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Taxation Law
From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
RULING: As an offline international carrier RULING: At the outset, the period for
with no landing rights in the Philippines, it is petitioner to assess and collect an internal
not liable to tax on Gross Philippine Billings revenue tax is limited only to three years.
under Section 28(A) (3) of the 1997
National Internal Revenue Code. Under the However, one of the exceptions to the
foregoing provision, the tax attaches only three-year prescriptive period on the
when the carriage of persons, excess assessment of taxes is that provided for
baggage, cargo, and mail originated from under Section 222(b) of the NIRC of 1997,
the Philippines in a continuous and as amended, which states: If before the
uninterrupted flight, regardless of where the expiration of the time prescribed in Section
passage documents were sold. Not having 203 for the assessment of the tax, both the
flights to and from the Philippines, petitioner Commissioner and the taxpayer have agreed
is clearly not liable for the Gross Philippine in writing to its assessment after such time,
Billings tax. Petitioner, an offline carrier, is a the tax may be assessed within the period
resident foreign corporation for income tax agreed upon.
purposes, thus, it may be subject to 30% tax
on its taxable income. It must be kept in mind that the very reason
why the law provided for prescription is to
MITSUBISHI MOTORS PHILIPPINES give taxpayers peace of mind, that is, to
CORPORATION vs. BUREAU OF safeguard them from unreasonable
CUSTOMS examination, investigation, or assessment.
G.R. No. 209830, June 17, 2015 The law on prescription, being a remedial
measure, should be liberally construed in
RULING: Verily, the foregoing provisions order to afford such protection. As a
explicitly provide that the CTA has exclusive corollary, the exceptions to the law on
appellate jurisdiction over tax collection prescription should perforce be strictly
cases originally decided by the RTC. construed.
In the instant case, the CA has no jurisdiction Seizure Proceedings under the Tariff and
over respondents appeal; hence, it cannot Customs Code of the Philippines
perform any action on the same except to
order its dismissal pursuant to Section 2, M/V "DON MARTIN" VOY 047 vs. HON.
Rule 50 of the Rules of Court. Therefore, the SECRETARY OF FINANCE
act of the CA in referring respondents G. R. No. 160206, July 15, 2015
wrongful appeal before it to the CTA under
the guise of furthering the interests of RULING:
substantial justice is blatantly erroneous, and 1. The CTA had jurisdiction to
thus, stands to be corrected. In Anderson v. resolve the issue on the forfeiture
Ho, the Court held that the invocation of of the 6,500 sacks of rice and of
substantial justice is not a magic wand that the vessel
would readily dispel the application of
procedural rules The petition for review was filed at the time
when the jurisdiction of the CTA was
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, defined and governed by Section 7 of
vs. AIR LIQUIDE PHILIPPINES, INC., Republic Act No. 1125. According to such
G.R. No. 210646, July 29, 2015 provision of the law, the action of the
Collector of Customs was appealable to the
Commissioner of Customs, whose decision
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Taxation Law
From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
was subject to the exclusive appellate the BIR mails/releases/sends the assessment
jurisdiction of the CTA, whose decision was notice to the taxpayer. Further, the assessed
in turn appealable to the CA. tax must be collected by distraint or levy
and/or court proceeding within the three-
Under Section 2530 (a) and (k) of the TCCP, year period.
the forfeiture of a vehicle, vessel or aircraft is
anchored on its being used unlawfully in the To determine prescription, what is essential
transport of contraband or smuggled articles only is that the facts demonstrating the lapse
into or from any Philippine port. Thus, the of the prescriptive period were sufficiently
determination of the legality of the and satisfactorily apparent on the record
forfeiture of the M/V Don Martin was either in the allegations of the plaintiffs
necessarily contingent on whether the complaint, or otherwise established by the
customs authorities had validly and properly evidence. Under the then applicable Section
seized the shipment of 6,500 sacks of rice on 319(c) [now, 222(c)] of the National
account of the rice being smuggled. Given Internal Revenue Code (NIRC) of 1977, as
this logical correlation, the CT A could not amended, any internal revenue tax which
be divested of its jurisdiction to determine has been assessed within the period of
the legality of the forfeiture of the rice. limitation may be collected by distraint or
levy, and/or court proceeding within three
2. The 6,500 sacks of rice were not years following the assessment of the tax.
unlawfully imported into the The assessment of the tax is deemed made
Philippines; hence, there was no and the three-year period for collection of
legal ground for the forfeiture of the assessed tax begins to run on the date
the rice and its carrying vessel the assessment notice had been released,
mailed or sent by the BIR to the taxpayer.
In resolving the issue whether the rice
shipment constituted smuggling or unlawful Tax refund- barred by prescription
importation, and thus be subject to
forfeiture, it must be proved that fraud has NIPPON EXPRESS (PHILIPPINES) CORP., vs.
been committed by the consignee/importer COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,
to evade the payment of the duties due. To G.R. No. 185666, February 4, 2015
warrant forfeiture, Section 2530(a) and (f)
of the TCCP requires that the importation RULING: In case of full or partial denial of
must have been unlawful or prohibited. the claim for tax refund or tax credit, or the
failure on the part of the Commissioner to
As to the issue of legality of forfeiture of the act on the application within the period
M/V Don Martin, there, was3 no sufficient prescribed above, the taxpayer affected may,
basis to warrant such forfeiture. Under within thirty (30) days from the receipt of
Section 902 of the TCCP, the right to engage the decision denying the claim or after the
in the Philippine coastwise trade was limited expiration of the one hundred twenty day
to vessels carrying a certificate of Philippine period, appeal the decision or the unacted
registry. In order for the vessel to legally claim with the Court of Tax Appeals. A claim
engage in coastwise trade, the owner must for tax refund or credit, like a claim for tax
further submit other documents, like the bill refund exemption, is construed strictly
of lading and coastwise manifest. against the taxpayer. One of the conditions
for a judicial claim of refund or credit under
Collection and assessment of tax within 3 the VAT System is compliance with the
years 120+30 day mandatory and jurisdictional
periods.
CHINA BANKING CORPORATION, vs.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, The prescriptive period for filing a tax
G.R. No. 172509, February 4, 2015 refund or credit of unutilized input VAT as
provided in Section 112 of the 1997 Tax
RULING: The time limit for the government Code, as follows:
to collect the assessed tax is set at three (1) An administrative claim must be filed
years, to be reckoned from the date when with the CIR within two years after
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Green Notes 2016
Taxation Law
From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
the close of the taxable quarter when taxes describes the entities to whom the
the zero-rated or effectively zero- petroleum products must be sold in order to
rated sales were made. render the exemption operative. Section
(2) The CIR has 120 days from the date 135(c) should thus be construed as an
of submission of complete exemption in favor of the petroleum
documents in support of the products on which the excise tax was levied
administrative claim within which to in the first place. The exemption cannot be
decide whether to grant a refund or granted to the buyers - that is, the entities
issue a tax credit certificate. The 120- that are by law exempt from direct and
day period may extend beyond the indirect taxes - because they are not under
two-year period from the filing of any legal duty to pay the excise tax.
the administrative claim if the claim
is filed in the later part of the two The payment of the excise taxes by Chevron
year period. If the 120-day period upon its importation of petroleum products
expires without any decision from was deemed illegal and erroneous upon the
the CIR, then the administrative sale of the petroleum products to CDC.
claim may be considered to be Section 204 of the NIRC explicitly allowed
denied by inaction. Chevron as the statutory taxpayer to claim
(3) A judicial claim must be filed with the refund or the credit of the excise taxes
the CTA within 30 days from the thereby paid, viz.:
receipt of the CIRs decision denying
the administrative claim or from the SEC 204. Authority of the Commissioner to
expiration of the 120-day period Compromise, Abate and Refund or Credit
without any action from the CIR. Taxes. - The Commissioner may
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Taxation Law
From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
RULING: It is the CTA which has the power RULING: MIAA is not a government-owned
to rule on a Petition for Certiorari assailing or controlled corporation under Section
an interlocutory order of the RTC relating to 2(13) of the Introductory Provisions of the
a local tax case. Administrative Code because it is not
organized as a stock or non-stock
Jurisdiction over the subject matter is corporation. Neither is MIAA a government-
required for a court to act on any owned or controlled corporation under
controversy. It is conferred by law and not Section 16, Article XII of the 1987
by the consent or waiver upon a court. As Constitution because MIAA is not required
such, if a court lacks jurisdiction over an to meet the test of economic viability. MIAA
action, it cannot decide the case on the is a government instrumentality vested with
merits and must dismiss it. corporate powers and performing essential
public services pursuant to Section 2(10) of
With respect to the CTA, its jurisdiction was the Introductory Provisions of the
expanded and its rank elevated to that of a Administrative Code. As a government
collegiate court with special jurisdiction by instrumentality, MIAA is not subject to any
virtue of Republic Act No. 9282. This kind of tax by local governments under
expanded jurisdiction of the CTA includes its Section 133(o) of the Local Government
exclusive appellate jurisdiction to review by Code. The exception to the exemption in
appeal the decisions, orders or resolutions of Section 234(a) does not apply to MIAA
the RTC in local tax cases originally decided because MIAA is not a taxable entity under
or resolved by the RTC in the exercise of its the Local Government Code. Such exception
original or appellate jurisdiction. applies only if the beneficial use of real
property owned by the Republic is given to
On the strength of the above constitutional a taxable entity.
provisions, it can be fairly interpreted that
the power of the CTA includes that of Finally, the Airport Lands and Buildings of
determining whether or not there has been MIAA are properties devoted to public use
grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack and thus are properties of public dominion.
or excess of jurisdiction on the part of the Properties of public dominion are owned by
RTC in issuing an interlocutory order in cases the State or the Republic.
falling within the exclusive appellate
jurisdiction of the tax court. It, thus, follows As properties of public dominion owned by
that the CTA, by constitutional mandate, is the Republic, there is no doubt whatsoever
vested with jurisdiction to issue writs of that the Airport Lands and Buildings are
certiorari in these cases. expressly exempt from real estate tax under
Section 234(a) of the Local Government
The RTC injunction case is a local tax case. Code. This Court has also repeatedly ruled
that properties of public dominion are not
The Court finds, that in praying to restrain subject to execution or foreclosure sale.
the collection of RPT, petitioner also
implicitly questions the propriety of the EASTERN TELECOMMUNICATIONS
assessment of such RPT. This is because in PHILIPPINES, INC., v. COMMISSIONER OF
ruling as to whether to restrain the INTERNAL REVENUE
collection, the RTC must first necessarily rule G.R. No. 183531 March 25, 2015
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Taxation Law
From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
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Taxation Law
From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
CARGILL PHILIPPINES, INC., vs. In the landmark case of Aichi, it was held that
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE the observance of the 120-day period is a
mandatory and jurisdictional requisite to the
filing of a judicial claim for refund before the
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From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
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Taxation Law
From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
social contract with its citizens obliges it to 2. The government is not bound by
promote public interest and common good. the errors committed by its agents.
The theory behind the exercise of the power In the performance of its
to tax emanates from necessity; without taxes, government functions, the State
government cannot fulfil its mandate of cannot be estopped by the neglect
promoting the general welfare and well-being of its agents and officers. Taxes are
of the people (CIR v. BPI, 521 SCRA 373, 387- the lifeblood of the nation through
388). which the government agencies
continue to operate and with
Q. Briefly discuss the dictum that the which the state effects its functions
power to tax involves the power to for the welfare of its constituents.
destroy. The errors of certain administrative
officers should never be allowed to
In Mactan Cebu International Airport jeopardize the governments
Authority v. Marcos, 261 SCRA 667, 679, the financial position (CIR v. CTA, 234
Supreme Court stressed that taxation is a SCRA 348).
destructive power which interferes with the
personal and property rights of the people and 3. The BIR is authorized to collect
takes from them a portion of their property estate tax deficiency through the
for the support of the government. summary remedy of levying upon
the sale of real properties of a
The power to tax includes the power decedent, without the cognition
to destroy if it is used validly as an implement and authority of the court sitting in
of the police power in discouraging and in probate over the supposed will of
effect, ultimately prohibiting certain things or the decedent, because the
enterprises inimical to the public welfare xxx collection of the estate tax is
(Cruz, Constitutional Law, 2000 Ed., p. 87). executive in character. As such, the
estate tax is exempted from the
Q. Describe the Scope of the Power to application of the statute of non-
Tax claims, and this is justified by the
necessity of government funding,
The power of taxation is the most immortalized in the maxim Taxes
absolute of all powers of the government are the lifeblood of the
(Sison v. Ancheta, 130 SCRA 654).It has the government and should be
broadest scope of all the powers of collected without unnecessary
government because in the absence of hindrance. However, such
limitations, it is considered as unlimited, collection should be made in
plenary, comprehensive and supreme. accordance with law as any
arbitrariness will negate the very
However, the power of taxation reason for government itself
should be exercised with caution to minimize (MARCOS II v. CA, 273 SCRA 47).
injury to the proprietary rights of the taxpayer.
It must be exercised fairly, equally and 4. Taxes are the lifeblood of the
uniformly, lest the tax collector kill the hen government and so should be
that lays the golden egg (Roxas v. CTA, 23 collected without unnecessary
SCRA 276). hindrance. Philexs claim that it
had no obligation to pay the excise
Q. Discuss the meaning an implication of tax liabilities within the prescribed
the LIFEBLOOD DOCTRINE. period since it still has pending
claims for VAT input credit/refund
1. By enforcing the tax lien, the BIR with the BIR is UNTENABLE
availed itself of the most (Philex Mining Corporation v. CIR,
expeditious way to collect the tax. 294 SCRA 687).
Taxes are the lifeblood of the
government and their prompt and Q. It has been said that the State can
certain availability is an imperious never be in estoppel, and this is
need (CIR v. Pineda, 21 SCRA 105). particularly true in matters involving
taxation. Explain the philosophy
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Taxation Law
From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
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From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
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From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
2. The claim of Philex for VAT results from the promotion of private
refund is still pending litigation, and still has to enterprises, does not justify the use of public
be determined by the CTA. A fortiori, the funds.
liquidated debt of Philex to the government
cannot, therefore, be set off against the Tax Situs of Shares of Stock
unliquidated claim which Philex conceived as
existing in its favor. Debts are due to the The SC held that the actual situs of the
government in its corporate capacity, while shares of stock left by non-resident alien
taxes are due to the government in its decedent is in the Philippines. The owner
sovereign capacity (Philex v. CIR, 294 SCRA residing in California has extended activities
687). here with respect to her intangibles so as to
avail herself of the protection and benefit of
Q. Distinguish direct tax from indirect tax. the Philippine laws. Accordingly, the
Philippine government had the jurisdiction to
Direct tax refers to one assessed upon tax the same (Wells Fargo Bank v. Collector,
the property, person, business income, etc., of 70 Phil. 235).
those who pay them, whereas indirect tax
includes those levied on commodities before Exemption from Taxation of Government
they reach the consumer, and are paid by Agencies
those upon whom they ultimately fall, not as
taxes, but as part of the market price of the The Constitution is silent on whether
commodity (Cooley, Tax. 61). Congress is prohibited from taxing the
properties of the agencies of the government.
INHERENT LIMITATIONS ON THE POWER In MCIAA v. Marcos, 261 SCRA 667, the
TO TAX Supreme Court held that nothing can prevent
Congress from decreeing that even
Q. What is meant by public purpose as instrumentalities or agencies of the
an inherent limitation on the power of government performing governmental
taxation? functions may be subject to tax.
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Taxation Law
From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
properties of MIAA are owned by the Republic managed as a separate customs territory from
of the Philippines and thus exempt from real the rest of the Philippines and, thus, for tax
estate tax. A government instrumentality like purposes, are effectively considered as foreign
MIAA falls under Section 133(o) of the Local territory. For this reason, sales by persons from
Government Code, the Philippine customs territory to those inside
exercise of the taxing powers of provinces, the export processing zones are already taxed
cities, municipalities, and barangays shall not as exports (Atlas Consolidated Mining and
extend to the levy of the following: xxx (o) Development Corporation v. CIR, 524 SCRA
Taxes, fees or charges of any kind on the 73, 103).
National Government, its agencies and
instrumentalities and local government units. Q. Distinguish tax from license fee
This has been echoed in the recent case Tax may be distinguished from license
of Philippine Fisheries Development Authority fee as follows:
v. The Municipality of Navotas, 534 SCRA
490, wherein the Supreme Court ruled that Tax License Fee
PFDA, being an instrumentality of the national Levied for revenue Imposed for
government, is exempt from real property tax
but the exemption does not extend to the regulations
portions of the Navotas Fishing Port Complex Involves exercise of Involves an exercise
(NFPC) that were leased to taxable or private taxing power of police power
persons and entities for their beneficial use. Amount is generally Amount is usually
not limited limited to the
Q. Is Philippine Reclamation Authority necessary expenses of
(PRA) exempt from real property tax? regulation
Imposed on the right Imposed on the right
YES. It is exempt from real property to exercise a to exercise a privilege
tax. First. PRA is not a government-owned or privilege as well as
controlled corporation but an instrumentality to persons and
of the National Government vested with property
corporate powers and performing an essential Enforced Legal compensation
public service pursuant to Section 2(10) of the contribution assessed or reward of an
Introductory Provisions of the Administrative by sovereign officer for public
Code. Second. Real properties of PRA are authority to defray services
owned by the Republic of the Philippines. public expenses
Section 234(a) of the Local Government Code Failure to pay does Failure to pay makes
exempts from real estate tax any [r]eal not necessarily make the act or business
property owned by the Republic of the the business illegal illegal
Philippines. [Republic v. City of Paraaque,
677 SCRA 246 (2012)] Q. Are toll fees considered taxes?
Q. Explicate the Destination Principle in A tax is imposed under the taxing
the imposition of value added tax. power of the government principally for the
purpose of raising revenues to fund public
According to the Destination Principle, expenditures. Toll fees, on the other hand, are
goods and services are taxed only in the collected by private tollway operators as
country where these are consumed. In reimbursement for the costs and expenses
connection with the said principle, the Cross incurred in the construction, maintenance and
Border Doctrine mandates that no VAT shall operation of the tollways, as well as to assure
be imposed to form part of the cost of the them a reasonable margin of income. Although
goods destined for consumption outside the toll fees are charged for the use of public
territorial border of the taxing authority. facilities, therefore, they are not government
Hence, actual export of goods and services exactions that can be properly treated as a
from the Philippines to a foreign country must tax. Taxes may be imposed only by the
be free of VAT while those destined for use or government under its sovereign authority, toll
consumption within the Philippines shall be fees may be demanded by either the
imposed with 10% VAT (Now 12% under R.A. government or private individuals or entities,
No. 9337). Export processing zones are to be as an attribute of ownership (Renato V. Diaz,
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Taxation Law
From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
et al. vs. Sec. of Finance, et al., G.R. No. the subject of taxation, and a classification is
193007). reasonable where: (1) it is based on substantial
distinctions which make real differences; (2)
Q. Give the sources of tax law these are germane to the purposes of the law;
(3) the classification applies not only to
The sources of tax law are: (a) present conditions but also to future
Constitution; (b) statutes or laws; (c) conditions; (4) the classification applies only to
presidential decrees; (d) revenue regulation; those who belong to the same class. In the case
(e) administrative rulings and opinions; (f) of Ormoc Sugar Company, Inc. v. the
judicial decisions; (g) provincial, city, municipal Treasurer of Ormoc City, 22 SCRA 603, the SC
and barangay ordinances; and (h) treaties or held an ordinance unconstitutional for taxing
international agreements. only sugar produced and exported by the
Ormoc Sugar Co., Inc.. The classification, to be
Q. What is meant by progressive taxation reasonable, should be in terms applicable to
and what is its basis? future conditions as well. The taxing
ordinance should not be singular and exclusive
Progressive taxation is built on the as to exclude any substantially established
principle of the taxpayers ability to pay sugar central, of the same class as plaintiff,
taxation is progressive when its rate goes up from the coverage of the tax.
depending on the resources of the person
affected. The equal protection clause does not
require universal application of the laws on all
CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS ON THE persons or things without distinction. What
TAXING POWER the clause requires is equality among equals as
determined according to a valid classification.
Q. When does the power of taxation By classification is meant the group of persons
impinge the due process clause? or things similar to each other in certain
particulars and different from all others in
The due process clause may be these same particulars (Abakada Guro Party
invoked where a taxing statute is so arbitrary List v. Ermita, supra).
that it finds no support in the Constitution, as
where it can be shown to amount to a Q. A law withdrawing the exemption
confiscation of property (Reyes v. Almanzor, granted to the press was challenged as
196 SCRA 322). discriminatory by giving broadcast
media favored treatment.
There is a need for proof of persuasive
character as would lead to a violation thereof. IT IS NOT DISCRIMINATORY. If the
Absent such a showing, the presumption of press is now required to pay VAT, it is not
validity must prevail. because it is being singled out but only because
of the removal of the exemption previously
Q. Is classification allowed in taxation? granted by law. Further, the press is taxed on
its transactions involving printing and
The taxing power has the authority to publication, which are different from the
make reasonable and natural classification for transactions of broadcast media. There is a
purposes of taxation, but the governments act reasonable basis for the classification
must not be prompted by a spirit of hostility, (Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, 235 SCRA
or at the very least discrimination that finds no 630).
support in reason. It suffices then that the laws
operate equally and uniformly on all persons Q. What is the controlling doctrine on
under similar circumstances or that all persons exemption from taxation of real
must be treated in the same manner, the property of religious, charitable and
conditions not being different both in the educational institutions?
privileges conferred and the liabilities imposed
(Sison v. Ancheta, 130 SCRA 654). In the case of Lung Center of the
Philippines v. Quezon City and Constantino P.
The equal protection clause applies Rosas, City Assessor of Quezon City, 433 SCRA
only to persons or things identically situated 119, the prevailing rule on the application of
and does not bar a reasonable classification of tax exemption to properties incidentally used
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From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
for religious, charitable and educational exclusive use of the lands, buildings and
purposes, as enunciated in the case of Herrera improvements for religious or charitable
v. QC-BAA, 3 SCRA 187, has now been purposes (Province of Abra v. Hernando, 107
abandoned. In resolving the issue of whether SCRA 104).
or not the portions of the real property of
Lung Center that are leased to private entities DOUBLE TAXATION
are exempt from real property taxes, the
Supreme Court reexamined the intent of the Q. What is double taxation? When does it
constitutional provision granting tax arise? How is it prevented? Is it
exemption of properties ACTUALLY, unconstitutional?
DIRECTLY AND EXCLUSIVELY USED FOR
RELIGIOUS, CHARITABLE AND Double taxation means taxing the
EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES. same thing or activity twice during the same
tax period (Villanueva v. City of Iloilo, 26
Thus, the records of the Constitutional SCRA 578). It takes place when a person is a
Commission reveal that what is exempted is resident of a contracting state and derives
not the institution itself; those exempted from income from, or owns capital in, the other
real estate taxes are lands, buildings and contracting state, and both states impose tax
improvements actually, directly and exclusively on that income or capital.
used for religious, charitable or educational
purposes. Tax conventions such as the RP-US Tax
Treaty are drafted with a view towards the
Citing the case of St. Louis Young elimination of international juridical double
Mens Christian Association v. Gehner, 47 taxation. In CIR v. S.C. Johnson and Sons, Inc.,
S.W.2d 776 which held that if real property is 309 SCRA 87, however, it was held that since
used for one or more commercial purposes, it the RP-US Tax treaty does not give a matching
is not exclusively used for the exempted credit of 20% for the taxes paid to the
purposes but is subject to taxation, the Philippines on royalties as allowed under the
Supreme Court explained that What is meant RP-West Germany Tax Treaty, S.C. Johnson
by actual, direct and exclusive use of the (Phils.) is not entitled to the 10% rate granted
property for charitable institutions is the direct under the latter treaty for the reason that there
and immediate and actual application of the is no payment of taxes on royalties under
property itself to the purposes for which the similar circumstances.
charitable institution is organized. It is not the
use of the income from the real property that Moreover, double taxation, in general,
is determinative of whether the property is is not forbidden by our fundamental law, so
used for tax-exempt purposes. that double taxation becomes obnoxious only
where the taxpayer is taxed twice for the
In sum, the Court ruled that the benefit of the same governmental entity or by
portions of the land leased to private entities the same jurisdiction for the same purpose, but
as well as those parts of the hospital leased to not in a case where one tax is imposed by the
private individuals are not exempt from taxes. State and the other by the city or municipality
(Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of
In the most recent case of CIR v. St. the Philippines v. Municipality of Tanauan,
Luke's Medical Center, Inc., 682 SCRA 66, the Leyte, 69 SCRA 460).
Supreme Court held that St. Luke's is not
automatically exempt from real property tax Q. Define international juridical double
even if it meets the test of charity. To be taxation.
exempt, Section 28(3), Article VI of the
Constitution requires that a charitable It is the imposition of comparable
institutions use the property actually, directly taxes in two or more states on the same
and exclusively for charitable purposes. taxpayer in respect of the same subject matter
and for identical periods. (P. Baker, Double
Q. What is the requisite proof for Taxation Conventions and International Law
exemption from realty taxation? [1994], p. 11, citing the Committee on Fiscal
Affairs of the Organization for Economic
To be exempt from realty taxation, Cooperation and Development [OECD]).
there must be proof of actual and direct and
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From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
2. Backward shiftingwhen the burden The basis for the rule on strict
of the tax is transferred from the construction to statutory provisions granting
consumer or purchaser through the tax exemptions or deductions is to minimize
factors of distribution to the factors of differential treatment and foster impartiality,
production. fairness and equality of treatment among
taxpayers (Quezon City vs. ABS-CBN
3. Onward shiftingwhen the tax is Broadcasting Corporation).
shifted two or more times either
forward or backward. TAX EVASION AND TAX AVOIDANCE
DISTINGUISHED
TAX EVASION
Tax evasion connotes fraud through
Q. Does an affidavit executed by revenue the use of pretenses and forbidden devices to
officers constitute a tax assessment? lessen or defeat taxes. On the other hand, tax
avoidance is a legal means used by the
An affidavit executed by revenue taxpayer to reduce taxes (Benny v. Commr.,
officers stating the tax liabilities of a taxpayer 25 T.Cl.78).
and attached to a criminal complaint for tax
evasion, is not an assessment that can be The intention to minimize taxes, when
questioned before the CTA. An assessment used in the context of fraud, must be proven
contains not only a computation of tax by clear and convincing evidence amounting
liabilities, but also a demand for payment to more than mere preponderance. Mere
within a prescribed period (CIR v. PASCOR understatement of tax in itself does not prove
Realty and Development Corp., 309 SCRA fraud (Yutivo Sons Hardware Co. v. CTA, 1
402). SCRA 160).
Page 15 of 50
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From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
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From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
exactly what it says, and courts have no VAT rates are uniform
choice but to see to it that the mandate is
obeyed. Thus, it is the ministerial duty of Uniformity in taxation means that all
the President to immediately impose the taxable articles or kinds of property of the
12% rate upon the existence of any of the same class shall be taxed at the same rate.
conditions specified by Congress. This is a Different articles may be taxed at different
duty which cannot be evaded by the amounts provided that the rate is uniform
President. Inasmuch as the law specifically on the same class everywhere with all
uses the word shall, the exercise of people at all times. In this case, the tax
discretion by the President does not come law is uniform as it provides a standard
into play. It is a clear directive to impose rate of 0% or 10% (or 12%) on all goods
the 12% VAT rate when the specified and services. Section 4, 5 and 6 of R.A.
conditions are present. The time of taking No. 9337, amending Sections 106, 107 and
into effect of the 12% VAT rate is based on 108, respectively, of the NIRC, provide for
the happening of a certain specified a rate of 10% (or 12%) on sale of goods
contingency, or upon the ascertainment of and properties, importation of goods, and
certain facts or conditions by a person or sale of services and use or lease of
body other than the legislature itself. properties. These same sections also
provide for a 0% rate on certain sales and
The Secretary of Finance is an agent of transaction. Neither does the law make
Congress in making his any distinction as to the type of industry
recommendation to the President on or trade that will bear the 5-year
the existence of either of the amortization of input tax paid on purchase
conditions of capital goods or the 5% final
withholding tax by the government. It
In making his recommendation to the must be stressed that the rule of uniform
President on the existence of either of the taxation does not deprive Congress of the
two conditions, in the present case, the power to classify subjects of taxation, and
Secretary of Finance is not acting as the only demands uniformity within the
alter ego of the President or even her particular class.
subordinate. In such instance, he is not
subject to the power of control and VAT rates are equitable
direction of the President. He is acting as
the agent of the legislative department, to R.A. No. 9337 is also equitable. The law
determine and declare the event upon is equipped with a threshold margin. The
which its expressed will is to take effect. VAT rate of 0% or 10% (or 12%) does not
The Secretary of Finance becomes the apply to sales of goods or services with
means or tool by which legislative policy is gross annual sales or receipts not exceeding
determined and implemented, considering P1, 500,000.00. Also, basic marine and
that he possesses all the facilities to gather agricultural food products in their original
data and information and has a much state are still not subject to the tax, thus
broader perspective to properly evaluate ensuring that prices at the grassroots level
them. His function is to gather and collate will remain accessible.
statistical data and other pertinent
information and verify if any of the two Creditable input tax is a mere statutory
conditions laid out by Congress is present. privilege
His personality in such instance is in reality
but a projection of that of Congress. Thus, The input tax is not a property or a
being the agent of Congress and not of the property right within the constitutional
President, the President cannot alter or purview of the due process clause. A VAT-
modify or nullify, or set aside the findings registered persons entitlement to the
of the Secretary of Finance and to creditable input tax is a mere statutory
substitute the judgment of the former for privilege. The distinction between
that of the latter. statutory privileges and vested rights must
be borne in mind for persons have no
vested rights in statutory privileges. The
state may change or take away rights,
which were created by the law of the
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Taxation Law
From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
state, although it may not take away enjoyed is the same regardless of income.
property, which was vested by virtue of In other words, the VAT paid eats the
such rights. Under the previous system of same portion of an income, whether big or
single-stage taxation, taxes paid at every small. The disparity lies in the income
level of distribution are not recoverable earned by a person or profit margin
from the taxes payable, although it marked by a business, such that the higher
becomes part of the cost, which is the income or profit margin, the smaller
deductible from the gross revenue. x x x the portion of the income or profit that is
It is worth mentioning that Congress eaten by VAT. A converso, the lower the
admitted that the spread-out of the income or profit margin, the bigger the
creditable input tax in this case amounts to part that the VAT eats away. At the end
a 4-year interest-free loan to the of the day, it is really the lower income
government. In the same breath, Congress group or businesses with low-profit
also justified its move by saying that the margins that is always hardest hit.
provision was designed to raise an annual
revenue of 22.6 billion. The legislature Imposition of regressive tax like VAT is
also dispelled the fear that the provision not constitutionally prohibited
will fend off foreign investments, saying The Constitution does not really prohibit
that foreign investors have other tax the imposition of indirect taxes, like the
incentives provided by law, and citing the VAT. What it simply provides is that
case of China, where despite a 17.5% non- Congress shall evolve a progressive
creditable VAT, foreign investments were system of taxation. The Court stated in
not deterred. Again, for whatever is the the Tolentino case, thus: The Constitution
purpose of the 60-month amortization, does not really prohibit the imposition of
this involves executive economic policy indirect taxes which, like the VAT, are
and legislative wisdom in which the Court regressive. What it simply provides is that
cannot intervene. Congress shall evolve a progressive system
of taxation. The constitutional provision
5% creditable withholding tax is a has been interpreted to mean simply that
method of collection direct taxes are to be preferred [and] as
much as possible, indirect taxes should be
With regard to the 5% creditable minimized. (E. FERNANDO, THE
withholding tax imposed on payments CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES
made by the government for taxable 221 [Second ed. 1977]) Indeed, the
transactions, Section 12 of R.A. No. 9337, mandate to Congress is not to prescribe,
which amended Section 114 of the NIRC, but to evolve, a progressive tax system.
reads: ***Section 114(C) merely provides a Otherwise, sales taxes, which perhaps are
method of collection, or as stated by the oldest form of indirect taxes, would
respondents, a more simplified VAT have been prohibited with the
withholding system. The government in proclamation of Art. VII, 17 (1) of the
this case is constituted as a withholding 1973 Constitution from which the present
agent with respect to their payments for Art. VI, 28 (1) was taken. Sales taxes are
goods and services. x x x The Court also regressive. Resort to indirect taxes
observes, however, that the law used the should be minimized but not avoided
word final. In tax usage, final, as opposed entirely because it is difficult, if not
to creditable, means full. Thus, it is impossible, to avoid them by imposing
provided in Section 114(C): final value- such taxes according to the taxpayers
added tax at the rate of five percent ability to pay. In the case of the VAT, the
(5%). law minimizes the regressive effects of this
imposition by providing for zero rating of
VAT is by its nature, regressive certain transactions (R.A. No. 7716, 3,
amending 102 (b) of the NIRC), while
The VAT is an antithesis of progressive granting exemptions to other transactions.
taxation. By its very nature, it is regressive.
The principle of progressive taxation has II. INCOME TAXATION
no relation with the VAT system inasmuch
as the VAT paid by the consumer or Q. Distinguish Global Tax Treatment from
business for every goods bought or services Schedular System of Income Taxation.
Page 18 of 50
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From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
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From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
realization, stock dividends are nothing but a tickets sold covered the transport of
representation of an interest in the corporate passengers and cargo to and from foreign
properties. As capital, it is not yet subject to cities it cannot alter the fact that income
income tax. Capital is wealth or fund; whereas from the sale of tickets was derived from the
income is profit or gain or the flow of wealth. Philippines. Thus, BOAC was made liable for
The determining factor for the imposition of revenue derived from the sale of tickets.
income tax is whether any gain or profit was
derived from a transaction (CIR v. CA, 301 Q. What are incomes considered derived
SCRA 152). from sources within the Philippines?
Q. What are the requisites of taxable Sec. 42(A) of the Tax Code enumerates
income? the items of gross income from sources within
the Philippines, namely:
For income to be taxable, the (1) Interests paid by residents of the
following requisites must exist: Philippines, corporate or
1. There must be gain or profit; otherwise;
2. That the gain or profit is realized (2) Dividends paid by domestic
or received, actually or corporations; or foreign
constructively; corporations at least 50% of their
3. It is not exempted by law or treaty gross income in the last three
from income tax taxable years coming from sources
within the Philippines;
Q. What are the sources of income? (3) Compensation for
services performed in the
The sources of income are: the Philippines;
property, activity or service that produces the (4) Rentals and royalties from
income. For the source of income to be properties located in the
considered as coming from the Philippines, it is Philippines;
sufficient that the income is derived from (5) Gains from sale of real properties
activity within the Philippines (CIR v. BOAC, located in the Philippines; and
149 SCRA 395). (6) Gains from sale of personal
properties, the sale taking place in
Q. When is income considered realized? the Philippines.
For income tax purposes, income is Q. Who are the income taxpayers?
realized when the earning process is complete
or virtually complete and an exchange has In general, the income taxpayers are
taken place. classified into individual, estate, trust and
corporation. (Sec. 22A, NIRC)
Q. What is the source of income
considered from within the ST. LUKE'S MEDICAL CENTER, INC.,
Philippines? ORGANIZED AS A NON-STOCK AND NON-
PROFIT CHARITABLE INSTITUTION IS NOT
In general, for the source of income to IPSO FACTO ENTITLED TO A TAX
be considered as coming from the Philippines, EXEMPTION
it is sufficient that the income is derived from
property, activity or service within the There is no dispute that St. Lukes is
Philippines. organized as a non-stock and non-profit
charitable institution. However, this does not
In CIR vs. BOAC (1987), an off-line automatically exempt St. Lukes from paying
international carrier maintained a sales agent taxes. This only refers to the organization of
in the Philippines who sold tickets for flights St. Lukes. Even if St. Lukes meets the test of
flown outside the Philippines. The Supreme charity, a charitable institution is not ipso facto
Court considered the sale of tickets in the tax exempt. To be exempt from income taxes,
Philippines as the activity that produced the Section 30(E) of the NIRC requires that a
income. The test of taxability is the source; charitable institution must be organized and
and the source of an income is that activity operated exclusively for charitable purposes.
which produced the income. Even if the BOAC Likewise, to be exempt from income taxes,
Page 20 of 50
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Taxation Law
From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
Section 30(G) of the NIRC requires that the taxed corporate income tax on their shares of
institution be operated exclusively for social the profits from the sale. Their original
welfare. [Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. purpose was to divide the lots for residential
St. Luke's Medical Center, Inc., 682 SCRA 66 purposes. If later on they found it not feasible
(26 September 2012)] to build their residences on the lots because of
the high cost of construction, then they had no
Q. State the rule on construction of tax choice but to resell the same to dissolve the co-
exemptions. ownership. The division of the profit was
merely incidental to the dissolution of the co-
Laws granting exemption from tax are ownership which was in the nature of things in
construed strictissimi juris against the taxpayer a temporary state (Obillos Jr. v. CIR, 139
and liberally in favor of the taxing power. SCRA 438, 439).
Taxation is the rule and exemption is the
exception. The burden of proof rests upon the Q. May a withholding agent file a written
party claiming exemption to prove that it is in claim for refund?
fact covered by the exemption so claimed
(Commissioner v. Mitsubishi Metal Corp., 181 YES. In CIR v. Procter and Gamble
SCRA 215). PMC , 204 SCRA 377, the SC held that a
withholding agent is subject to and liable for
Q. Is terminal leave pay taxable? deficiency assessments, surcharges and
penalties should the amount of the tax
No. In the case of Re: Request of Atty. withheld be finally found to be less than the
Bernardo Zialcita (Adm. Matter No. 90-6-015- amount that should have been withheld under
SC, October 18, 1990; 190 SCRA 851), the SC the law. A person liable for tax has been
held that terminal leave pay is the cash value held to be a person subject to tax and
of an employees accumulated leave credits, properly considered a taxpayer x x x By any
hence, it cannot be considered compensation reasonable standard, such a person should be
for services rendered; it cannot be viewed as regarded as a party in interest, or as a person
salary. It falls within the enumerated having sufficient legal interest, to bring a suit
exclusions from gross income, and is therefore for refund of taxes.
not subject to tax.
Q. The BIR disallowed PRCs claim for
Q. What are taxable unregistered deduction for failure to prove the
partnerships? worthlessness of the debts. Is the
disallowance correct?
The SC in Evangelista v. CIR, 102 Phil.
140, held that Sec. 24 [now Section 22(B)] YES. There was no iota of
covered unregistered partnerships and even documentary evidence (e.g. collection letters,
associations or joint accounts which had no reports from investigating fieldsman, police
legal personalities apart from their individual report/affidavit, etc.) to give support to the
members. xxx Accordingly, a pool of allegation of worthlessness. For debts to be
machinery insurers was a partnership taxable considered worthless, and qualify as bad
as a corporation (Afisco Insurance Corp. v. CA, debts making them deductible, the taxpayer
302 SCRA 1). should show that:
a. There is valid and subsisting
Q. Obillos sold his rights over two parcels debt;
of land to his four children so that they b. The debt must be actually
can build their residence, but the latter ascertained to be worthless
after one (1) year sold them and paid and uncollectible during the
the capital gains. Acting on the theory taxable year;
that the children had formed an c. The debt must be charged off
unregistered taxable partnership or during the taxable year;
joint venture, the BIR required the d. The debt must arise from the
brothers to pay corporate income tax. business or trade of the
Resolve. taxpayer;
e. The taxpayer must also show
The children should not be treated as that it is indeed uncollectible
having formed an unregistered partnership and
Page 21 of 50
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Green Notes 2016
Taxation Law
From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
even in the future (PRC v. CA, resident alien (Sec.24A) and non-resident alien
256 SCRA 667). engaged in trade/business or exercise of
f. It must not arise from profession in the Philippines (Sec 25A).
transactions between related
taxpayers (RR 5-99, RR 25- EXCLUDE non-resident alien NOT
2002). engaged in trade/business or exercise of
profession in the Philippines (Sec. 25A).
Q. Is theoretical interest on capital
deductible? Q. How are the incomes of individuals
taxed?
NO. It is not deductible as it does
not represent a charge arising under an In general, individuals are taxed on the
interest-bearing obligation (Sec. 79, Rev. Reg. basis of their taxable income, that is, gross
No. 2, cited in the case of PICOP v. CA, 250 income less deduction and personal and
SCRA 434). additional exemption. This tax is referred to as
ordinary income tax or regular income tax.
Q. How are assets classified for income (Sec. 24A and 25A in relation to Sec. 31 and
taxpayers? Sec. 32A, NIRC).
The assets of a taxpayer are classified By way of exception, final tax, instead
for income tax purposes into ordinary and of ordinary tax, shall be imposed on certain
capital assets. However, there is no rigid rule kinds of passive income. Subject to certain
or formula by which it can be determined with requisites, these are:
finality whether property sold by a taxpayer a. Interests, royalties, prizes and
was held primarily for sale to costumers in the winnings;
ordinary course of his trade or business or b. Cash or property dividends;
whether it was sold as a capital asset. A c. Capital gains derived from the sale
property initially classified as a capital asset of shares of stocks; and
may thereafter be treated as an ordinary asset d. Capital gains derived from the sale
if a combination of factors indubitably tend to of realty. (Sec. 24B1, 24B2, 24C,
show that the activity was in furtherance of or 24D1, 25A2 and 25A3, NIRC)
in the course of the taxpayers trade or b. Other incomes subject to final tax
business. Thus, a sale of inherited property are:
usually gives capital gain or loss even though a. Fringe benefits (Sec. 33, NIRC)
the property has to be subdivided or improved b. Informers reward (Sec. 282,
or both to make it saleable. However, if the NIRC)
inherited property is substantially improved or
very actively sold or both, it may be treated as Q. Distinguish ordinary tax from final tax
held primarily for sale to customers in the
ordinary course of the heirs business (Calasanz Ordinary tax and final tax are
v. CIR, 144 SCRA 664). distinguished as follows:
Q. Who are the individual income (c) The tax base of the former is
taxpayers? computed on the basis of one
taxable year; the tax base of the
They are the resident citizen, latter is usually computed on a per
nonresident citizen, OCW and seamen, transaction basis;
Page 22 of 50
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From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
Q. Distinguish final withholding tax from No. There are only certain kinds of
creditable withholding tax passive income that are subject to final tax
and, consequently, to final withholding tax.
FWT CWT These are specifically enumerated in various
The amount of Taxes withheld provisions of the NIRC (see Sec. 57A, NIRC).
income tax on certain All others are generally considered part of
withheld by the income gross income, and consequently, subject to
withholding payments are ordinary tax wherein creditable withholding
agent is intended to tax is, in particular cases, applicable. Under
constituted as a equal or at least present regulations, creditable withholding tax
full and final approximate the is usually applied to income payments not
payment of the tax due of the involving passive income.
income tax due payee on said
from the payee income. NOTE: From the above, it is clear that not
on the said only passive incomes may be subject to
income. withholding tax. Sec. 57 (A) of the NIRC
The liability for Payee of income expressly states that final tax can be imposed
payment of the is required to on certain kinds of income and enumerates
tax rests report the these as passive income. On the other hand,
primarily on the income and/or Section 57 (B) provides that the Secretary (of
payor as a pay the Finance) can require a CWT on income
withholding difference payable to natural or juridical persons, residing
agent. between the tax in the Philippines. There is no requirement
withheld and that this income be passive income. If that
the tax due on were the intent of Congress, it could have
the income. The easily said so. (See CREBA vs. Romulo, supra)
payee also has
the right to ask Q. Give some example of ordinary
for a refund if incomes subject to CWT
the tax withheld
is more than the Some notable income payments that are
tax due. subject to CWT are (1) wages; (2) professional
The payee is The income fees; (3) rentals of realty; (4) income payments
not required to recipient is still to partners of GPPs and (5) income payment
file an income required to file
Page 23 of 50
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Taxation Law
From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
to realtors for the sale of realty. (Sec. 78, NIRC EXCLUSION, and hence, exempt from
and Sec. 2.57.2 of RR No. 2-98, as amended) tax (Sec. 32B7c, NIRC)
Q. What is the proper tax treatment of (d) When the prize or award is won by an
interest incomes earned by individual? athlete in a local or international
sports competition (i.e., the
As a rule, the interests earned by OLYMPICS) sanctioned by a
individuals shall be included in gross income recognized national sports association;
and, thus, subject to regular income tax. This This is considered an EXCLUSION and,
includes interest earned by a resident citizen hence exempt from tax (Sec. 32B7d,
from sources abroad. NIRC).
Q. Instances when final tax on prize is not Q. What is the proper tax treatment on
applicable capital gain derived from dealings in
property?
(a) When earned from sources abroad,
that is, when the competition or Generally, a capital gain is included in
contest was held abroad; however, the gross income subject of ordinary income
prize or award received by a resident taxation (Sec. 32A, NIRC). By way of
citizen form sources abroad is still exceptions, the capital gains derived from the
included in gross income subject of sale of shares of stock issued by a domestic
ordinary income taxation; corporation a sale of real property located in
the Philippines are subject to final tax. (Sec.
(b) When the amount does not exceed 24C, 24D1, 25A3, NIRC)
Php10,000.00, in which case, the
amount is included in gross income Q. In dealings in capital assets, are gains
and thus subject to ordinary tax (Sec. to be presumed?
24B1, Sec. 32A, NIRC);
(c) When the prize or award is received No. Gains are not to be presumed
primarily in recognition of religious, from sale or disposition of capital assets.
charitable, educational, artistic, However, in case of sale or other disposition
literary, or civic achievement of real property located in the Philippines and
PROVIDED (1) the recipient was held as capital asset, the gain is presumed and
selected without any action on his part such gain is equivalent to the amount of the
to enter the contest; and (2) he is not zonal value or gross selling price, whichever is
required to render substantial future higher. (Sec. 24D1, Sec. 25A3, NIRC)
services; This is considered an
Page 24 of 50
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Taxation Law
From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
Q. What are the tax base and the tax rate Q. A resident Filipino citizen (not a dealer
of the applicable tax imposable on in securities) sold shares of stocks of a
capital gains? domestic corporation that are listed
and traded in the Philippine Stock
In general, the tax base of the income Exchange.
tax on capital gain is the net capital gain or net
income, whereas, the tax rate is the graduated a) The sale is exempt from income
rate of 5%-32%. tax but subject to the of 1%
stock transaction tax;
For capital gain derived from the sale b) The sale is subject to income tax
of share of stock in a domestic corporation not computed at the graduated
traded through the local stock exchange, the income tax rates of 5% to 32%
tax base is NET CAPITAL GAIN and the tax on net taxable income;
rate is 5% for the first Php100, 000.00 and c) The sale is subject to the stock
10% on any amount in excess thereof. (NOTE: transaction tax and income tax;
If sale is through the local stock exchange, the d) The sale is both exempt from the
applicable tax is the percentage tax, also stock transaction tax and income
referred to as the stock transaction tax, under tax.
Sec. 127 of the NIRC. The basis is the GSP and
the rate is of 1%. The payment of this tax is Explanation:
in lieu of income tax.) Under Section 127 (D) of the NIRC,
any gain derived from the sale, barter,
For capital gain presumed to have exchange or other disposition of shares of
been realized from the sale of realty, the tax stock subject to the percentage tax of of 1%
base is FMV or GSP, whichever is higher, and shall be exempt from the final tax and from
the tax rate is 6%. the regular individual or corporate income tax.
Q. A dealer in securities sold unlisted Q. May the liability for the 6% capital
shares of stocks of a domestic gains tax be legally avoided? If in the
corporation in 2010 and derived a affirmative, what are the requirements?
gain of P1 Million therefrom. Is the
gain taxable at 5%/10% capital gains Yes. The 6% capital gains tax may be
tax based on net capital gain OR at legally avoided if the subject matter of the sale
of 1% stock transaction tax based on is the PRINCIPAL residence and the proceeds
the gross selling price or fair market are to be used in acquiring or establishing a
value, whichever is higher? new principal residence within eighteen (18)
calendar months from the date of sale. The
Neither. The 5%/10% capital gains tax seller must inform the Commissioner of his
is not applicable because he shares are NOT intention to avail of the exemption within 30
capital assets. Shares of stock, like other days from the date of sale. (Sec. 24D2, NIRC).
securities, would be ordinary assets to a dealer
in securities or a person engaged in the Additionally, the revenue regulations
purchase and sale of, or an active trader (for require the 6% capital gains tax o be
his own account) in, securities. (China Banking deposited in an escrow account with an
Corp. vs. CA, G.R. No. 125508, July 19, authorized agent bank and shall only be
2000). released to the transferor if the proceeds of the
sale/disposition have, in fact, been utilized in
Likewise, he percentage tax, otherwise the acquisition or construction of a new
known as the stock transaction tax, is not principal residence. (RR No. 17-2003)
applicable because the seller is a dealer in
securities. In addition, the shares sold are Q. Instances when the 6% capital gains
unlisted shares. The percentage tax applies on tax will not apply
sale, barter or exchange of shares of stock
LISTED and TRADED through the local stock a. when the real property is
exchange OTHER THAN by a dealer in ordinary asset;
securities. (Sec. 127, NIRC, emphasis supplied.) b. when the real property, even
though classified as capital asset,
is not located in the Philippines;
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From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
Q. What is the importance of the NOTE: The holding period is also not
classification of assets into ordinary applicable to a sale of shares of stock in a
and capital? domestic corporation not traded through the
local stock exchange. This is also by express
The importance lies on the application exclusion under the law. (Sec. 24C and allied
of the rules on holding period, loss limitation provisions, NIRC)
and carry-over of the net capital loss. These
rules are relevant only to dealings in capital Q. Who are the corporate taxpayers?
assets.
They are classified into domestic
Q. State the rules on holding period, loss corporation (DC), resident foreign corporation
limitation and carry-over of net capital (RFC) and non-resident foreign corporation
loss (NRFC).
Under the loss limitation rule, the In general, domestic corporations and
capital loss shall be deductible only to the resident foreign corporations are taxed on
extent of the capital gains derived within the their taxable income, i.e. gross income less
taxable year. This rule applies to both deductions; or in lieu thereof, the Minimum
individuals and corporations. (Sec. 39C in Corporate Income Tax (MCIT).
relation to Sec.34D4, NIRC).
By way of exceptions, final tax shall be
If during the taxable year, there is imposed on certain kinds of passive income
excess of capital losses over capital gains, the such as interest on bank deposits, royalties,
excess (net capital loss) may be carried over to capital gains form sale or disposition of land or
and deducted from capital gains in the building located in the Philippines. (Sec. 27D1,
succeeding taxable year. The privilege of carry- 27D2, 27D5; Sec. 28A7a, 28A7c)
over of net capital loss is available only to
individuals. (Sec. 39D, NIRC) For non-resident corporations, their
income from all sources within the Philippines
Q. Are the rules on holding period, loss are taxed via the final withholding tax. The
limitation and carry-over of net capital rate applied is 30%, except interest on foreign
loss applicable in a sale or disposition loan (20%), dividend from domestic
of real property located in the corporations (15%, subject to condition) and
Philippines? capital gain from sale of shares of stock in a
domestic corporation (5% and 10%).
Page 26 of 50
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Taxation Law
From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
EXCLUDE Non-resident cinematographic film public sector. (CREBA vs. Romulo, 9 March
owner, lessor or distributor (Sec. 28B2, Non- 2010)
resident owner or lessor of vessels chartered by
Philippine nationals (Sec. 28B3), and Non- Q. What are the perceived advantages of
resident owner or lessor of aircraft machineries pegging the tax base of the MCIT to a
and other equipment (Sec. 28B4) corporations gross income?
Q. Under the NIRC, who are the exempt As a tax on gross income, the MCIT
corporations? prevents tax evasion and minimizes tax
avoidance schemes achieved through
Under, Sec. 27 (C) of the NIRC, the sophisticated and artful manipulations of
following are absolutely exempted from deductions and other stratagems. It is also
income tax: simple and effective in addressing liquidity
problems of the government. (See CREBA vs.
(a) SSS Romulo, supra)
(b) GSIS
(c) PHIC Q. Instances when the MCIT will not
(d) PCSO apply
(e) Local water districts (R.A. No. 10026)
(a) during the infant stages of the
Under Sec. 30 of the NIRC, certain corporation; the tax shall apply only
kinds of non-stock and non-profit beginning the fourth taxable year
organizations are exempt from income tax in immediately following the taxable
respect to income derived by them as such year in which such corporation
organizations. However, their income from commenced its business operations;
property, real or personal, or from any of
their activities conducted for profit regardless (b) when by authority of the Secretary of
of the disposition made of such income, are Finance, the imposition of the MCIT
still taxable. is suspended upon submission of
proof by the applicant corporation
But a non-stock and non-profit that the corporation sustained
educational institution may be exempt from substantial losses
tax provided that its income, regardless of (1) on account of a prolonged
source, is used actually, directly, and labor dispute; or
exclusively for educational purposes. (See par. (2) because of force majeure;
3, Sec. 4, Art.XIV, 1987 Constitution) or
(3) because of legitimate
A proprietary educational institution business reverses;
or hospital is not exempted but it enjoys a (c) when the corporation is not subject
preferential rate of tax at 10% based on to normal income tax (tax based on
taxable income PROVIDED not more than fifty taxable income at the normal rate of
(50%) of its income from unrelated trade, 30%), such as
business or other activity exceeds its gross (1) a proprietary educational
income. (Sec. 27B, NIRC) institution or hospital
enjoying 10% tax on their
Q. What is the rationale behind the taxable income;
MCIT? (2) an FCDU;
(3) an OBU;
The MCIT came about as a result o the (4) regional operating
perceived inadequacy of the self-assessment headquarter of a
system in capturing the true income of multinational company
corporations. It was devised as a relatively (ROH);
simple and effective revenue-raising instrument (5) A firm that is taxed under a
compared to the normal income tax which is special tax regime like an
more difficult to control and enforce. It is a enterprise registered with
means to ensure that everyone will make some the PEZA Law (RA No.
minimum contribution to the support of the 7916) or Bases Conversion
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From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
Development Act (RA No. the business, it means the immediate needs of
7227). the business, including reasonably anticipated
needs. (Sec. 3, RR No. 2-2001)
Q. Explain the concept and rationale of
the Improperly Accumulated Earnings DEDUCTIONS
Tax (IAET)
Q. What are the deductions recognized
The IAET equal to 10% of the under the law?
improperly accumulated taxable income is
imposed on corporations formed or availed of The deductions are those found in Sec.
for the purpose of avoiding the income tax 34 (items of deduction or optional standard
with respect to its shareholders or the deduction) and in Sec. 35 (personal and
shareholders of any other corporation, by additional exemptions) of the NIRC. Special
permitting the earnings and profits of the deductions are also provided for insurance
corporation to accumulate instead of dividing companies under Sec. 37 of the NIRC.
them among or distributing them to the
shareholders. The rationale is that if the Q. Who are entitled to deductions?
earnings and profits were distributed, the
shareholders would then be liable to income Individuals and corporations subject to
tax thereon, whereas if the distribution were the regular income tax are entitled to claim
not made to them, they would incur no tax in deductions. Those who may avail of the
respect to the undistributed earnings and deductions are usually engaged in
profits of the corporation. (See Sec. 29, NIRC trade/business or in the exercise of a
and Sec. 2, RR No. 2-2001) profession. However, only individuals may
claim personal and additional exemptions.
Q. Who are exempt from IAET?
Q. May pure compensation income
The IAET shall not apply to the following earners claim deductions?
corporations:
a. Banks and other non-bank financial Yes, but only premium payments on
intermediaries; health and/or hospitalization insurance not to
b. Insurance companies; exceed Php2, 400.00 per annum (or
c. Publicly-held corporations; Php200.00 per month) may be claimed as
d. Taxable partnerships; deduction. All other items of deduction and
e. General professional partnerships; the optional standard deduction are not
g. Non- taxable joint ventures; and available to pure compensation income
h. Enterprises duly registered with the earners. In addition, however, they may claim
Philippine Economic Zone personal and additional exemptions under Sec.
Authority (PEZA) under R.A. 7916, 35 of the NIRC.
and enterprises registered pursuant
to the Bases Conversion and Q. What are the different items of
Development Act of 1992 under deduction?
R.A. 7227, as well as other
enterprises duly registered under They are:
special economic zones declared (a) Business expense;
by law which enjoy payment of (b) Interest expense
special tax rate on their registered (c) Tax;
operations or activities in lieu of (d) Loss
other taxes, national or local. (Sec. (e) Bad debt;
29, NIRC and Sec. 4, RR No. 2- (f) Depreciation;
2001) (g) Depletion of oil and gas wells and
mines;
Q. For covered corporations, how can (h) Charitable contribution;
liability for IAET be avoided? (i) Research and development; and
(j) Pension trust
It may be avoided if the corporation
has accumulated income for the reasonable Q. Some income payments, which
needs of the business. By reasonable needs of correspond to expenses of payors, are
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From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
subject to creditable withholding tax reasonable accuracy. (CIR vs. Isabela Culutral
under RR 2-98, as amended. On the Corp., G.R. No. 172231, February 12, 2007)
part of the payor, what is the effect of
the non-withholding or under- Q. The all events test refers to:
withholding of the income payment?
(a) A person who uses the cash method
The expense, which is recognized as where vall sales have been fully paid
deduction for tax purposes, may be disallowed by the buyers thereof;
if such was not subjected to withholding tax.
However, a deduction may still be allowed (b) A person who uses the instalment sales
despite non-withholding or under-withholding method, where the full amount of
if at the time of the audit or investigation, the consideration is paid in full by the
withholding tax is paid. buyer thereof within the year of sale;
Q. During the audit conducted by the BIR (c) A person who uses the accrual method,
official, it was found that the rental whereby an expense is deductible for
income claimed by the corporation the taxable year in which all the events
was not subjected to expanded had occurred which determined the
withholding tax. May the claimed fact of the liability and the amount
rental expense be allowed as thereof could be determined with
deduction from the gross income of reasonable accuracy;
the corporation?
(d) A person who uses the completed
Yes, provided that the 5% expanded method, whereby the construction
withholding tax is paid by the corporation project has been completed during the
during the audit. year the contract was signed.
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From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
being the more recent law, governs the Section 76 offers two options: (1) filing
computation of legal periods. Lex posteriori for tax refund and (2) availing of tax credit.
derogat priori (CIR v. Primetown Property The two options are alternative and the choice
Group, Inc., 531 SCRA 436 [2007]). of one precludes the other. However, in
Philam Asset Management, Inc. v.
THE PROPER PARTY TO SEEK A REFUND OF Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 447 SCRA
INDIRECT TAX IS THE STATUTORY 772 (2005), the Court ruled that failure to
TAXPAYER indicate a choice, however, will not bar a valid
request for a refund, should this option be
Excise taxes, which apply to articles chosen by the taxpayer later on. The
manufactured or produced in the Philippines for requirement is only for the purpose of easing
domestic sale or consumption or for any other tax administration particularly the self-
disposition and to things imported into the assessment and collection aspects.
Philippines, is basically an indirect tax. While the
tax is directly levied upon the Commencement of 30-day within which to
manufacturer/importer upon removal of the appeal to the CTA
taxable goods from its place of production or from
the customs custody, the tax, in reality, is actually A. Where the Commissioner has
passed on to the end consumer as part of the not acted on the taxpayers
transfer value or selling price of the goods, sold, protest within a period of 180
bartered or exchanged. In early cases, we have days from submission of all
ruled that for indirect taxes (such as valued-added relevant documents, then the
tax or VAT), the proper party to question or seek a taxpayer has a period of 30
refund of the tax is the statutory taxpayer, the days from the lapse of said 180
person on whom the tax is imposed by law and days within which to file a
who paid the same even when he shifts the burden petition for review with the
thereof to another. Thus, in Contex Corporation v. CTA.
Commissioner of Internal Revenue, we held that
while it is true that petitioner corporation should B. Should the Commissioner deny
not have been liable for the VAT inadvertently the taxpayers protest, then he
passed on to it by its supplier since their transaction has a period of 30 days from
is a zero-rated sale on the part of the supplier, the receipt of said denial within
petitioner is not the proper party to claim such which to file a petition for
VAT refund. Rather, it is the petitioners suppliers review with the CTA.
who are the proper parties to claim the tax credit
and accordingly refund the petitioner of the VAT The subject of a JUDICIAL REVIEW is
erroneously passed on to the latter. [Silkair the decision of the CIR on the protest
(Singapore) Pte. Ltd. v. Commissioner of against assessment, not the assessment
Internal Revenue, 664 SCRA 33 (2012)] itself (CIR v. Villa, 22 SCRA 3).
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In Marcos II v. CA, 273 SCRA 47, the SC Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Hantex
ruled that the approval of the court Trading Co., Inc.
sitting in probate is not a mandatory 454 SCRA 301
requirement in the collection of estate
taxes. Meaning of best evidence obtainable
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From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
decision on the disputed assessment. This letter or the tenor of the letter being sent to
is tantamount to a denial of the request for the taxpayer.
reconsideration or protest of the taxpayer (CIR 2. We laid down the rule that the
v. Ayala Securities Corp., 70 SCRA 204). Commissioner of Internal Revenue
should always indicate to the taxpayer
Findings and conclusions of the CTA are in clear and unequivocal language
accorded highest respect what constitutes his final
determination of the disputed
The findings and conclusions of the assessment, thus: . . . we deem it
Court of Tax Appeals (CTA) are accorded the appropriate to state that the
highest respect and will not be lightly set aside. Commissioner of Internal Revenue
The CTA, by the very nature of its functions, is should always indicate to the taxpayer
dedicated exclusively to the resolution of tax in clear an unequivocal language
problems and has accordingly developed an whenever his action on an assessment
expertise on the subject unless there has been questioned by a taxpayer constitutes
an abusive or improvident exercise of his final determination on the disputed
authority. Consequently, its conclusions will assessment, as contemplated by
not be overturned unless there has been an Sections 7 and 11 of Republic Act No.
abuse or improvident exercise of authority. Its 1125, as amended. On the basis of his
findings can only be disturbed on appeal if statement indubitably showing that the
they are not supported by substantial evidence Commissioners communicated action
or there is a showing of gross error or abuse is his final decision on the contested
on the part of the Tax Court. In the absence of assessment, the aggrieved taxpayer
any clear and convincing proof to the would then be able to take recourse to
contrary, the Court must presume that the the tax court at the opportune time.
CTA rendered a decision which is valid in Without needless difficulty, the
every respect. [Commissioner of Internal taxpayer would be able to determine
Revenue v. Team (Philippines) Operations when his right to appeal to the tax
Corporation (formerly Mirant Phils., court accrues.
Operation Corporation)] 3. The general rule is that the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue
Q. What may constitute Administrative may delegate any power vested upon
Decision on a Disputed Assessment? him by law to Division Chiefs or to
officials of higher rank. He cannot,
The decision of the Commissioner or however, delegate the four powers
his duly authorized representative shall: (a) granted to him under the National
state the facts, the applicable law, rules and Internal Revenue Code (NIRC)
regulations, or jurisprudence on which such enumerated in Section 7.
decision is based, otherwise, the decision shall 4. The authority to make tax assessments
be void, in which case, the same shall not be may be delegated to subordinate
considered a decision on a disputed officers. Said assessment has the same
assessment; and (b) that the same is his final force and effect as that issued by the
decision (Sec. 3, 3.1.6, Revenue Regulations Commissioner himself, if not reviewed
12-99). or revised by the latter such as in this
case.
Oceanic Wireless Network, Inc. v.
Commissioner of Internal Revenue In Commissioner of Internal Revenue
477 SCRA 205 v. Isabela Cultural Corporation, 361 SCRA 71,
the Supreme Court held that a final demand
RULINGS letter from the Bureau of Internal Revenue,
reiterating to the taxpayer the immediate
1. A demand letter for payment of payment of a tax deficiency assessment
delinquent taxes may be considered a previously made, is tantamount to a denial of
decision on a disputed or protested the taxpayers request for reconsideration.
assessment. The determination on Such letter amounts to a final decision on a
whether or not a demand letter is final disputed assessment and is thus appealable to
is conditioned upon the language used the Court of Tax Appeals.
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From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
THE CTA HAS JURISDICTION OVER DISPUTE INVESTIGATION IS APPEALABE TO THE CTA
BETWEEN PNB AND BIR RELATIVE TO
DEFICIENCY WITHHOLDING TAX Allied Banking Corporation received
ASSESSMENT the Formal Letter of Demand with Assessment
Notices, which partly reads:
PNB sought the suspension of the
proceedings in CTA Case No. 4249, after it It is requested that the above
contested the deficiency withholding tax deficiency tax be paid
assessment against it and the demand for immediately upon receipt
payment thereof before the DOJ, pursuant to hereof, inclusive of penalties
P.D. No. 242. The CTA, however, correctly incident to delinquency. This is
sustained its jurisdiction and continued the our final decision based on
proceedings in CTA Case No. 4249; and, in investigation. If you disagree,
effect, rejected DOJs claim of jurisdiction to you may appeal the final
administratively settle or adjudicate BIRs decision within thirty (30) days
assessment against PNB. from receipt hereof, otherwise
said deficiency tax assessment
Sustained herein is the contention of shall become final, executory
private respondent Savellano that P.D. No. and demandable.
242 is a general law that deals with
administrative settlement or adjudication of A careful reading of the Formal Letter
disputes, claims and controversies between or of Demand with Assessment Notices leads us
among government offices, agencies and to agree with Allied Banking Corporation that
instrumentalities, including government-owned the instant case is an exception to the rule on
or controlled corporations. Its coverage is exhaustion of administrative remedies, i.e.,
broad and sweeping, encompassing all estoppel on the part of the administrative
disputes, claims and controversies. It has been agency concerned. [Allied Banking
incorporated as Chapter 14, Book IV of E.O. Corporation v. Commissioner of Internal
No. 292, otherwise known as the Revised Revenue, 611 SCRA 692 (2010)]
Administrative Code of the Philippines. On the
other hand, R.A. No. 1125 is a special law TAXPAYER HAS TWO OPTIONS IN CASE
dealing with a specific subject matter the THE BIR COMMISSIONER FAILED
creation of the CTA, which shall exercise TO ACT ON THE DISPUTED ASSESSMENT
exclusive appellate jurisdiction over the tax WITHIN THE 180-DAY PERIOD FROM THE
disputes and controversies enumerated therein. DATE OF SUBMISSION OF DOCUMENTS
Following the rule on statutory In RCBC v. CIR, the Court has held that in
construction involving a general and a special case the Commissioner failed to act on the disputed
law previously discussed, then P.D. No. 242 assessment within the 180-day period from date of
should not affect R.A. No. 1125, specifically submission of documents, a taxpayer can either: (1)
Section 7 thereof on the jurisdiction of the file a petition for review with the Court of Tax
CTA, constitutes an exception to P.D. No. 242. Appeals within 30 days after the expiration of the
Disputes, claims and controversies falling under 180-day period; or (2) await the final decision of
Section 7 of R.A. No. 1125, even though solely the Commissioner on the disputed assessments and
among government offices, agencies, and appeal such final decision to the Court of Tax
instrumentalities, including government-owned Appeals within 30 days after receipt of a copy of
and controlled corporations, remain in the such decision.[Lascona Land Co., Inc. v.
exclusive appellate jurisdiction of the CTA. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 667 SCRA
Such a construction resolves the alleged 455 (2012)]
inconsistency or conflict between the two
statutes, and the fact that P.D. No. 242 is the V. ESTATE AND DONORS TAX
more recent law is no longer significant
(Philippine National Oil Company v. Court of The gifts referred to in Section 1540 of
Appeals, 457 SCRA 32, 76-81). the Revised Administrative Code are those
donations inter vivos that take effect
A FORMAL LETTER OF DEMAND WITH immediately or during the lifetime of the
ASSESSMENT NOTICES STATING THAT IT IS donor but are made in consideration or in
BIR'S FINAL DECISION BASED ON contemplation of death. Gifts inter vivos, the
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From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
Sale of house and lot from P2,500,000 Q. Section 12 of RA 7082 embodies the
to P3,199,200 (Selling Price) so-called in-lieu-of-all taxes clause,
Lease of residential unit from P10,000 whereunder PLDT shall pay a franchise
to P12,800/month tax equivalent to three percent (3%)
Sale or lease of goods or properties or of all its gross receipts, which franchise
performance of services from tax shall be in lieu of all taxes.
P1,500,000 to P1,919,500 (Gross Invoking its authority under Section
Annual Sales or Receipts) 137 of RA 7160, the Province of
Laguna, through its Local Legislative
VII. LOCAL TAXATION Assembly enacted Provincial
Ordinance No. 01-92, imposing a
Q. Explain the doctrine of supremacy of franchise tax upon all businesses
the National Government over local enjoying a franchise, PLDT included.
governments. PLDT invoked the in-lieu-of-all-taxes
clause and Section 23 of RA No. 7925
Local governments have no power to also known as the most-favored
tax instrumentalities of the National treatment clause providing for an
Government. Settled is the rule that the states equality of treatment in the
have no power by taxation or otherwise, to telecommunications industry.
retard, impede, burden or any manner control RESOLVE.
the operation of constitutional laws enacted
by Congress to carry into execution the PLDT is subject to franchise tax. The
powers vested in the federal government Supreme Court rejected PLDTs contention that
(McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat 316, 4 L Ed. in-lieu-of-all taxes clause does not refer to
597) tax exemption but to tax exclusion and
hence, the strictissimi juris rule does not apply.
Taxing Power of LGUs The en banc explains that these two terms
actually mean the same thing, such that the
In case of doubt, any tax ordinance or rule that tax exemption should be applied in
revenue measure shall be construed strictly strictissimi juris against the taxpayer and
against the local government unit enacting it liberally in favor of the government applies
and liberally in favor of the taxpayer. Any tax equally to tax exclusions:
exemption, incentive or relief granted by any
local government shall be construed strictly Indeed, both in their
against the person claiming it (Sec. 5(b), RA nature and in their effect
7160). there is no difference
between tax exemption and
In interpreting statutory provisions on tax exclusion. Exemption is
municipal taxing powers, doubts should be an immunity or privilege; it
resolved in favor of municipal corporations is freedom from a charge or
(PLDT v. Province of Laguna, 467 SCRA 93). burden to which others are
subjected. Exclusion, on the
Section 193 of the Local Government other hand, is the removal
Code buttresses the withdrawal of extant tax of otherwise taxable items
exemption privileges. The general rule is that from the reach of taxation,
tax exemptions or incentives granted to or e.g., exclusions from gross
presently enjoyed by natural or juridical income and allowable
persons are withdrawn upon the effectivity of deductions. Exclusion is
the LGC except with respect to those entities thus also an immunity or
expressly enumerated. In the same vein, the privilege which frees a
express withdrawal upon effectivity of the LGC taxpayer from a charge to
of all exemptions except only as provided which others are subjected.
therein, can no longer be invoked by Consequently, the rule that
MERALCO to disclaim liability for the local tax tax exemption should be
(Mactan Cebu International Airport Authority applied in strictissimi juris
v. Marcos, 261 SCRA 667; City Government of against the taxpayer and
San Pablo, Laguna v. Reyes, 305 SCRA 362). liberally in favor of the
government applies equally
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From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
appeal to the Secretary of Justice, within 30 income for a taxable year will definitely
days from effectivity thereof. In case the include its gross receipts already reported
Secretary decides the appeal, a period also of during the previous year and for which local
30 days is allowed for an aggrieved party to business tax has already been paid.
go to court. But if the Secretary does not act
thereon, after the lapse of 60 days, a party Gross revenue covers money or its
could already proceed to seek relief in court. equivalent actually or constructively received,
These three separate periods are clearly given including the value of services rendered or
for compliance as a prerequisite before seeking articles sold, exchanged or leased, the payment
redress in a competent court. Such statutory of which is yet to be received. This is in
periods are set to prevent delays as well as consonance with the International Financial
enhance the orderly and speedy discharge of Reporting Standards, which defines revenue as
judicial functions. For this reason, the courts the gross inflow of economic benefits (cash,
construe these provisions of statutes as receivables, and other assets) arising from the
mandatory. [Cagayan Electric Power and Light ordinary operating activities of an enterprise
Co., Inc. v. City of Cagayan De Oro, 685 (such as sales of goods, sales of services,
SCRA 609, (14 November 2012)] interest, royalties, and dividends), which is
measured at the fair value of the consideration
THERE IS NO EXPRESS PROVISION IN THE or receivable (Ericsson Telecommunications,
LGC PROHIBITING COURTS FROM ISSUING Inc. v. City of Pasig, 538 SCRA 99 [2007]).
AN INJUNCTION TO RESTRAIN LOCAL
GOVERNMENTS FROM COLLECTING TAXES Q. Can the National Power Corporation
(NPC), a government-owned and
A principle deeply embedded in our controlled corporation, claim tax
jurisprudence is that taxes being the lifeblood exemption under Section 234 of the
of the government should be collected Local Government Code for the taxes
promptly, without unnecessary hindrance or due from Mirant Pagbilao Corporation
delay. In line with this principle, the National (Mirant) whose tax liabilities the NPC
Internal Revenue Code of 1997 (NIRC) has contractually assumed?
expressly provides that no court shall have the
authority to grant an injunction to restrain the The stipulation between NPC and
collection of any national internal revenue tax, Mirant does not bind third persons who are
fee or charge imposed by the Code. An not privy to the contract between these
exception to this rule obtains only when in the parties. There is no privity between the local
opinion of the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA) the government units and the NPC, even though
collection thereof may jeopardize the interest both are public corporations. The tax due will
of the government and/or the taxpayer. not come from one pocket and go to another
Unlike the National Internal Revenue Code, pocket of the same governmental entity.
the Local Tax Code does not contain any
specific provision prohibiting courts from Only the parties to the agreement can
enjoining the collection of local taxes. Such exact and demand the enforcement of the
statutory lapse or intent, however it may be rights and obligations it establishedonly
viewed, may have allowed preliminary Mirant can demand compliance from the NPC
injunction where local taxes are involved but for the payment of the real property tax the
cannot negate the procedural rules and NPC assumed to pay. The local government
requirements under Rule 58. [Angeles City v. units cannot demand payment from the NPC.
Angeles Electric Corporation, 622 SCRA 43
(2010)] The government-owned or controlled
corporation claiming exemption must be the
LOCAL BUSINESS TAX SHALL BE BASED ON entity actually, directly, and exclusively using
GROSS RECEIPTS the real properties, and the use must be
devoted to the generation and transmission of
The imposition of local business tax electric power. Although the plant's
based on gross revenue will inevitably result in machineries are devoted to the generation of
the constitutionally proscribed double electric power, by the NPC's own admission
taxationtaxing of the same person twice by and as previously pointed out, Miranta
the same jurisdiction for the same thing private corporationuses and operates them.
inasmuch as petitioners gross revenue or That Mirant operates the machineries solely in
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affirmative finding of
the Tariff Commission. Any officer or employee returning
d. Marking Duty Imposed from a regular assignment abroad for
upon those not properly reassignment to the home office x x x shall be
marked as to place of exempt from the payment of all duties and
origin of the goods. taxes on his personal and household effects,
Imposing authority including one (1) used motor car duly
Commissioner of registered in his name for at least six (6)
Customs. months: Provided, however, That the
e. Discriminatory Duty exemption shall apply only to the value of the
Imposed upon goods motor car and to the aggregate assessed value
coming from countries that of said personal and household effects, the
discriminate against latter not to exceed fifty percent (50%) of the
Philippine products. total amount received by such officer or
Imposing authority employee in salary and allowances during his
President of the latest assignment abroad but not to exceed
Philippines. four (4) years: Provided, further, That this
exception shall not be availed of more often
Flexible Tariff Clause than once every four (4) years(Republic Act
No. 7157, Section 81).
Under Sec. 28, Article VI, 1987
Constitution the Congress may, by law, IMPORTERS FAILURE TO FILE REQUIRED
authorize the President to fix, within ENTRIES WITHIN A NON-EXTENDIBLE
specified limits, and subject to such PERIOD OF 30 DAYS FROM DATE OF
limitations and restrictions as it may DISCHARGE OF THE LAST PACKAGE
impose: CONSTITUTES IMPLIED ABANDONMENT OF
ITS IMPORTATIONS
a. Tariff rates, imports and export
quotas, tonnage and wharfage An importers failure to file the
dues; required entries within a non-extendible
b. Other duties or imposts within period of 30 days from date of discharge of
the framework of the national the last package from the carrying vessel
development program of the constitutes implied abandonment of its
Government. importations. After the lapse of this 30-day
period, the abandoned shipments become
Under the Tariff and Customs Code Sec. government property.
401 in the interest of national economy,
general welfare and/or national security, Under the Tariff and Customs Code
the President, upon recommendation by (TCC), imported articles must be entered
NEDA, is empowered: within a non-extendible period of 30 days
from the date of discharge of the last package
a. To increase, reduce or remove from a vessel. Otherwise, the BOC will deem
existing protective rates of the imported goods impliedly abandoned in
import duty, provided that the favor of the government. Chevron argued that
increase shall not be higher than the import entry declarations (IED) it filed
100% ad valorem; within the 30-day period for some of its oil
b. To establish import quota or to shipments is the entry contemplated by the
ban imports to any commodity; TCC, and not the import entry and internal
c. To impose additional duty on all revenue declaration (IEIRD), which it failed to
imports not exceeding 10% ad file within the same period. The SC disagreed,
valorem; holding that both the IED and IEIRD should be
d. To modify the forms of duty, filed within 30 days from the date of discharge
whether ad valorem or specific. of the last package from the vessel or aircraft
(Chevron Phils. Inc. v. Commissioner of the
Exemption from payment of all duties and Bureau of Customs, 561 SCRA 710, 721-722,
taxes of officer or employee returning from 728, 742).
regular assignment abroad for reassignment to
the home office
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BAR OPERATIONS 2015
Green Notes 2016
Taxation Law
From the notes of: Justice Japar B. Dimaampao and Atty. Noel M. Ortega
Importation begins when the carrying RR No. 17-2013, September 27, 2013
vessel or aircraft enters the jurisdiction of the
Philippines with intention to unlade therein. On preservation of books of accounts,
Importation is deemed terminated upon accounting records and other business records
payment of the duties, taxes and other charges of businessmen and professionals.
due upon the articles, or secured to be paid, at
a port of entry and the legal permit for All taxpayers are required to preserve
withdrawal shall have been granted, or in case their books of accounts including
said articles are free of duties, taxes and other subsidiary books and other accounting
charges, until they have legally left the records for a period of TEN (10)
jurisdiction of the customs. (Section 1202 of YEARS reckoned from the day
the TCCP) following the due date of the return or
if filed after the deadline from the date
UPDATES in TAXATION of filing of the return for the taxable
year when the last entry was made in
By Dr. Virginia Jeannie P. Lim the books of accounts.
All books must at all times be kept at
RA 10653 / RR No. 0-2015 (March 13, the place of business of the taxpayer.
2015)Increase of the Total Amount of Examination and inspection of books
Exclusion to Php82, 000 for 13th Month Pay of accounts and other accounting
and Other Benefits from Gross Income records shall be done at the (a)
taxpayers office, (b) place of business,
Salient features: or (c) in the office of the BIR.
Certified Public Accountants (CPAs)
The Php30, 000 exclusion on the 13th who audited the records and certified
month pay and other benefits from the financial statements of the taxpayer
gross income provided in Sec. 32 (B) is must also preserve their records for the
now increased to Php82, 000. same ten (10) year period.
This shall take effect for income earned
beginning 2015. RR No. 12-2013, July 12, 2013on
The Php82k exclusion applies only to requirements of deductibility of business or
compensation received by an professional expenses.
employee under an employee-
employer relationship. Any income payment which is
The Php82k is applicable to the 13th otherwise deductible under the Tax
month pay and other benefits but not Code shall be allowed as deduction
to the basic salary and other from the payors gross income only if
allowances. it is shown that the income tax
This Php82k does not apply to self- required to be withheld has been paid
employed individuals and income to the BIR in accordance with Sec. 57
generated from business. and 58 of the Tax Code.
Employers must issue Certificate of
Compensation/Tax Withheld (BIR --- God Bless ---
Form 2316) to employees on or before
January 31 of the succeeding calendar
year showing the correct computation
and application of the said increase on
the 13th month and other benefits.
In case an employee resigns or leaves
his job before the end of the calendar
year, and subsequently is employed by
another employer also before the close
of the calendar year, he shall furnish
the new employer the accomplished
BIR form issued by the previous
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