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0 ABSTRACT
1
2.0 INTRODUCTIONS
Tubular Flow Reactor (Model: BP 101) has been designed to introduce as a plug
flow reactor by studying the second order reaction between dilute caustic soda and ethyl
acetate. A tubular reactor is a vessel which flow is continuous and at steady state, so that
conversion of the chemicals and other dependent variables are functions of position within
the reactor. Whereas, in the ideal tubular reactor, the fluids flow as if they were solid plugs
and reaction time is the same for all flowing material at any given tube cross section.
Moreover, flow in tubular reactors can be laminar, as with viscous fluids in small-
diameter tubes, and greatly deviate from ideal plug-flow behaviour, or turbulent, as with
gases. Turbulent flow generally is preferred to laminar flow, because mixing and heat
transfer are improved. In addition to that, for slow reactions and especially in small
laboratory and pilot-plant reactors, establishing turbulent flow can result in inconveniently
long reactors.
Large-scale reactions
Fast reactions
Continuous production
High-temperature reactions
In an ideal tubular flow rector, a pulse of tracer injected at the inlet would not undergo
any dispersion as it passed through the reactor and would appear as a pulse at the outlet.
Also, the degree of dispersion that occurs in a real reactor can be assessed by following the
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concentration of tracer versus time at the exit. This procedure is called the stimulus-
response technique.
To examine the effect of a pulse input and step change input in a tubular flow
reactor.
To construct a residence time distribution (RTD) function for the tubular flow
reactor
4.0 THEORY
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As steady state, the general mole balance is reduced to :
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If we now divide by the total amount of material that was injected into the reactor, N0,
we obtain:
Which represents the fraction of material that has a residence time in the reactor
between time t and t + t. For pulse injection we dene:
Integrating we obtain :
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6.0 PROCEDURES
1. The valves have been ensure that are initially closed except valves V7
2. The solutions have been prepared for each experiment
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
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GENERAL SHUT DOWNBPROCEDURE:
1. Switched off both pumps P1 and P2 and P3. The valves V2 and V6 are closed.
2. Switched off the heaters.
3. The cooling water are kept circulated through the reactor while stirrer motor is
running to allowed water jacket to cool down to room temperature.
4. If the experiment are not going to be used for long period of time , drawn all the liquid
from the unit by opening valves V1 to V16.The feed tank are rinsed with clean water.
5. Turn off the power for the control panel.
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Flow rate : 700mL/min
Area = ( t 1 - t 2 ) [ f ( t 1 ) + f (t 2)
2 ]
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For time (1.0-1.5) minutes
Area = ( t 2 t 1 [ E (t 1+t 2)
2 ] = (1.5 1.0) [ 0.3+1.5
2 ] = 0.45 g .min m3
Area = ( t 2 t 1 [ E (t 1+t 2)
2 ] = (2.0 1.5) [ 1.5+1.7
2 ] = 0.80 g .min m
3
Area = ( t 2 t 1 [ E (t 1+t 2)
2 ] = (2.5 2.0) [ 1.7+1.5
2 ] = 0.80g .min m3
Area = ( t 2 t 1 [ E (t 1+t 2)
2 ] = (3.0 2.5) [ 0.9+1.5
2 ] = 0.60g .min m
3
C (t)
E (t)=
C ( t ) dt
0
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For t = 2.0, C(t) = 1.7 E(t)=1.7/2.65=0.6415
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E(t) against Time (min)
Area = ( t 2 t 1 [ E (t 1+t 2)
2 ] = (1 0.5) [ 0.1132+ 0
2 ] = 0.0283m2
Area = ( t 2 t 1 [ E (t 1+t 2)
2 ] = (1.5 1) [ 0.5660+0.1132
2 ] = 0.1698m2
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For time (1.5 2.0 )minutes
Area = ( t 2 t 1 [ E (t 1+t 2)
2 ] = (2 1.5) [ 0.6415+0.5660
2 ] = 0.3019m2
Area = ( t 2 t 1 [ E (t 1+t 2)
2 ] = (2.5 2) [ 0.6415+0.5660
2 ] = 0.3019m2
Area = ( t 2 t 1 [ E ( t 1 +t 2 )
2 ] = (3 2.5) [ 0.3396+ 0.5660
2 ]
= 0.2264m2
Area = ( t 2 t 1 [ E (t 1+t 2)
2 ] = (3.5- 3) [ 0.3396+0.2264
2 ] = 0.1415m2
Area = ( t 2 t 1 [ E (t 1+t 2)
2 ] = (4.0- 3.5) [ 0.2264+0.1132
2 ] = 0.0849m2
Area = ( t 2 t 1 [ E (t 1+t 2)
2 ] = (4.5- 4.0) [ 0.0377+ 0.1132
2 ] = 0.0377m2
0.2264+0.1415+0.0849+0.0377)= 1.2924m2
Residencetime , t m= tE ( t ) dt = 5.0 (1.2924) =6.462
0
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time (min) Outlet E(t) tE(t)
conductivity (t-tm)2E(t)dt (t-tm)3E(t)dt
(mS/cm)
0.0 0.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.5 0.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1.0 0.3 0.1132 0.1132 3.3771 -18.4460
1.5 1.5 0.5660 0.8490 13.9357 -69.1491
2.0 1.7 0.6415 1.2830 12.7719 -56.9882
2.5 1.5 0.5660 1.4150 8.8848 -35.2014
3.0 0.9 0.3396 1.0188 4.0702 -14.0912
3.5 0.6 0.2264 0.7924 1.9863 -5.8834
4.0 0.3 0.1132 0.4528 0.6861 -1.6893
4.5 0.1 0.0377 0.1697 0.1451 -0.2847
5.0 0.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
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=2.6036 =6.0939 =45.8578 =-201.7333
= 45.8578
3 1
s=
Third moment, skewness, 3
2
(ttm )3 E(t) dt
0
1
3
= 2 -201.7333) = -11.4477
(6.7718)
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4.0 34 2.0
4.5 3.5 2.0
5.0 3.5 2.0
C i t E(t)/ E(t)/
C i t C i t
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2.50 3.4 1.8 4.500 0.09667 0.00519 0.01293 0.03225
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SAMPLE OF CALCULATION
C (t)dt = C i t=Area
0
t E( t)
t m=
Area
1.50 0.00644
t m=
46.55
t m=0.00021
2
2 ( tt m ) E(t)
=
Area
( 1.50.00021 )2 0.00644
2=
46.55
2=0.00031
3
3 ( t t m ) E(t )
s=
Area
3 ( 1.500.00021 )3 0.00644
s=
46.55
s 3=0.00047
8.0 DISCUSSION
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The objective of tubular flow reactor is to examine the effect of a pulse input and step
change input in a tubular flow reactor and to construct a residence time distribution (RTD)
function for the tubular flow reactor. In this experiment we have run in those 700 mL/min for
flowrate. Where when analyse is running, those conductivity for inlet and outlet of the result
required been recorded at those time of time until the data is consistent.
Based on the result and calculations, the flowrate of arrangement are steady at 700
ml/min. So, the graph of outlet conductivity versus times had been plotted as the result
given. From the graph the outlet conductivity that had been plotted is 1.7 mS/cm at time of 2
minutes which is the most highest value from other timing. Moreover , from the results was
not contrast from the hypothesis that recorded that the conductivity is achieving zero at time
of 5.0 minutes. As conclude from conductivity , the objective are achieved.
Residence time circulation (RTD) function graph has been plotted according to exit
time E(t) against time from the table recorded. Based on the graph plotted, are mostly same
with the conductivity graph where the hypothesis are achieved as conductivity graph. As the
pulse input graph, the residence time distribution calculated is 6.462 minutes. Also, t m , 2
and ,s3 that recorded 6.0939, 45.8578 and -11.4477 respectively.
In addition to that, the step change, the graph are similar to the outlet conductivity
against time which the residence time distribution (RTD) is increase within the time. Where
the data that are been calculated which are tm, 2 and s3 are 0.00021, 0.00031 and 0.00047
respectively. The skewness give a positive value and it called positive skew compare to
pulse input.
9.0 CONCLUSION
Based on the objectives of this experiment are success which is to examine the effect of
a pulse input and step change input in a tubular flow reactor and to construct a residence
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time distribution (RTD) function for the tubular flow reactor. We can conclude that the
experiment are success and there is some error during the experiment.
From the experiment , the outlet conductivity, C(t) that had been calculated for step
change is 46.55. The distribution of exit time, E (t) is calculated for each 30 second until 5
minutes interval. The sum of E (t) for pulse input and step change are 2.6036 and 1.0000
respectively. The mean residence time, tm for pulse input is 6.0939 minutes. The variance, 2
and skewness, s3 are also calculated. For pulse input are 45.8578 and -11.4477 while for
step change are 0.33492 and 1.41875. Graph for outlet conductivity, C (t) against time and
distribution of exit time, E (t) against time are plotted. As for conclusion , the experiment is
successfully achieved.
10.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Make sure the conductivity of the inlet and outlet stable before start the experiment.
2. Make sure there is no leakage at the equipment during the experiment.
3. The flow rate must be kept constant.
4. The valve must be fully open to ensure constant flow.
5. The conductivity value must be taken for three times.
6. Repeat the experiment to get an accurate result.
7. Start the experiment with correct general start up procedure to get a better result.
11.0 REFERENCES
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(n.d.). Retrieved from Solution: http://www.solution.com.my/pdf/BP101(A4).pdf
12.0 APPENDICES
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Figure 1 : Tubular Flow Reactor
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