ATTRIBUTES INTERPRETATION OF BESERAH

FIELD, PENYU BASIN

Nurathirah Bt Kamarudin
Bachelor of Technology (Hons)
Universiti Teknologi Petronas
Tronoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan
Email: athirahkamarudin0523@gmail.com

Abstract- Penyu Basin is one of the prospect basins in
Malaysia. Penyu Basin located in the offshore east of Peninsular
Malaysia is a minor extensional basin in northern Sunda Shelf that
separated from Malay Basin by the Tengol Arch. The basin formed
at the age of Oligocene when the region undergoes the extensional
stresses caused by the pulling effect of the continental plate. This
basin characterized by fault trend East-North-East and North-West.
From the given seismic data of Beserah Field which are located in
the Penyu Basin, the main purpose of this research is to exploit and
to investigate the structural features of Beserah Field. This is
because; Penyu Basin consists of four major faults that occurred
because of the extensional of the basin. This in any way give great
influenced to the basin development. In order to evaluate the
features, various types of maps are produced. Time map are
produced to identify the elevation depth and the contour of the
surface. Attributes map are produced in order to show the clear
geological features of the particular area. Result from the
backstrpping shows that the burial history of the sediment
sequence in Beserah Field showing that the thickness of the
lihofacies is thicker at the time of deposition. The effect of
compaction can be seen when the lithofacies for each stages are
stripped off from the seismic section.
Keywords- Penyu Basin, Beserah Field, seismic attributes,
backstripping.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Petroleum exploration in offshore Malaysia took place in
1950s with the introduction of marine seismic surveys of
Sarawak. In 1957, offshore drilling was commenced and its
began to accelerate quickly in 1966 (Noorul Haq, 2014). Around
the end of 1982, it is about 295,000 line-km of marine seismic
data was acquired and more than 500 exploratory or appraisal
well were drilled.
Today, the modern seismic section serves as an aid to the
geophysicist in order to view the stratigraphic, structural cross
section together with producing the maps. Because of this
technology, exploration will have a high chance of success and
greater exploration progress. This is because seismic technology
has been improved in order to gain a better resolution of the
seismic data. According to Noorul Haq (2014) back in 1924, the
oil discovery in Brazoria County, Texas was the first discovered
based on single-fold seismic data. Nowadays, the 4D or time-
lapse is introduced in seismic technology. It consists of the series
of 3D seismic survey that can help the interpreter to monitor
how properties of reservoir may change throughout the life of
production. Because of this advance technology, it helps the
geophysicist to have clear view regarding what they want to
interpret. Penyu Basin is part of the extensional basin that is
located offshore east of Peninsular Malaysia. This basin have
been discovered and explored. Because of the lack of maturity of
its hydrocarbon, the well drilled is not giving any output. With
the help of new and modern technology, new field like for
example, Beserah field was discovered. This field was
discovered by using the seismic marine acquisitions.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
According to the Mazlan Madon (1995), there are four
main faults that are surrounded to the sub-basins. They are:
Kuantan ,Pekan, Rumbia and Merchong grabens. These faults
give trend of east and southeast direction. Khalid Ngah (1975)
stated that most of the faults in Penyu Basin were coexistent
with deposition of sediment and some of the faults formed
boundaries towards the basin. Because of the idea having the
faults formed from the similar tectonic stress as what the basin
undergoes, the un-similar trends of those faults might
characterize the older structural elements and also represent the
basement composition. Therefore, this project is actually
focusing on exploiting and interprets the structural features of
Beserah Fields.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this research is to exploit and to
interpret the structural features of Beserah Field. This will be
followed by the sub-objectives which is to produce and to
interpret a various type of attributes analysis. Another objective
is to identify and to interpret the depositional environment of
Beserah Field.
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
The research will be focusing in the Beserah Field, Penyu
Basin. The study will revolve the use of Petrel software. It will
involve the interpretation of stratigraphic and also the structural
interpretation at Beserah. This interpretation is subdivided into
three aspects which are stratigraphic, structural and also
lithologic. The seismic sequences stratigraphic are much more
related to the cycle of the deposition. It will be overlaid with the
reflection pattern in order to the create chronostratigraphic
framework that have connection with the strata. From this
framework, the depositional environment can be known.
In the case of structural seismic interpretation, basically it
will involve the fault and horizon picking, attributes analysis and
produces various types of maps. From here, the three-
dimensional subsurface structural maps will be created for the
configuration of arrival times. The backstripping technique will
be used in order to know the subsidence history of the
extensional basins which involve the removal of sediment loads.
This will give a lot of information regarding the reservoir and
many more. For lithologic interpretation process will help in
evaluation of the formation by determining the direct
hydrocarbon indicator and lithology from the seismic data.
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF SOUTH-EAST ASIA.
Mazlan Madon (1999) stated that South-East Asia is
consists of three major lithospheric plates namely: the Indian-
Australian plate, Pacific plate and Philippine Sea plate that are
still converging with relative velocity of about 6 to 8 cm per
year towards Eurasia. The boundaries between these plates are
active subduction zones which circle the area nearly continuous
from the Ryukyu arc (north-east) through the Philippines,
Sumatra and Java, to Myanmar (north-west).
Moreover, these active plate zones are almost in all places
associated with shallow to deep seismicity, well-developed
Benioff-Wadati zones, accretionary complexes, trenches and
volcanic arcs. The northward motion of the India-Australia Plate
causing the highly oblique convergent plate boundary along the
Sumatra arc. This motion gives rise to the strong right-lateral
shear component to the subduction-related deformation
(McCaffrey, 1996; Malod and Kemal, 1996). South-East Asia
consists of a pre-Tertiary continental core named Sundaland that
covered most of its western area from Myanmar to western
Borneo. Sundaland is located southern part of the Eurasian Plate
that is attached and bonded in between South China and India.
During Mesozoic and early Cenozoic, a vast landmass is
formed in this contiguous parts of continental terrain from the
Peninsular Malaysia to the southwestern Borneo. On the other
hands, eastern part of South-East Asia is relatively younger
compared to the western part. It might have evolved in the Late
Cretaceous-Tertiary which was 50 to 60 million years ago. This
area can be defined by the existence of abundance of accreted
island-arcs along with the plentiful microcontinental blocks of
diverse origin and obducted ophiolites. It shows that this area is
more oceanic in character. At the northern part of Borneo, the
Rajang Fold-Thrust Belt covered almost of the area. According
to Hutchinson (1996), it is a relict of a Late Cretaceous-Early
Miocene deep oceanic basin where the sediment fill have been
deformed and disinterred into a large accretionary wedge
complex.
The South China Sea basin is the oceanic crust that occurred
during Oligocene (about 32 Million years ago) and underlies the
area between Borneo and Vietnam (Taylor and Hayes, 1980;
Briais et al., 1993). South China Sea is tectonically surrounded
by the Yangtze Block at the north, Indochina Block to the west
and the Philippines Sea Plate on the east. The subduction zone
can be seen along the accreted crust. This subduction zone exists
to separate the Philippines Sea with the Asian Sea. The collision
of the Eurasian Plate with the Indian Plate is one of the major
factors of the South China Seas formation. When the collision
took place, it thickened the continental crust and changed the
topography elevation from the Himalayan orogenic zone to the
South China Sea, mostly around the Tibetan Plateau. Then,
because of it, the location of South China Sea produces several
tectonic events. There are about five stages of the tectonic
evolution. There are: rift event, sea floor spreading, subsidence
of the South China Sea, closure of the South China Sea Basin
and uplift of Taiwan.
2.2 GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA
Peninsular Malaysia together with the adjacent offshore
area which is the South China Sea and the Straits of Melaka are
part of the Sundaland. According to Madon (1999), it is different
from its main structural trend as the Peninsular Malaysia is
elongated parallel in north-northwest direction and it is
superimposed upon structures with northeast and east strikes. As
for the main trend, it is developed in the Late Triassic-Early
Jurassic deformational era. Sundaland have become tectonically
stable by Early Tertiary. Continental slabs of the South-East
Asian portion being extruded to the southeast where the Indian
Ocean-Australian plate and Pacific plate are moving towards
north and west respectively.
The movement of the South-East Asia to the southeast is
because of the collision happened between the Eurasian plates
with the Indian subplate. (Tjia, 1999). Madon (1999) believed
that the younger major deformations have been compressed into
the existing weakness zones and the annual movements of
vertical crustal occurred at sub-millimetre scale. Nevertheless,
these weakness zones have most possibly accommodated
considerable lateral displacements. Because of this, the Tertiary
basins have formed from the offshore regional subsidences that
basically hold several kilometres of sediments.
From this Tertiary basins, the Malay Basin becomes the
largest basin with the accumulations of at least 3 km. Sundaland
becomes the core of South-East Asia region and still
experiencing convergence from all direction. Basically, the
Indian Ocean-Australian plate is moving the north; the Pacific
plate is coming from east and the South-East Asia of Eurasian
plate where the Sundaland is located, is being extruded to the
south.
2.3 REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF PENYU BASIN
Penyu Basin situated offshore east of Peninsular Malaysia is
a minor extensional basin that is separated from the larger Malay
Basin by the Tenggol Arch. Apart from that, Penyu Basin is
connected with the West Natuna Basin. Penyu Basin is also
connected with the Pahang Platform and Johor Platform. Penyu
Basin that aging from Oligocene till recent was characterized by
a normal fault and graben that have east trend and
northeastwards and continue into the West Natuna Basin.
Penyu basin is one of the rift failures in the Malay Dome. It
is elongated in EW direction and is measured 160 km x 200 km.
There are ten major half grabens that are faulted from the pre-
Tertiary basement (Tjia, 1999). The synriff sediment fills of the
half-graben thickening towards the bounding faults that usually
give rise to the development of the rollover anticline. A major
NW striking fracture so called Rumbia fault, separated the
Penyu basin into 2 parts which are: the western part; manifest by
the EW half grabens and the eastern part; marked by the WNW-
ESE oriented depressions.
The sediments in the Penyu Basin are consist of siliciclastic
that composed of interbedded shale, sandstone, and siltstone and
in the mid part; coal (Table 2.1). It is classified into synrift and
postrift sequences that aging from Oligocene to Recent.
McKenzie (1978) believed that the lithospheric extension
changes the sedimentation phases between synrift and postrift.
During the extensional period of basin development, the
Oligocene sedimentation is represented by the synrift sequence
while from the Miocene to the Recent sedimentation is
represented by the extensional fault when its activity has been
terminated. From that, the sediment fill can be recognized. As
for synrift sequence, it occurred as half-graben where the
thickness determined the extension amount through the
bounding faults. Then, postrift sequence is more uniform in term
of the thickness.
This is because, it result in a gentle drooping causing by the
non-fault-related subsidence. There are four different formations
of sediments in Penyu Basin ranging in descending order: Pilong,
Pari, Terengganu and Penyu. Penyu Formation represents the
deposition of synrift that occurred during Oligocene. At the top
of synrift succession, it is marked with the Base-Pari
Unconformity that produced the Late Oligocene basin inversion.
Because of this inversion, a minor folding and truncation of
synrift strata occurred in some area in the basin. Terengganu
Formation on the other hands is also deposited in the alluvial
and coastal plain environment as Pari Formation.
Table 2.1 Sediment formation of Penyu Basin.
Formation Description
Consists of soft claystone that have the
Pilong stringers of coarse grained and poorly
consolidated sandstone.
Composed of fine to coarse grained, thin to
Pari massive bedded and very poorly consolidated
sands.
Dominated by the claystone and fine to
Terengganu coarse grained sandstone.
Consists of very fine to medium grained
Penyu sandstone and also the reddish brown
interbedded of claystone.
METHODOLOGY
The project begins with the data loading into the Petrel
software followed with the attributes analysis. For attributes
analysis, there are several attributes that will use for this project;
which are Variance (edge method), Relative Acoustic
Impedance, RMS amplitude, Instantaneous Frequency,
Structural Smoothing and Trace AGC. Then, the project will be
continued with the backstripping technique.
3.1 DATA LOADING
The methodology will start with the data loading. The
seismic format of SEG-Y is used to import the data into the
Petrel software as it can compress all traces. The coordinate
reference system (CRS) of UTM84-48N is selected as the Penyu
Basin is located in that particular area where the Beserah Field is
also situated in it.
3.2 SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
In the seismic interpretation, it comprises the interpretation
of faults and horizons. The fault interpretation is interpreted first
before horizon interpretation as the fault may interrupt the
horizon continuity. Horizon picking is based on the strongest
reflector that can be seen in the seismic section. Before proceed
with any seismic interpretation, the water bottom is picked first
as a decision to which polarity that used for the horizon
interpretation. Water bottom is known with the strongest and
continuous reflector.
3.3 SEISMIC ATTRIBUTES
In order to improve the stratigraphy and structures of the
seismic data, the attributes is used to the seismic section. Surface
attributes is used to extract the seismic data from the horizon or
within an interval only while for volume attributes, it is used to
extract the seismic for the whole volume in order to produce an
attribute cube. Table 3.1 shows the volume attributes that is used
for this project.
Table 3.1 Seismic attributes and its functions.
SEISMIC FUNCTION.
ATTRIBUTES
RMS Amplitude Highlighted the variation of acoustic
impedance.
variance For fault delineation and channel edges.
Instantaneous Coherent detection and measure bed
Frequency thickness and fluid content.
Relative Acoustic Illustrate the unconformity surface and
Impedance indicate sequence boundaries.
3.4 MAPPING
After seismic interpretation is done, several maps are
generated for this project which is time map, time-slice map,
attributes map and cross-section map. Time map are generated
from the horizon where it contain the information regarding the
elevation and the contours. For attributes map, it is used to
detect any amplitude change and can be also used to enhance
seismic reflector. It also can be used to detect fault and fractures.
The cross section map is the map that shows the lithofacies of
the seismic data.
3.5 BACKSTRIPPING
Move software will be used in order to do the backstripping
technique. Backstripping is done by using the seismic section
from Beserah Field. The seismic data will be synchronized with
the depth from the software used. This is because, the seismic
section need to have the 0m at the seabed.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 MAP OF STUDY AREA
Before the seismic data were interpreted, the structural
smoothing together with the Trace AGC was applied to the
seismic data. Trace AGC is useful for enhancing the weak
events for improved interpretability. It also enhanced the noise
which can be eliminated by using Structural Smoothing.
Structural smoothing attribute helped in increasing the
continuity of the reflections of the seismic data. It will show a
clearer reflectivity thus helped in seismic interpretations. From
the figure 4.1, the difference between the normal seismic
sections with the one that have been smoothed can be clearer
seen.
Figure 4.1 (a) Normal seismic section (b) Seismic data with
Structural Smoothing and Trace AGC attributes.
4.2 TIME MAP
Time Maps were generated in order to know the
elevation depth and the contour of the surface. Time maps were
generated from the horizon interpreted during the seismic
interpretation. Basically, there were six horizons that have been
interpreted from the seismic data. From these horizons (Figure
4.2), the time maps are generated. From the figure 4.3(a),
Horizon1 acted as the water bottom at the offset of -65ms.
Horizon2 interpreted at offset of -297ms (Figure 4.3(b)),
Horizon3 at offset -355ms (Figure 4.4(a)), Horizon4 at offset of
-820ms (Figure 4.4(b)), Horizon5 at offset of -1383ms (Figure
4.5(a)), and the Basement at offset of -1500ms (Figure 4.5(b)).
From the contour lines, it can be observed that the elevation
started to decrease from NW-SE direction as it goes deeper. This
elevation decreases can be seen in Horizon2 (Figure 4.3(b)) as
the purple color started to appear at the SE of the map. The
basement (Figure 4.5(b)), showing the half-graben with the fault
trending of SE-NW. The contour intervals are shown on the
table 4.1.
Table 4.1 contour interval
Horizon Contour interval (m)
Water Bottom 10
2 8
3 5
4 10
5 20
Basement 100
 4.3.1 RMS Amplitude Attributes
RMS Amplitude basically highlighted the variations of
acoustic impedance. The higher the RMS amplitude gives high
acoustic impedance. Consequently, higher acoustic impedance
will be seen on the brighter color which indicated high
amplitude. From the figure 4.6, at the time slice 600ms, the
brighter color can be seen with the range of color from orange to
yellow. This gives an indication that, at this area, it has high
amplitude which indicated the channel fill together with the
surrounding lithology. In figure 4.6 (a), the channel can be
clearly seen in yellow and orange color. The figure 4.7, showed
Figure 4.2 Horizon interpretations in seismic section at line 1300. the various offset obtained from the RMS Amplitude attribute.
At offset -3100ms, channel can still be seen but at offset -
3500ms, the picture show no geological features. In figure 4.7
Horizon1 Horizon2 (d), the basement can be seen as it show low RMS amplitude at
the deeper depth.

Figure 4.3 (a) Time maps showing the water bottom at -65ms. (b)
Time map of Horizon2 at -350ms.
Horizon4

Figure 4.6 RMS Amplitude attribute. Top of Beserah Field (a)

Time slice at 500ms (b) Time slice at 600ms.

Figure 4.4 (a) Time map of Horizon3 at -400ms (b) Time map
of Horizon4 at -850ms.
Horizon5

Figure 4.7 RMS Amplitude Attribute (a) Time slice at 2900ms

(b) Time slice at 3100ms (c) Time slice at 3500ms (d) Time
Figure 4.5 (a) Time map of Horizon5 at -1400ms. (b) Time map slice at 3900ms.
of Basement at -1500ms.

4.3.2 Variance Attributes

4.3 ATTRIBUTES MAP
Variance attribute visualized the changes in acoustic
A good attributes usually sensitive towards the desired
impedance represented by the trace-to-trace variability. Traces
geological feature and will helped in defining the structural or
with the same features gives low variations coefficient, while
depositional environment. There were several attributes used in
discontinuities will have high variations coefficient. This is
order to capture some morphological structures seen on the
because, channel and faults caused discontinuities to the
seismic data.
lithology and generally it will be detected in seismic volumes.
Figure 4.8 showed the top part of the Beserah Field at offset -
500ms and -600ms. Channel can be clearly seen on the picture.
At offset -2900ms, -3100ms and -3500ms, the basement area is
shown on the figure 4.9. It can be detected when the high color
variations (Figure 4.9) appeared on the figure as it shows high
distribution of red color. While at the center between the
basements, it shows low variation of red color. This might
indicate the sediment infill.

Figure 4.10 Instantaneous Frequency. Top of Beserah Field (a)

Time slice at 500ms (b) Time slice at 600ms.

Figure 4.8 Variance Attribute. Top of Beserah Field (a) Time

slice at 500ms(b) Time slice at 600ms.

Figure 4.11 Instantaneous Frequency. (a) Time slice at 2900ms

(b) Time slice at 3100ms (c) Time slice at 3500ms (d) Time
slice at 3900ms.

4.3.4 Relative Acoustic Impedance Attributes

Figure 4.9 Variance Attribute. (a) Time slice at 2900ms (b)
Time slice at 3100ms (c) Time slice at 3500ms (d) Time slice at
3900ms.
4.3.3 Instantaneous Frequency Attributes
Instantaneous frequency showed the rate of change of
the phase. Instantaneous frequency reacts to both propagation of
wave together with the depositional characteristics. From the
figure 4.10, the greenish color can be seen on the picture. The
greenish color indicates a slightly higher frequency compared to
yellow and red color. It shows that at the greenish part, it may
have sand prone lithologies. It also indicates the sharp interfaces
as it may exhibit by a thinly laminated shales. The yellow and
red color may indicate the unconsolidated sand as it may content
some fluid in the pores. In figure 4.11, when going deeper, the
frequency becomes lower as it shown the red color. This may
happen due to reduction in pore spaces as it undergo compaction.
Relative acoustic impedance attribute visualized the
unconformity surfaces, discontinuities and can indicate the
sequence boundaries. In figure 4.12, the red box show the
distributary channels that exist in time slice of 500ms to 600ms.
The blue color within the red box (Figure 4.12) indicates the
thickest part of the channels while the red color indicates the
thinner parts of the channels. This shows that the blue color have
the high productive channels. Relative acoustic impedance can
also be used to detect thin-bed reflectivity. As going the deeper,
the separation of color cannot be recognized. This is because the
bed becomes thicker (Figure 4.13). This indicates the basement
area.

Figure 4.12 Relative Acoustic Impedance. Top of Beserah Field

(a) Time slice at 500ms (b) Time slice at 600ms.
 Table 4.2 Seismic profile of Beserah Field based on past studies
by Khalid, 1970.

Figure 4.13 Relative Acoustic Impedance. (a) Time slice at

2900ms (b) Time slice at 3100ms (c) Time slice at 3500ms (d)
Time slice at 3900ms.

4.4 CROSS SECTION

The cross sectional map are produced based on the
seismic interval. From the figure 4.14(a), Stage I is said to have
a weak a transparent signals while for Stage II, it have a stronger
seismic signal. For Stage III, it is feebler and more transparent
compared to costal section. Stage IV where can be call as
basement, is recognized with the noise within the seismic
section. The pink color in figure 4.14(b) might indicate the
sediment filled into the basin.Table 4.2 showing the seismic
profile of Beserah Field. From the table 4.2, the uppermost part
is a seabed as it shows a very straight and continuous horizon. Figure 4.14 (a) seismic section at line 1300. (b) Cross Section
Map of the Beserah Field.
Table 4.2 (I) showing the Stage I where the reflector
lies is not very close to each others. The reflector is weak and
the signal is transparent. This is happened because of the thin
beds that give the weak reflector. There is no fault found in 4.5 BACKSTRIPPING
Stage I. For the table 4.2 (II), For Stage II, the reflectors are Backstripping is used to interpret the sedimentary rock
lateral and continuous. The reflector stronger compared to the sequences of the Beserah Field. Backstripping helped in model
marine environment. As for table 4.2 (III) it can be classified as the reversal unit of the depositional process. By doing this, the
Stage III. Looking at the seismic section of Beserah Field in depth of the basement can be estimated in the absence of
Table 4.2 (III), the reflector is weaker and have more transparent sediment and water loading. Figure 4.15 shown the whole
signals compared to Stage II. It still has a lateral reflector but it seismic section in line 1330 together with four stages of
is weak. Stage IV in table 4.2 (IV) shows that there is no clear lithofacies in Beserah Field. Before this method is applied, the
reflector that can be seen on the table 4.2 (IV) because it age of each stages is identified. The ages is important as the
contains chaotic reflection configuration. This noise is appear purpose of backstripping is to identify the uplift history of the
because of the metamorphic rock at the basement that did not sediment sequences. According to Khalid Ngah (1970), the ages
form any beds for each stages is identifed as the following:

Table 4.3 Age for each stages in Beserah Field

Stages Age
I 3.0 Ma
II 15.0 Ma
III 23.0 Ma
IV 33.0 Ma
 Figure 4.15 Seismic sections with polygon in line 1330.

In figure 4.16, when undergo the backstripping, the

lithofacies stages will be removed one by one. It started with the
removal of Stage I. Before backstripping is done, Stage II started
at the depth of -800m to -1250m (Figure 4.15). After applying
the technique, the depth changed to -400m to -1000m (Figure
4.16 (a)). The difference in depth before and after backstripping
is approximately 150m. This shows the effect of compaction
when going deeper.
Figure 4.16 Backstripping. (a) Removal of Stage I. (b) Removal
This effect is also applied to the Stage III when the of Stage II. (c) Romoval of Stage III.
Stage II is removed from the seismic section as what been
shown in figure 4.16 (b). The depth of Stage III before
This can be proved by using the graph of Depth-
Backstripping started at depth of -1530m until -3000m (Figure
Porosity as shown in figure 4.17. After the reconstruction, the
4.16 (a )) but after applying the backstripping, the depth of Stage
burial history of the sedimentary subsidence is known. The
III changed to -1130m to -2900m (Figure 4.16 (b)). As for in
graph constructed the relationship between the depth and
figure 4.16 (c), the removal of Stages III give a huge difference
porosity where it show that, when going deeper, the porosity
in depth for sediment in Stage IV. The original depth begins at -
decreases. This is because, the sedimentary subsidence
2900m to -5390m but after backstripping, the depth changed to -
undergone the compaction causing by the piling of the later
2334m to -5390m.
layers.
From the backstripping technique, it generally
estimated the subsidence by removing the effect of other causes
of subsidence like for example the loading of subsidence caused
by the sedimentary column. The used of this technique can also
be related to the reconstruct the stratigraphy through time. This
is because, when the stages is removed, the older stages seem to
be uplifted showing the lithofacies before it undergo compaction.
The most obvious example can be seen in figure 4.16 (c), where
Stages IV uplifted showing that the sedimentary subsidence was
larger at the time when it was deposited compared to when it Figure 4.17 Graph of Depth-Porosity.
was measure in the field. The depth of the stage IV before and
after the backstripping technique gives a difference of 566m. CONCLUSION
This gives an indication that when going deeper after the As a conclusion, Beserah Field is undergo the reconstruction.
compaction, the thickness becomes compacted. Because of This reconstruction is done by using backstripping technique in
decompaction, the real depth of the Stage IV is obtained which order to know the effect of compaction towards the sediment
is at -2334m. sequences. Its show that, sediment loaded was larger at the time
of deposition compared to the present time. From the removal of
the layer or lithofacies, the real depth of the basement is
obtained which is 2334m.

From the given seismic data, the faults are interpreted first as it
shows the displacement between the horizons. Six horizons are
interpreted for this project including the seabed and the
basement of the Beserah Field. From the horizons interpretation,
six time maps have been generated. The time map will give the
elevation depth together with the contour of the surface. Contour
line helps in keeping the difference in elevation between two
lines. The attribute maps such as the RMS Amplitude, Variance,
Instantaneous Frequency and Relative Acoustic Impedance are
generated. Moreover, the cross sectional map of Beserah Field
are produced. From the cross sectional map, Beserah field can
be divided into four divisions which are Stage I, Stage II, Stage
III and Stage IV. Apart from that, however, more analysis and
discussion can be conducted in order to fully understand the
structural features of Beserah Field.
RECOMMENDATION
For this project, the recommendations that would be suggested
are related to the enhancement of the seismic data. The data for
this project need to be undergo the reprocessing as it would give
the better and clear seismic data. The restoration of fault can be
done in order to develop a strong structural interpretation. The
spectral decomposition can also be done to the seismic data.
Spectral decomposition will help in enhancing the stratigraphic
together with the structural features.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my main
supervisor, Mr. Abdul Halim B Abdul Latiff for the endless
support and the guidance for me to complete this project. I have
learned so many things throughout completing this project. His
moral support and comments will definitely help me to improve
myself. Not to forget, I would like to give appreciation to Mr
Hafiz Musa, my co-supervisor, for his knowledge and guidance.
All those help from them are really beneficial for me and my
future. I am really thankful for all the encouragement,
inspiration and the support given to me throughout completing
this project. I would like to give the appreciation to all my
friends for the help and support.
REFERENCES
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