Research Integrity in A Developing Country: Review and Analysis (Issues, Challenges, and Opportunities)

IDL - International Digital Library Of
Technology & Research

Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org
International e-Journal For Management And Research-2017
Research Integrity in a Developing Country:

Review and Analysis
(Issues, Challenges, and Opportunities)
By:
Rakib Ahmed
Senior Lecturer, Eastern University, Bangladesh
Email: rakibcau@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Research integrity, research misconduct, ethics empirical research addressing issues related to
in research is profound terms. Research integrity research integrity and misconduct in science,
is simply, justice and honesty in conducting business, environment etc. This paper found
research where research misconduct is just many challenges in this regard and also a great
opposite including insufficient care for the opportunity to overcome those. More research
subject of research; breaches of confidentiality, on these issues might be supported not only to
improprieties of publication involving conflict of provide useful guidance to researchers, policy
interest. Its harmful for society. If someone makers but also to stimulate a critical mass of
involved embezzling, plagiarizing, stealing the scholars to develop research on research
output of others, such as methodology, output, integrity as a legitimate field of scientific
data including unpublished is called violation of inquiry.
academic or research ethics. This research paper
tried to find out the core concepts of research, Keywords: Research integrity, Research
integrity, misconduct, ethics, and issues related misconduct, Ethics, Developing country,
to research integrity in a developing country like Bangladesh.
Bangladesh. The broad objective of the study Classification: Research Paper
was to review and analyze the challenges and
opportunities of research integrity in a 1. INTRODUCTION
developing country like Bangladesh. Its an
exploratory and qualitative research based on Research, by its very nature, is founded on
mainly secondary sources of data. Various honesty and competition, on data that is real, yet
literatures have been reviewed for the desired selective, and on an open critique of conceptual
data. Promoting research integrity in a and methodological frameworks among peers
developing country like Bangladesh requires a but increasingly also other societal actors.
greater understanding. There is a dearth of Research Integrity (RI) has long been considered
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to be a part of science governance as opposed to To review and sort out the issues of
requiring statutory legislation, since codes of research misconduct and integrity in a
conduct and recommendations for Good developing country like Bangladesh.
Research Practice (GRP) are dependent on
understanding and upholding core research To determine and evaluate the
values. On the other hand, there are situations challenges and opportunities of research
integrity in a developing country like
where serious deviations from GRP constitute a
statutory offence, and where the case at hand is Bangladesh.
subject to the laws of the land. To recommend some measure to
overcome such challenges.
Promoting research integrity in a developing
country like Bangladesh requires a greater
3. CORE CONCEPTS OF RESEARCH
understanding than we now have of the factors
that influence the full range of research conduct.
There is a dearth of empirical research 3.1 Research Integrity
addressing issues related to research integrity
and misconduct in science. It is critical, Research integrity is simply, justice and honesty
therefore, that more research on these issues be in proposing, conducting, and reporting research
supported, not only to provide useful guidance or doing it right and telling the truth about what
to researchers and to the formulation of you did. In other words, it means that one
appropriately measured policy, but also to conducts ones research as carefully as one can
stimulate a critical mass of scholars to develop and present the results as honestly as one can.
research on research integrity as a legitimate Integrity in research embraces the aspirational
field of scientific inquiry. Such research must standard of scientific conduct rather than simply
employ rigorous research designs and methods the avoidance of questionable practices (Swazey
of evaluation. 1993: 202; King and Anderson, 1999:34;
Steneck, 2003:401; Iverson and Siang, 2003:64;
In this research paper it is tried to find out the Whitbeck, 2004:85).
core concepts of research, integrity, misconduct,
ethics, and issues related to research integrity in 3.2 Academic or Research Misconduct
a developing country like Bangladesh. Here its
also tried to determine the potential challenges The term research misconduct is meant to
and opportunities of research integrity in a embrace many things, including insufficient care
developing country. for the people, animals or objects that are the
subject of or participants in research; breaches of
confidentiality, violation of protocols,
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY carelessness of the kind that leads to gross error
and improprieties of publication involving
The broad objective of the study is to review and conflict of interest or appropriation of ideas.
analyze the challenges and opportunities of
research integrity in a developing country like Research misconduct is harmful for knowledge.
Bangladesh. It could mislead other researchers, it may
The specific objectives are: threaten individuals or society for instance if it
becomes the basis for unsafe drugs or unwise
legislation and, by subverting the publics

trust, it could lead to a disregard for or considered as ethics violation. It is enormous

undesirable restrictions being imposed on imperative to ensure the ethics in the research.
research. Research misconduct can appear in
many guises:
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Fabrication involves making up results
and recording them as if they were real; This is very significant paper for the students
Falsification involves manipulating and the teachers as well as the researchers.
research processes or changing or Because this paper tried to explain the basic
omitting data; issues related to the research integrity. Not only
Plagiarism is the appropriation of other that there was an attempt to determine and
peoples material without giving proper explain the potential challenges and
credit; opportunities of research integrity in a
Other forms of misconduct include developing country. By reading this paper one
failure to meet clear ethical and legal may learn about what is research, what is
requirements such as misrepresentation integrity in research, what is research
of interests, breach of confidentiality, misconduct and their impact on our life. One can
lack of informed consent and abuse of be able to measure the barriers and prospects of
research subjects or materials. integrity in research.
Misconduct also includes improper
dealing with infringements, such as 5. LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE
attempts to cover up misconduct and STUDY
reprisals on whistleblowers;
Minor misdemeanors may not lead to Bolton (2002: 67), defines research integrity as:
formal investigations, but are just as ... the process o f doing and reporting science
damaging given their probable in accordance with accepted practices in their
frequency, and should be corrected by field. This includes adherence to the prin cip les
teachers and mentors. and practice s o f scientific standards, education
3.3 Ethics in Research and mentoring, unbiased peer and expert review
and communication o f results to the scientific
If someone involved to embezzle, plagiarize, community. This definition of research
steal the output of others, such as the material, integrity seems to be aligned with our belief that
methodology, output, report, program and data not only the researcher, but also the environment
including unpublished is called violation of and the whole research community is
academic or research ethics. It also include not responsible for the promotion of research
only revising and faking the research data (e.g. integrity.
experiment and survey data, and statistic results)
but also hiding the negative data to pretend to be The most basic tenets of research integrity are:
the innovation output. Using the output trustworthiness and credibility of the findings.
accomplished by the research team in own (Swazey, 1993: 2002; King, and Anderson 1999:
outputs without indicating that also violation of 37). Research integrity should be an ethic that is
ethics in research. Sending one manuscript to transmitted down the generational tree,
different journals at the same time and/ or other nourished and sustained through individual self-
misconducts in research activities also reflection and a continuous bi-directional

vertical and horizontal communication among about research integrity are managed (Bolton,
members of the scientific community (Bolton, 2002:19)
2002:78). It should be validated through a
continuous dialogue with society because the We support Bolton on these aspects. We further
society is a major stakeholder in addressing the argue that the scientific community is another
issues of research integrity. The aim of research aspect that can play a crucial role in research
ethics is to protect members of society as well as integrity promotion. We believe that the concept
to protect the integrity of science itself. scientific community needs further exploration
as well, since scientific ethics forms the basis of
According to the Natal Academic Press (1999), research integrity or misconduct.
promotion of integrity in the research
environment is about institutional culture and Research misconduct is concerned with
behavior, as well as the professional fabricating, falsifying, plagiarizing, or any other
performance of individuals. We argue and practices that seriously deviate from standard
propose that research integrity be viewed acceptable within the scholarly scientific
positively, from an educational or community in proposing, conducting and
developmental perspective rather than from a reporting research (University of California, Los
regulatory perspective. We believe that only Angeles Policy 993,1998). The White House
positive messages will assist researchers in their Office of Science and Technology (OSTP),
endeavour to maintain research integrity all the defined misconduct as: fabrication, falsification
time. or plagiarism in proposing performing or
reviewing research or in reporting research
Bolton, (2002: 101) proposes the following results. The policy also states that findings of
aspects of integrity during the conduct of misconduct require that there be significant
research. These are grouped together as follows: departure from acceptable practice. It also states
that allegations be proven by a preponderance of
Childhood socialization. As young children we evidence.
acquire a moral sense of right and wrong. It is It also makes reporting of misconduct to be the
expected that as professionals we will accept the primary responsibility of the institution where
professional standards about data falsification, research is conducted (Guenin 1999:340). Most
fabrication and plagiarism. definitions on misconduct highlight the
following errors:
Scientific socialization. Students are
socialized through education and training of Fabrication: This is defined as making up
acceptable standards of conducting research. results and recording and reporting them with a
deliberate intent to deceive thus disregarding the
Collegial and professional norms. This accepted scientific practice. It also involves
involves mentoring of junior researchers and changing (manipulating) data or experiments or
postgraduate students. the conditions to make results fit the
hypothesis (Guenin: 1999:342). Other
Workplace norms, values and incentives. The temptations in research may be failure to report
workplace culture will influence the attitude research findings that contradict those being
and the ways in which the rules and standards reported and failure to report personal interest

that the researcher may have in the outcome of 6.4 Limitations of the Study: This is basically
the research. an essay type paper. Although it is an essay type
paper here its tried to use as much as authentic
Falsification: Manipulating research materials,
data possible. Every data and information have
equipment, or process or changing or omitting
data or results such that the research is not been tried to collect from only internet based
accurately represented in the research record various sources. However, there is no observed
(Guenin: 1999:342). data through primary survey.
Plagiarism: Appropriation of another persons 7. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF THE

ideas, processes, results or words without giving FINDINGS
appropriate credit, including those obtained from
confidential review of others research proposals The discussion and analysis of the research
and manuscripts. Researchers may also steal findings are exhibited below.
data from students, colleagues, and proteges.
Plagiarism includes stealing own work or failure 7.1 Potential Approaches to Promote
to reference own prior work (King and Research Integrity
Anderson, 1999; Swazey, 1993).
To promote integrity in research we should use
In our opinions and those of King and Anderson and follow some necessary initiatives or
(1999); Swazey (1993); UCLA Policy (1998), approaches. The ESF MO Forum undertook in
research misconduct does not include honest 2010 a survey of attempts to promote GRP that
error or difference of opinion or different found a number of successful approaches:
interpretation of data.
Producing and disseminating articles,
books, brochures on research integrity;
6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Producing and promoting guidelines on
good research practice and on
6.1 Type and Nature of Research: This is an investigations of allegations of research
exploratory research. By nature its treated as misconduct;
qualitative research. Establishing websites and portals as
resources for further study and teaching;
6.2 Sources of Data: Here only secondary Holding workshops, conferences,
sources of data have been used. No primary data seminars, etc. on research integrity at
have been used for this study. the national or institutional level in
order to launch debates;
6.3 Data Process and Analysis: Since this is a Establishing an adequate institutional
qualitative and exploratory research there is no framework, including ethical
statistical software been used. For data committees, research integrity bureaus
at the institutional and national level);
processing and arranging Microsoft word has
Introducing training programmes for
been used. advanced PhD students and other staff;
Gathering of evidence on best practice
elsewhere (surveys, etc.);

Surveys to monitor the implementation does serve to illustrate the existing heterogeneity
of GRP and training programmes. of approaches in both academic and government
systems across the continent and beyond, and
the need for measures to ensure compatibility.
7.2 Research Misconduct and Integrity Issues
in a developing country like Bangladesh
7.3 Challenges or Barriers of Research
Progress in science & technology and other Integrity in a Developing Country like
aspects have not come without growing pains. Bangladesh
Like the U.S., Australia, Canada, China and
many other countries, Bangladesh has had its The challenge in developing a framework for
share of research misconduct scandals. In the research integrity governance is that it must be
early 1990s, some scholars began to express both compatible with diverse legal national
concerns about deviations from academic norms contexts, translating globally accepted principles
in universities in Bangladesh. By the late 1990s, into national policy and practice, and correspond
research journals in Bangladesh became alarmed to the fundamental ethical guidelines that
about ethical problems with published research, scientists and scholars set for themselves. In
especially plagiarism. In 1996, several cases of what follows, the focus will be on the challenges
copying large portions of published papers drew presented by the task of reconciling fundamental
the attention of scientists and the national (and global) principles with nationally
media. In a developing country, there are some applicable legal and institutional contexts. The
wholesale plagiarism is available who encourage guiding thought is to enable flexibility and
to republishing someone elses article under a compatibility of structures in different settings
different name. To prevent those issues need to without making compromises with regard to the
develop a code of conduct or guideline for principles to be upheld.
research or research approach to combat
plagiarism and other types of misconduct. The Promoting the integrity of science systems may
code also included some rules to protect the face many fundamentally different challenges in
rights of authors. developing countries, and in countries in
transition or emerging economies (ESF/ORI
Of course, the situation in most settings is more Science Policy Briefing 30 (2007). Yet, given
complex, typically, more than one approach is the increasingly close research collaboration
adopted across institutions and national bodies at between all these different classes of science
the same time, as the same actors perform in systems, there is scope and need to enhance all
different functions. The differing size of existing systems: the first step implies
countries will also have implications for the identifying and adopting the core elements
approaches adopted. It may be easier or more already present, and which nations and
accepted to have a national system of research institutions should set as benchmarks for
integrity governance in smaller countries e.g. aspirations to improve their current research
Bangladesh, whereas in bigger countries with integrity governance structures.
very large and powerful institutions and
universities it may be more difficult to reach 7.3.1 Research Policy Development: Most of
consensus about appropriate approaches to the policies developed by research organizations
research integrity governance. Yet, the typology have focused on defining and investigating

misconduct. While misconduct is by far the most

important issue that needs to be addressed to 7.3.4 Fair and Transparent Processes: Its a
promote research integrity, other issues also challenge for making the process fair and
merit attention, such as conflicts of interest, data transparent. Processes advertised to denounce
sharing, authorship, and mentoring of students. and to deal with suspected cases of scientific
Though developing clear and effective policies misconduct at both local and national level must
on research integrity might seem to be a simple be fair and transparent. Otherwise there is a risk
and straightforward task, often it is not. For that stakeholders will refrain from accepting the
example, it took the U.S. government more than authority of and cooperation with the relevant
ten years to finalize a uniform policy on research institutional actors. It is critical to strive for a
misconduct, and there is considerable variation balance between prevention and sanction.
in the conflict of interest policies adopted by
U.S. universities. 7.3.5 Responsibility for Managing Processes:
Its the another challenging job is to assign the
7.3.2 Ensure Accountability and responsibility for managing the process. Roles
Transparency: It is very much difficult to and responsibilities for prevention, investigation
ensure accountability and transparency in and imposition of sanctions need to be clearly
research if the researcher doesnt like to be. assigned at both local and/or national level.
Although government can develop a policy to
encourage integrity in research but 7.3.6 Lack of University Oversight
accountability is challenging issues. However, Mechanisms for Dealing with Misconduct:
government and other research authority should Basically, university plays an important role in
develop some system e.g. rewards to encourage research aspect, especially in a developing
and e.g. punishment to discourage them to be country. They provide reviewing mechanism for
accountable and transparent. Although its dealing with research misconduct etc. But in our
challenging but it could be make possible. country there is a lack of proper oversight or
reviewing mechanism for dealing with research
7.3.3 Setting and Maintaining National misconduct.
Mandate: The experience of countries in which
a national oversight or governance structure has 7.3.7 Pressure to Publish: Perhaps the most
been developed suggests that there is a need for difficult challenge any nation faces concerning
a clear and authoritative national statement to research integrity is cultivating a research
underpin research integrity governance environment that encourages ethical behavior.
structures. This can take the form of a charter or The research environment includes attitudes,
of legislative support. In devising such a traditions, and norms that influence the practice
mandate countries can draw on the experiences of science. The pressure to produce results has
of others which have already addressed this played a significant role in misconduct problems
element, such as Denmark and Norway. In in the U.S., South Korea, Europe, China, and in
countries in which no national debates have been Bangladesh. In the U.S. and Europe, scientists
held yet, the awareness raising processes must produce results and publish in order to
referred to in the work of WG1 might aim at obtain (or maintain) research funding. In
building alliances between the scientific Bangladesh, performance in research (or lack
communities and the main authorities governing thereof) can impact many areas including salary,
the national science system. promotion, and social benefits. Even graduate

students face the pressure to publish, since most testifying in a misconduct inquiry or
universities require that students publish articles investigation. Additionally, some universities
as a condition of receiving a PhD. Like China, have institutional norms that encourage people
Bangladesh has taken some steps to reduce the to cover-up or ignore problems to avoid
pressure to achieve results. Some universities embarrassing the institution. As a result, a large
now emphasize the quality of published research percentage of misconduct that occurs in U.S.
rather than the quantity of research in their research may not be reported. Like the U.S.,
evaluations of faculty. This reform, though China and other countries, Bangladesh has also
helpful, can be difficult to achieve because there had some difficulties with encouraging whistle-
is a strong tendency to measure scientific blowers to report violations of ethical or legal
performance in terms of the quantity of rules. Lack of legal protections for whistle-
publications or citation score. blowers is one reason why many misconduct
investigations in Bangladesh have been based on
7.3.8 Conflicts of Interest: It is also important anonymous tips.
to address conflicts of interest pertaining to
funding and publication and other important
decisions to promote an ethical research 7.3.10 Research Auditing: A step beyond
environment. U.S. granting agencies have supporting whistle-blowing that institutions can
adopted rules to prevent personal relationships take is to routinely audit research data. Auditing
between applicants and reviewers from biasing can be more effective at preventing and
the review process. In Bangladesh, personal
detecting violations of ethical or legal rules than
relationships have affected government
decisions, such as the review of research grants, whistle-blowing, because people often do not
for many years. Bangladesh has made some report problems that they know about or
headway on this problem by taking steps to observe. Auditing can not only uncover major
promote fairness and transparency in hiring problems, such as misconduct, but it can also
decisions and peer review, but more work may expose minor ones, such as errors and
need to be done.
irregularities in recording data. Auditing is a
7.3.9 Protecting Whistle-Blowers: Protecting common practice in research sponsored by
whistle-blowers from retaliation is another pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies,
important challenge facing Bangladesh and because the companies want to produce data that
many other countries, including the U.S, China. regulatory agencies will accept, and problems
Countries with laws protecting whistle-blowers, with the data can cost companies time and
such as the U.S., the U.K., Canada, the money. Auditing is less common in research that
Netherlands and Germany, still have problems
is not supported by industry, because auditing
with encouraging people to report misconduct
and other transgressions in research, because costs a significant amount of money, and
people fear that they will face career-threatening universities often cannot afford to pay people to
consequences of blowing the whistle, such as audit research. Also, academic researchers may
being blackballed or developing a reputation as a not want to share their research records with an
troublemaker. Many U.S. researchers avoid outside party.
reporting illegal or unethical activity because
they simply want to avoid the hassle of

7.4 Opportunities and scope of Research industrycan undermine the integrity of science
Integrity in a Developing Country in many different ways. Restrictions on
communication may prevent researchers from
In a developing country like Bangladesh only publishing important results, reporting illegal or
problems, challenges, or barriers will be unethical activities, conducting some types of
available its not true all time. There are some controversial research, or engaging in debates
potentials or opportunities also available in about ethical issues. Bangladesh, like China, has
regard to the research aspects. The following taken some steps toward promoting openness in
potentials or opportunities might be come. scientific communication in recent yearsthe
internet has provided a useful outlet for
7.4.1 Promotion of Research on Research discussion and debatebut additional steps may
Integrity: Prevention of research misconduct is be necessary.
the ultimate goal. In developed country there are
lots of research works available of this topic but 7.4.3 Open Government: Open government
in developing country like Bangladesh there are also helps to promote research integrity because
not enough such research activities available. it involves researchers, scientists and citizens in
But we have immense opportunities to do so. the countrys decision-making. Important
Scholarly research is the tool for understanding decisions about science, such as funding
misconduct and improper research practices and priorities and research policies, as well as
the reasons behind them. Coupled with this is decisions that are informed by science, such as
the need to encourage the publication of such food and drug safety or environmental
studies of both policy issues and scientific protection, should be open for public comment
behavior. Both research and its literature will and review. Open government is necessary so
facilitate greater attention from relevant that researchers, scientists etc. can take part in
stakeholders. To prevent research misconduct, the decisions that can affect the countrys
we need to know more about research integrity. research agenda and the quality and integrity of
Funding bodies, politicians, academies, research. For example, if the government plans
universities, ESF, ENRIO, journal editors and to adopt a new policy concerning the use of
researchers themselves should all be involved in human subjects in research, scientists and
promoting studies of research integrity. Many citizens should be informed about the policy and
countries may share common values, but local should help to craft it. If the government is
culture and values should also be respected considering a plan to shift resources toward an
when providing recommendations. expensive scientific project, such as building a
new supercollider, scientists and citizens also
7.4.2 Open Communication: Open need to take part in that decision.
communication is also essential for promoting
integrity in research. Openness plays a key role It is sorry to say that, for many years,
in collaboration, publication, peer review, Bangladesh government was far from open.
criticism, replication, the evaluation of Important decisions were made in secret, and the
government projects and industry activities, and public had little input into government policies.
in making decisions about social issues, such as The government also has kept other countries
global warming, preparing for natural disasters, from learning about events taking place in
or food safety. Interference in scientific Bangladesh. Although Bangladesh government
communicationby the government or private

has become much more open in recent years, it

can go further. 7.4.8 Creating and Using Anti-Plagiarism
Software: This is called age of science and
7.4.4 Formation of Research Association: technology. We are growing fast in many
There is a great opportunity to form a strong aspects. Our concern authority should highly
research association consist of government emphasize on the research investment. If we can
body, university scholars and subject experts do that we may get high quality research and
from civil societies, who will create a research thus development will be occurred. For that we
policy, guideline, rules and regulations, manage have to be honest and produce genuine research.
the oversight & reviewing system, control the To prevent research misconduct, plagiarism our
plagiarism, misconduct, data falsification etc. concern authority should create appropriate anti-
plagiarism software to catch the illegal one.
7.4.5 Promote Academic Ethics: From our There is a great opportunity to do so.
school, college and university level we should
encourage our students to maintain academic
ethics. If we can lean them what is ethics, 8. RECOMMENDATIONS
integrity, misconduct, and its good side and bad Integrity should be maintained in every aspects
side as well as its punishment then we can say of our life although there are some drawbacks
our next generation must be aware of research remained. To overcome such challenges or
integrity. We can do it easily in our country.
drawbacks the following recommendations
7.4.6 Ensure that Procedures for might be adopted and followed.
Investigation are Legally Robust: To prevent
research misconduct investigation procedures More emphasis needs to be placed on
must be legally robust. Every country should prevention, so that whatever processes
have standardized procedures for reviewing the are adopted will be perceived as
research work. In Bangladesh there is lots of supportive of a system to ensure good
scholars earned knowledge from developed research practice and not as isolated
countries. Therefore, there is an opportunity to punitive action.
utilize their expert knowledge to set and ensure
the procedures for investigating the research Appropriate authority e.g. government,
misconduct etc. other research institutes should take a
master plan to develop a research policy
7.4.7 Decide on levels of Appeal: There is no that must ensure accountability and
opportunity for appeal for defense against transparency.
his/her claims. As in all legal and quasi-legal Research body should establish special
proceedings, there should be an instance of
appeal. There is an opportunity to set mechanisms for oversight, review, and
permissibility of appeals, the types of appeals, manage the whole process so that
for example concerning either the scientific or misconduct might be minimized or
the procedural elements of an investigation, and removed.
the processes for appeal should be clearly stated University and/ or other relevant
in any procedures. If it is established it give us a organizations where research practices
transparent system in research aspect.
are welcomed should allocate enough
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time to produce a quality research work. without stifling research creativity, is a constant
If the researchers get relax from learning process. The deliberations of the ESF
pressure to publish they must produce MO Forum also suggest that there is no one size
fits all framework of research integrity
a high quality research without doing
governance that can be readily applied across all
any research misconduct like plagiarism European countries. Science organizations and
etc. Or their performance evaluation research institutions in each country should
system should not be on the basis of discuss and develop their own research integrity
quantity of paper rather it should be on governance structures, suited to the countrys
the basis of quality of paper. size, resources and research infrastructures.
Research Audit should be implemented Regardless of the approach adopted in particular
countries or institutions, sharing experience is
if possible. Because it is a very good
extremely important. It can help to provide easy
endeavor to avoid research misconduct, access to best practice locally, nationally and
plagiarism, falsification, stealing of internationally; the pooling of knowledge and
other works etc. experiences will build up a body of data on the
Moreover, government should be open extent of research misconduct and measures to
in this regard. Open communication deal with and prevent the phenomenon, locally,
nationally, and beyond. Networks offer an
should be ensured to promote research/
invaluable international forum for practitioners
academic ethics. And finally we can to share their experiences and to identify and
recommend that a good & strong legal debate issues around research integrity
entity/ body should be established to governance. Other tools for information sharing
manage the investigation, appeal, if any, include the establishment of a web site or other
against misconduct. public forum to capture good quality
documentation on GRP and guidelines, etc. This
could also include presentation of misconduct
9. CONCLUSIONS scenarios as an educational tool for researchers.
In summary, there is a balance to be struck
between promotion of GRP and prevention of
Good research is ultimately based on trust trust
misconduct on the one hand, and investigation
between research colleagues and between
and punishment of misconduct on the other.
academic institutions and industry, and the trust
of the public and policy makers in the research
community. Without such trust, the research
system would quickly flounder. Trust in science
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