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Importance of Biodiversity:
Biodiversity plays important role in making and maintaining ecosystems.
Biodiversity regulates the chemistry of atmosphere and water supply.
Biodiversity is directly involved in recycling of nutrients.
Biodiversity provides food for humans.
Drugs are derived from biological sources.
Many industrial materials derived from plants e.g. Fibres, dyes, resins, rubber and oil
etc.
Q#2: Define Classification. What are its aims and principles?
Ans: Classification is the arrangement of organisms into groups and sub-groups.
Taxonomy: The branch of biology that deals with classification is called taxonomy.
Systematic: The branch with deals with classification and also traces the history of organism
is known as systematic.
Aims of Classification: -
i) To determine similarities and differences between organisms.
ii) To find the evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Basis of Classification: -
Classification is based on relationship amongst organisms. These relationships got through
similarities in characteristics.
For example sparrows are more closely related with pigeons than insects.
When biologists classify organisms they see the internal and external structures of
organisms.
Taxonomic Hierarchy: -
The groups into which organism are classified are called taxonomic categories or taxa
(singular taxon). The taxa form a ladder, called taxonomic hierarchy. Kingdom is largest taxon.
Other taxons are as under:
Kingdom: - Closely related phylum is grouped together into kingdom.
Phylum: - Closely related classes are grouped together into phylum.
Class: - Closely related orders are grouped together into class.
Order: - Closely related families are grouped together into order.
Family: - Closely related genera are grouped together into family.
Genus: - Different but closely related species are grouped together into genus.
Species: - Basic unit of classification is species. All members of a species have same
number of chromosomes in their cells. e.g. all human belongs from same species.
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BIOLOGY 9TH UNIT # 3 COMPOSED BY: SAJID UR REHMAN CONTACT: sajid@office.com.pk
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Q#6: Discuss in detail the history of classification systems. Also describe all of them?
Ans:
Aristotle:
First system of classification comes from Greek philosopher Aristotle. He classified all living
organisms into plantae or in animalia
Abu-Usman Umer Aljahiz:
In 700, he described the characteristics of 350 species of animals in his book.
Ibn Rushd (Averroes):
In 1172, he translated the book of Aristotle de Anima (On the Soul) into Arabic. Following
are the systems of classification: -
1) Two Kingdom System:
It is the oldest system of classification. It has following two types: -
Plant Kingdom (Plantae)
All the plants, which can prepare their food and have cell wall, are placed in this kingdom.
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Objection:
This system could not get much attention because some unicellular organisms like Euglena
have both plant like and animal like characteristics.
2) Three Kingdom System:
In 1866, Ernst Hackel solved the first objection and proposed a third kingdom (protista) to
accommodate euglena like organism. He also included bacteria in protista.
Objection:
This system did not clear the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Some
biologists disagreed about position of fungi in kingdom plantae because fungi have not cell
wall made up of cellulose, but of chitin.
3) Five Kingdom System:
In 1967 Robert Whittaker introduced the five kingdom system. This system is based on:
i) The levels of cellular organization i.e. prokaryotic, unicellular eukaryotic and
multicellular eukaryotic
ii) The principal modes of nutrition i.e. photosynthesis, absorption, and ingestion On these
basis organisms were classified in 5 groups: -
a) Monera: -
All the prokaryotes are placed in it. e.g. bacteria, cyanobacteria, blue green algae.
b) Protista: -
All the eukaryotes are placed in it. e.g. protozoa and aquatic organisms.
c) Plantae: -
All the plants having cell wall of cellulose and chlorophyll are placed in it. e.g. Rose,
palm and mango etc.
d) Fungi: -
The fungi differ from plants as it contain cell wall of chitin therefore it is placed fungi
kingdom.
e) Animalia: -
All the organism with lack of cell wall and chlorophyll are placed in it. They are mostly
multicellular. They cannot prepare their food.
In 1988, Margulis and Schwartz modified this system. They considered genetics along with
cellular organization and mode of nutrition in classification.
Status of Viruses in 5 kingdom system:
Virus shows the characteristics of both living and non living. They are not considered as
organisms and hence they are not included in this system. Prions and viroids are also
acellular particles and not included in this system.
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BIOLOGY 9TH UNIT # 3 COMPOSED BY: SAJID UR REHMAN CONTACT: sajid@office.com.pk
MOBILE: +92 345 5282625 WEBSEITE: www.office.com.pk
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BIOLOGY 9TH UNIT # 3 COMPOSED BY: SAJID UR REHMAN CONTACT: sajid@office.com.pk
MOBILE: +92 345 5282625 WEBSEITE: www.office.com.pk
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