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Contents
SCs may be reused in site concentrated areas. If the reuse distance is inadequate or the
neighbor relation is configured to a cell (in which SCs are reused) with little handover
possibility, call drop may occur because an improper neighbor list is generated.
When analyzing such call drop, check CellID in the call drop signaling besides SCs
because the neighbor relation is identified by CellID.
Call Drop caused by others
Excluding the preceding reasons, call drop may be caused by equipment faults. In this
case, you should check the alarm information and system logs. For example: The
NodeB is faulty and the synchronization fails, and then the link is repeatedly added
and deleted. The RF module is faulty, and then call drop occurs because the downlink
signal is poor. Call drop occurs because the UE does not report 1a measurement report.
Note that the transmission condition in some overseas countries is poor and the
transmission is not stable. Thus, the call drop caused by transmission problems has
profound impact.
Common Analysis Methods for Call Drop
The common analysis methods are multi-dimension analysis, trend
analysis, accident analysis, comparison analysis, ranking analysis,
and cause-and-effect analysis.
Multi-Dimension Analysis
"Dimension" refers to the perspective and emphasis of handling a
problem. Multi-dimension analysis is carried out from different
perspectives.
For the call drop problem, not only the call drop itself, but also
related factors such as access, handover, traffic statistics, time, RTWP
are to be analyzed. For example, the background statistics report
related to the call drop mainly indicates the following indicators in
parallel:
Trend Analysis
Accident Analysis
If the call drop rate during a certain period is
particularly high, you should check the
problem of this period by the following
method:
Check the equipment alarm and system log
of this period to find out hardware problems;
Check the transmission of this period;
Check whether the upgrade or cell blocking
is performed during this period;
Check whether there is an occasion with
abrupt high traffic requirements such as a
concert, game, or exhibition.
Comparison Analysis and Ranking Analysis
Comparison analysis
Comparison analysis is carried out through comparing various data sets from the same
perspective and finds out the differences. Furthermore, the reasons of the differences
can be found out. Comparison analysis is commonly used in the analysis of signaling
process.
Ranking analysis
Ranking analysis is carried out through classifying data into top N and bottom N data
from a large amount of data. The top N and bottom N data are further analyzed. For
example, ranking analysis is used to locate the worst cell.
Cause-and-Effect Analysis
For a certain effect, the cause-and-effect analysis is performed to locate the causes that
may result in the effect and to determine the influence of the causes. For example, the
call congestion of a cell may be caused by insufficient capacity of the hardware, of the
downlink, or of the uplink.
Note that each analysis method has its pertinence and restrictions. You may use a
combination of the methods discussed accordingly to locate complicated problems
such as equipment failure, parameter configuration (engineering parameters and radio
parameters), and network resource usage.
Contents
74
Neighboring Cell Optimization
Main parameters
UTRAN neighbor cell list
Process of analysis
The cell with SC 9 is in the detected set and cannot be added to the
active set when the quality of the serving cell with SC 74 is extremely
poor. This is typical miss configure neighboring cell.
Optimization Solution
Modify the neighbor cell relation. Add the cell with SC 9 to the
neighbor cell list of the cell with SC 74.
Result
In the following two slides, at the beginning the cell with SC 9 is in
monitor set, and then becomes cell in the active set. Soft handover is
successful and no call drop again.
Neighboring Cell Optimization
Process of analysis
With ZTEs neighbor cell optimization software, NCOS, handover
and detected set data of each MINOS system can be collected. The
software is dedicated to analyzing the handovers between the cells in
details and to determine which neighboring cell should be added or
deleted, and how to set measurement priority of neighboring cells.
With the GIS map, the NCOS shows the neighbor relation directly.
Case 2 Improper Neighbor Cell Relation
index RNCID CID Cell Name SC Handover Times
1 1 10263 TRI026W-3 248 66689
2 1 11352 TRI135W-2 59 37017
3 1 10253 TRI025W-3 208 28371
22 1 11932 TRI193W-2 281 23
23 1 10212 TRI021W-2 156 23
24 1 10211 TRI021W-1 148 20
25 1 11001 TRI100W-1 196 9693
26 1 10203 TRI020W-3 144 1893
27 1 14351 TRI435W-1 53 1104
28 1 10981 TRI098W-1 414 943
29 1 11133 TRI113W-3 49 686
30 1 12003 TRI200W-3 409 292
31 1 10741 TRI074W-1 390 218
32 1 10191 TRI019W-1 147 106
33 10 10951 TRI095W-1 81 68
34 1 14183 TRI418W-3 120 53
The cells in white background are current neighbor cell of cell TRI135W-1,
while the cells in yellow are not.
Case 2 Improper Neighbor Cell Relation
Optimization Solution
Handover occurs 9693 times between cell TRI135W-1 and
TRI100W-1 with SC 196 and 1893 times between cell TRI135W-1
and TRI020W-3. These cells with most handover times should be
added as the neighbor cells of TRI135W-1.
However, handover occurs less than 80 times in current neighbor
cells such as TRI021W-2 and TRI021W-1 during busy hours of the
week. The current neighbor cells with too few handover times should
be deleted.
Result
After the neighbor relation is adjusted, the CS call drop rate of
TRI135W-1 decreases from 3 to 1.3%.
Case 3 - SC Reuse Optimization
Reason:
Call drop because of inadequate SC reuse distance
Description:
When the UE moves from the China Unicom building to Huaqiangbei
Commercial District along the Shennan Road, it firstly connects to
sectors 1 and 2 (SCs 246 and 247) of the outdoor site of the China
Unicom building. Occasionally, SC 124 reports 1a measurement
report, but it is not added by the RNC because it is not in the
detection set.
Then, SC 350, the fourth sector of the outdoor site of the China
Unicom building, is added and immediately replaced by SC 124.
After check, the cell with SC 124 (sector 2 of the Xiangmihu East
Hotel) is a neighboring cell of the cell with SC 350.
Later, the signal of SC 246 and SC 247 becomes weak. Only SC 124
is used after SC 123 is added several times. Then, 1a measurement is
reported to add SC 125 but no Active Set Update message sent by the
RNC is received. At last, call drop occurs.
Case 3 - SC Reuse Optimization
cellSynchronisationInfo cellSynchronisationInfo
{ {
modeSpecificInfo fdd : modeSpecificInfo fdd :
{ {
countC-SFN-Frame-difference countC-SFN-Frame-difference
{ {
countC-SFN-High 0, countC-SFN-High 0,
off 212 off 212
}, },
tm 37446 tm 37958
} }
}, },
modeSpecificInfo fdd : modeSpecificInfo fdd :
{ {
primaryCPICH-Info primaryCPICH-Info
{
{
primaryScramblingCode 124
primaryScramblingCode 123
},
},
cpich-Ec-N0 22,
cpich-Ec-N0 6,
cpich-RSCP 21
cpich-RSCP 13
Case 3 - SC Reuse Optimization
This problem occurs because the setup SC 124 and reported SC 125
are not from the same site. The drive test route starts from the
Nanguang Building in the Futian District and passes the Huaqiangbei
Commercial District. SC 125 is first regarded as the signal from the
Nanguang Building. However, according to the neighboring relation
in the background configuration and the drive test route, the signal is
from Xiangmihu East Hotel. According to the UE log, the cell ID in
the Active Set Update message is 18321, which indicates sector 2 of
the Xiangmihu East Hotel). The two sites use the same SC and the
distance between them is about 4.3 km. Between them, a lot of sites
are not started.
Case 3 - SC Reuse Optimization
According to the UE measurement at the location 2.6 km from the Xiangmihu East
Hotel, the frame offset and code offset are 108 and 21891 respectively. For
comparison, the frame offset and code offset of SC 251 reported by the UE at the
same time are 42 and 26102 respectively. This SC 124 is added to the active set.
According to the RNC signaling, this SC 124 is sector 2 of the Xiangmihu East
Hotel. After a period, the signal of SC 124 appears again at the location 900 m
away from the Nanguang building, marked by the red circle in the figure.
According to the UE measurement report, the frame offset and code offset are 129
and 33071 respectively. The frame offset and code offset of SC 125 are 129 and
32560 respectively. For comparison, the frame offset and code offset of SC 251
reported by the UE at the same time are 42 and 26066 respectively. Then, SC 125
is added to the active set. According to the RNC signaling, this SC 125 is sector 3
of the Nanguang building, 700 m from the preceding location.
According to the two groups of data, SC 124 in the first group is not SC in the
second group because the frame offset and code offset differ greatly. The jitter is
not intensified according to the frame offset and code offset of SC 251 used as
comparison. Because SC 124 is always in the active set during the UE call process,
SC 125 of the other site is not requested to be added when SC 124 is used.
Note that SC 125 cannot be added if the UE connects to the first SC 124 because
the distance between the sites with the same SC is close.
Case 3 - SC Reuse Optimization
Solution:
The SCs of the Xiangmihu East Hotel are adjusted so that the SCs
are different from that of the nearby site.
Result:
No call drop occurs due to the SC reuse fault of this site in later tests.
Case 4 - Soft Handover Parameter Optimization
Reason
Low handover success rate because of improper soft handover
parameter configuration
Description
The success rate of the handover from sector 1 (SC 436) of the
Shuqian Lu site to sector 2 (SC 434) of the Meihuacun hotel is low.
This area is within the Shuqian Lu section.
Main parameters
Soft handover 1a/1b event handover threshold, time to trigger
Case 4 - Soft Handover Parameter Optimization
Adjust the 1a/1b event handover threshold and trigger time in cell
436.
Lower 1a event handover threshold and shorten the trigger time to
ensure that the cells with good signal quality can firstly enter the
active set. Raise the 1b event handover threshold and extend the
trigger time so that the cells are not deleted too early due to sudden
signal deterioration.
Case 4 - Soft Handover Parameter Optimization
Result
After the parameter optimization, cell 434 of the Meihuacun site can
be added to the active set quickly and is not deleted too early.
According to the drive test result from more than 100 times of
handover tests, the success rate of the handover between the Shuqian
Lu site and the Meihuacun hotel site increases greatly.
Suggestion for similar problems:
The handover failure discussed in this example may occur when the
cell signal is within the handover region and the signal deteriorates
quickly because of obstructions. If the coverage of this cell cannot be
improved, it can adjust handover parameters. It should ensure that the
target cell can be added to the active set quickly and deleted from the
active set slowly.
Case 5 - Data Configuration Optimization in 2G/3G
Operations
Reason:
Call drop because of incorrect data configuration
Description:
When the 2G/3G handover tests are performed at the boundary of the
3G network, the handover from the 3G network to the 2G network
succeeds in the west to east direction, but the handover fails in the
east to west direction.
Main parameters:
BSC ID, LAC, NCC, and BCCH of the 2G neighboring cell
Data Configuration Optimization in 2G/3G Operations
Process of Analysis
Because the handover from 3G to 2G network fails, you should firstly check
whether neighbor cells are configured in 2G. If all neighboring cells are
configured, go to the next step.
Record whether the 2G UE starts the compression mode when the signal
quality of 3G is lower than the threshold, and record the CI of the 2G cell
where the compression mode is started. The signaling is below:
However, after the UE starts the compression mode, the relocation fails. The
signaling is below:
According to previous signaling analysis, it can find that the UE does not
recognize the BSC of the 2G cell during the 3G-to-2G handover. In this case,
the failure may be caused by unconfigured BSC ID or LAC.
Data Configuration Optimization in 2G/3G Operations
Solution:
Check the BSC and LAC of the target 2G cell on the CN. It is found
that the LAC is not configured. Then, reconfigure the LACs of all 2G
neighboring cells on the CN.
Result:
After the data is configured again, all 3G-to-2G handovers succeed.
Suggestion for similar problems:
In the 3G-to-2G handover, the BSC ID, LAC, NCC, and BCCH of
2G neighboring cells must be configured in the 2G neighboring cell
database of the OMCR and in the CN.
Case 6 - Soft Handover Event Detection and
Reporting Time To Trigger
Time To Trigger (TTT) refers to the interval between the detection and reporting of
events (1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D). The setting of TTT has an impact on the promptness of
handovers.
When adjusting handover parameters, pay attention to two factors: 1. The signals from
different cells must be definitely overlapped. Then, you can adjust related radio
parameters so that the time for the UE crossing the handover region is longer than the
whole handover delay. Thus, the service continuity is guaranteed. 2. The size of the
handover region determined by both the signal and the radio parameters cannot too
large. If the size of the handover region is too large, the overhead used by the handover
is high and the resource usage decreases.
For areas with sheer signal changes such street corners, you should shorten 1a trigger
time, extend 1b trigger time, and adjust the CIO of neighboring cells so that 1a occurs
earlier and 1b occurs later. Thus, the handover can be performed successfully.
For scenarios such as express highways, call drop may occur because the UE cannot
enter the new cell due to fast drive speed and large cell spacing. The parameter
adjustment should be performed referring to the adjustment of street corners, that is,
helping the cell with good signal quality enters the active set quick to ensure the
service continuity.
Currently, the parameter adjustment is performed by adding a measurement number
and using it in the target cell.
Neighboring Cell Offset CIO
The sum of the CIO and the actual measurement value is used for the
event assessment of the UE. The sum is used by the UE in the intra-
frequency handover decision, which changes the cell boundary in the
handover algorithm.
A higher value of this parameter results in easier soft handovers,
more UEs in the soft handover state, and more used resources. A
lower value, however, results in more difficult handovers.
The CIO has an impact on the non-best cell. In detail, the CIO is
effective for 1a events in neighboring cells and effective for 1b events
in cells to be deleted.
Compression Mode Enabling/Disabling Threshold
The compression mode is used in inter-frequency and inter-system handovers. The
compression mode is enabled before the handover. The system uses the time interval
generated by the compression to measure the signal quality of the target cell of inter-
frequency or inter-system handovers. Currently, the compression mode is enabled by
the 2D event and disabled by the 2F event. The measurement can be RSCP or Ec/Io.
By default, the RSCP is currently used. The method of using the Ec/Io for enabling or
disabling the compression mode applies to the population concentrated urban areas or
the areas with weak coverage (similar RSCP and average main pilot).
Generally, enabling the compression mode involves the signal quality measurement of
the target cell (inter-frequency or inter-system) and signal quality deterioration
because of the UE movement. The compression mode can be started when the
handover process is complete, that is, the signal of the target cell is successfully
measured and reported before the signal quality of the current cell deteriorates to a
level close to the call drop condition. In addition, the compression mode should not be
enabled and disabled frequently.
In population concentrated urban areas, the continuous coverage of the 3G network
should be guaranteed. In this way, unnecessary system load will not be generated from
inter-system handovers. In scenarios such as 3G network boundary and express
highways, the 2D trigger threshold should be raised so that compression mode is
started quickly before 3G signals deteriorate and fades away.
Maximum Downlink Transmit Power of Radio Link
N315 Maximum number of synchronization indicators that the UE (1, 2, 4, 10, 20, 50, 1
receives continuously from L1 in T313 activated state 100, 200, 400, 600,
800, 1000)
T309 Waiting time after initiating requests to access other RATs, such (1..8)s 3s
as GSM