv = 504 IN

Vnhr := vnh_reqd Acv Vnhr = 58.3 K

Nominal Shear Resistance of the Interface (Capacity):

(
Vn := cAcv + Avf fy + Pc ) (LRFD 5.8.4.1-2)
Assume interface is roughened: c := 0.10 KSI := 1.000
(LRFD 5.8.4.2)

Since there is no permanent net compressive stress normal to shear plane, Pc = 0.

The required amount of horizontal shear steel is thus:

vnh_reqd Acv c Acv 2

Avf := Avf = 0.1321 IN (per FT)
fy (LRFD 5.8.4.1-1)

2 2
Avf := if Avf < 0 , 0 IN , Avf Avf = 0.1321 IN (per FT)

Check Maximum Allowable Shear:

(
Vnh_max := if 0.2 fct Acv 0.8 Acv KSI , 0.2 fct Acv , 0.8 Acv KSI ) (LRFD 5.8.4.1-2,3)

Vnh_max = 403.2 K

Vnh_reqd := vnh_reqd Acv Vnh_reqd = 58.3 K

(
Status_Vuh_max := if Vnh_reqd < Vnh_max , "OK" , "NG" ) Status_Vuh_max = "OK"

Check Minimum Steel:

0.05 KSI b f 1.0 FT 2

Avf_min := Avf_min = 0.42 IN (per FT) (LRFD 5.8.4.1-4)
fy

Required Horizontal Shear Reinforcement:

(
Avf := if Avf < Avf_min , Avf_min , Avf ) Avf = 0.42 IN
2
(per FT)

Copyright 1998-2004 Eriksson Technologies 1-20 Example Problem 1