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Sewage Treatment
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The waste disposed by domestic households and industry is conveyed to the
treatment works by means of pipes (sewers). The arrangement of sewers is
known as the sewerage system. Everything that flows in the sewers is sewage.
These terms are often confused in practice.
In a traditionally combined sewer, all sewage, both foul and surface water, is
conveyed in a single pipe. A foul sewer conveys the nasties (i.e., contami-
nants). A surface water sewer conveys the runoff from roofs and paved areas.
Concerning separate systems, two pipes are laid in the trench for the
sewerage system: one for the foul sewer, and the second for the surface water.
This book is concerned with the treatment of both wastewater and urban runoff.
The flow in a sewer can be estimated with Eq. (3.1.1). The mean domestic
water consumption is typically 140 l/h/day for rural and 230 l/h/day for urban
areas.
DWF PQ I E (3.1.1)
where:
DWF averaged total flow in 24 h (dry-weather flow) (QT/24);
P population;
Q mean domestic water consumption;
I rate of infiltration;
E industrial effluent discharge to the pipe; and
QT total volume of flow in a 24-h period.
from them has a minimum impact on the receiving water; in particular, care
must be taken with the solid material, which occurs in the so-called first foul
flush or simply the first flush (i.e., immediately after the rainfall storm
commences, accumulated material in the sewer is likely to be flushed out of
the system).
stages. However, in normal practice, the works are organized such that all sludge
is collected centrally.
Wetland systems can be designed for each engineering stage and for sludge
treatment. However, constructed treatment wetlands (for definitions, refer to
Section 20.2) are usually applied for secondary or tertiary treatment stages.
Wetlands integrated in sustainable drainage systems (SuDS; previously called
sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS)) are frequently used for pre-
liminary and primary treatment purposes. Urban runoff requires full treatment,
which is usually not the case in practice, unless for combined sewer systems
and minor storms.