Continuity 13 14

Mahesh Tutorials Science 1
GROUP (A)- CLASS WORK PROBLEMS

h + 7
log
= 7
Q-1) Examine the continuity of the following h
functions at given points 1

7 7
log100 + log ( 0.01 + x ) 1 h + 7 h + 7 h

= lim = lim log
i) f (x ) =
3x
for x 0 h 0 h
7 h 0 7

100
= for x = 0 1 1
3 f ( x ) = log e = f ( 7 )
7 7
at x = 0
Since lim f ( x ) f ( 7 ) , f is discontinuous
x 7
100
Ans. f ( 0 ) = .... (given) at x = 7
3
1
log100 + log +x
lim f ( x ) = lim 100 1 sin x x
iii) f (x ) = , for x
3x 2
x 0 x 0
x
x x
2 at x =
2
x
log (1 +100x ) 100 = 3, for x=
= lim 2
x 0 100x 3
100 log (1+ x )

= 1 lim = 1 Ans. f = 3 .... (given)
3 x 0 x 2

1 sin x .... (i)
100 lim f ( x ) = lim
= x

x

2
3 2 2
x
2
Thus lim f ( x ) = f (0)
x 0
1 sin x
f is continuous at x = 0 R.H.S = lim 2

x
2
x
2
logx log7
ii) f ( x ) = , for x 7
x7 at x = 7
= 7, for x = 7 Put
2
x =h
Ans. f ( 7 ) = 7 .... (given)

x= h
2
log x log 7
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 0 x 0 x 7
As x ,h 0
2
Put x 7 = h , then x = 7 + h , as
x 7, h 0
1 sin h
R.H.S = lim 2
log (h + 7 ) log 7
f ( 7 + h ) = lim h 0 h2
x 0 (h + 7 7 )
1 cos h
= lim
h 0 h2
Continuity
2 Mahesh Tutorials Science
1 lim f ( x ) = lim x + 3 = 6
= x 3+ x 3
2
= f ( 3)
From equation (i),
f is right continuous at 3
1
lim f ( x ) = f Hence f is continuous at 3
x

2
2 2
62 9 27
f ( 6) = = =3
f is continuous at . 6+3 9
2
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x + 3 ) = 9
x 6 x 3
x
iv) f ( x ) = , for x 0
x at x = 0
f ( 6)
= c, for x = 0 f is not left continuous at x = 6
f is not continuous at 6
x
Ans. f ( x ) = .... (given)
x
Thus, x = x if x 0+
x + 3x 2 + 5x 3 +

= x if x 0
... + ( 2n 1) x nn 2

vi) f ( x ) = , x 1
( x 1) at x = 1
x +
f (x ) = = 1 if x 0 n (n 1)
2
x
= ,x =1
3
= 1 if x 0
Now lim f ( x ) = lim 1 = 1 = f ( 0 ) .... (say) n (n 2 1)

x0 x0 Ans. f (1) = .... (given)
3
Then, lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ 1 = 1 f ( 0 )
x0 x0
Consider the sum 1+ 3 + 5... + ( 2n 1)
Since Left hand limit Right hand limit, This is sum of an A.P with a = 1, d = 2 and
f is discontinuous at x = 0 the number of terms is n.
n n
x2 9 Sn = [a + tn ] = 1 + ( 2n 1) = n 2
v) f ( x ) = for 0 < x < 3 2 2
x 3
= x + 3 for 3 x < 6 Thus, n 2 = 1+ 3 + 5 + . . . + ( 2n 1) .
x2 9 We, shall replace n 2 by R.H.S. in the
= for 6 x < 9
x +3 following limit
at x = 3 and x = 6 Now,
Ans. f ( 3 ) = 3 + 3 = 6 x + 3x 2 + 5 x 3 ... + ( 2n 1)
xn n 2
x2 9 lim f ( x ) = lim
lim f ( x ) = lim x 1 x 1
( x 1)
x 3 x 3 x 3
( x + 3)( x 3 ) x + 3x 2 + 5x 3 + ... + ( 2n 1) x n
= lim
x 3 ( x 3) 1+ 3 + 5... ( 2n 1)
= lim
= lim ( x + 3 )
x 1 ( x 1)
x 3
=6 ( x 1) + ( 3x 2 3) + (5x 3 5 ) + ...+
= f ( 3) ( 2n 1) x n ( 2n 1)
= lim
f is left continuous at 3 x 1 ( x 1)
Continuity
lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 )
( x 1) + 3 ( x 2 1) + 5 ( x 3 5 ) + ...+ x 0
( 2n 1) ( x n
1) 2 log 3=k
= lim
x 1 ( x 1) k = 2 log 3= log 9
1+ 3 ( x +1) + ( x 2 + x +1) + ... +

( x 1) ii) f ( x ) = x 3 , for x 3
( 2n 1) ( x n 1 + x n 2 + ... +1) at x = 3
=k , for x = 3
= lim
x 1 ( x 1)
Ans. f ( 3 ) = k .... (given)
= 1+ 3 ( 2) + 5 ( 2) + 7 ( 4 ) + ... + ( 2n 1)(n )
lim f ( x ) = lim x 3
x 3 x 3
n
= ( 2r 1)(r ) =0
r =1
Since, f is continuous at x = 3
n n
= 2 r 2 r lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 )
1 1 x 3
0 =k
2n (n +1)( 2n +1) n (n +1)
= i.e., k = 0
6 2
n (n +1) n ( 2n +1)
= 1 1 cos4 x
2 3 iii) f (x ) = , for x < 0
x2

=k , for x = 0 at x = 0
n (n +1) ( 4n 1)
=
x
6 = 4 , for x > 0

16 + x
lim f ( x ) f (1)
x 1
f is discontinuous at x = 1 Ans. f ( 0 ) = k .... (given)
Q-2) Find the value of k so that the function f (x) Since, f is continuous at x = 0, it is left
is continuous at indicated point. continuous at x = 0.
3x 3 x i.e., xlim f ( x ) = f (0)

i) f (x ) = , for x 0, 0
sinx at x = 0
=k , forx = 0 1 cos 4x
lim =k
x 0 x2
Ans. f ( 0 ) = k .... (given)
1 cos 4x
lim 16 = k
x
3 3 x x 0 16x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 0 x 0 sin x 1
16 =k
2
( 3x 1) ( 3 x 1) x
= lim i.e., k = 8
x 0 x sin x
3x 1 3 x 1
, for x 0
x cot2 x
= lim lim lim iv) f ( x ) = ( sec2 x )

x 0 x x 0 x x 0 sin x at x = 0
=k , for x = 0
= log 3 log ( 31 ) 1
Ans. f ( 0 ) = k .... (given)
= log 3 + log 3 cot2 x
lim f ( x ) = lim ( sec2 x )
x 0 x 0
= 2 log 3
cot2 x
Since f is continuous at x = 0 = lim (1 + tan2 x )
x 0
Continuity
1
4
=e lim (1+ h )h = e lim f ( x ) = .... (i)
x 0
x

3
3
Since, f is continuous at 0,

lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) Also f = k .... (ii)
x 0 3
k=e
Since f (x) is continuous at x =
3
3 tanx
v) f ( x ) = , for x
3x 3
lim f ( x ) = f
x

3
3

=k , for x =
3 4
=k
3
at x = .
3 4
k=
3
3 tan x
Ans. lim f ( x ) = lim
x

x
3x Q-3) Discuss the continuity of the following
3 3
functions. Which of these functions have

removable discontinuity ? Redefine the
Put x = + h
3
function so as to remove the discontinuity.

As x ,h 0 sin ( x 2 x )
3 i) f (x ) = , for x 0 at x = 2
x
, for x = 0
So,
=2

3 tan h Ans. f ( 0 ) = 2 .... (given)
lim f ( x ) = lim 3
x
h 0 sin ( x 2 x )
3 3 h
3 lim f ( x ) = lim
x 0 x 0 x
sin x ( x 1)
= lim ( x 1)
tan 3 + tan h x 0 x ( x 1)
lim 3
h 0
1 tan + tan h
= 3 = 1 ( 0 1)
3h
= 1
3 tan h Thus lim f ( x ) f ( 0 )

3 3 x 0
1 3 tan h
= lim f is a discontinuity at x = 0
h 0 3h
However, the discontinuity is removable.
To remove the discontinuity, we defind f as
3 3 tan h 3 tan h
= lim
h 0 3h sin ( x 2 x )
f (x ) = for x 0
x
4 tan h
= lim
h 0 3h = 1 for x = 0
4 tan h 1
= lim lim
3 h 0 h h 0
1 + 3 tan h 1 sin x
ii) f ( x ) = , for x
( 2x ) 2
=
4
3 2
= , for x =
7 2
Continuity
2 4x e x x
Ans. f = .... (given) = lim x
2 7 x 0 x 6 1
lim f ( x ) = lim
1 sin x 4x 1 e x 1 x

( 2x )
= lim lim
x 0 6x 1
x
2
x
2
x 0
x x
1
Put x = h, = ( log 4 log e )
2 log 6

x= h 4
2 log
e 4
= = log 6
log 6 e
As x ,h 0 . Also 2x = 2h
2
f (0)
f has discontinuity at x = 0 . However,
1 sin h
2
lim f ( x ) = lim 2
this discontinuity is removable. It can
x
2
h0
( 2h ) be removed by redefining f as
1 cos h 4x e x
= lim f (x ) = forx 0
h 0 4h 2 6x 1
1 1 cos h 4
= lim = log 6
4 h 0 h2 e
11 1
= =
42 8
iv) f ( x ) =
(8 x
1)
, x [ 1,1] {0}
x
lim f ( x ) f sin x log 1 +
x 2 4
2
Define f(x) in [1,+1] so that it is continuous

f is discontinuous at . However, the in [1, +1].
2
discontinuity can be re move d by 2
Ans. lim f ( x ) lim

(8 x
1)
redefining f as x0 x0 x
sin x log 1 +
1 sin x 4
f (x ) = 2
, for x
( 2x ) 2
2
= lim
(8 x
1)

x

x
1
= , for x = x 0 x2 sin x x
8 2 log 1 +
4
2
8x 1 x 1
4x e x
= lim lim
f (x ) = x , for x 0 x 0 x x 0 sin x x
iii) log 1 +
6 1 4
lim
2 x
= log , for x = 0
x 0
3
1
2 1 1
2
Ans. f ( 0 ) = log .... (given) = ( log 8 )
4
3
2
= 4 ( log 8 )
4x e x
lim f ( x ) = lim x
x 0 x 0 6 1 f would be continuous in [ 1,1] if
Continuity
( 8x 1)
2
As x ,h 0
f (x ) = for x [ 1,1] {0} 2
x
sin x log 1 +
4

1 sin h
2 2
= 4 ( log 8 ) lim f ( x ) = lim 2
x
2
h 0
( 2h )
for x = 0
1 cos h 1
2 1 + sin x = lim
Q-4) I f f (x ) = , for x is h 0 h2 4
cos2 x 2
1 1
=
continuous at x = find f . 4 2
2 2
1
=
2 1 + sin x 8
x

x
cos 2 x
2 2

Since f is continuous at x =
2
2 1 + sin x 2 + 1 + sin x
= lim
x
cos 2 x 2 + 1 + sin x
2 f = lim f ( x )
2 x 2
2 (1+ sin x )
= lim
x

2
cos x2
( 2 + 1 + sin x ) =
1
8
1 sin x 1
= lim lim
x
2
1 sin x x 2 + 1 + sin x
4 x 2x +1 + 1
2 2 Q-6) If f ( x ) = , for x 0 is continuous
1 cos x
1 sin x 1 at x = 0 find f (0).
= lim
x

2
(1+ sin x )(1 sin x ) 2+ 2
4x 2x +1 +1
1 1 x 0 x 0 1 cos x
= lim
x (
1 + sin x
2
) 2 2 ( ) (2 ) x 2
2.2x +1
= lim
x 0 1 cos x
1 1
=
( )
2 2 1 +1
(2 x
1)
2
= lim
x 0 1 cos x
1
=
4 2 2
2x 1 x2
= lim
x 0
x 1 cos x
1 sin x
Q-5) If f ( x ) = 2
, for x is continuous 2
( 2x ) 2 = ( log 2 ) 2
at x = find f .
2 2 f ( 0 ) = lim f ( x ) = 2 ( log 2 )
2
x 0
1 sin x
Ans. lim f ( x ) = lim 2
x

2
x

2
( 2x ) sin 4 x
Q-7) If f ( x ) = + , for x > 0
5x

Put x = h, = x +4 , for x < 0
2
=1 , for x = 0

x= h ( 2x = 2h )
2 is continuous at x = 0 , find and
Continuity
Ans. f ( 0 ) = 1 .... (given) + = 2

= 3
Since, f is continuous at 0, it is right
continuos at 0 Since f is right continuous at x = 0
f ( x ) = f (0) lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 )
xlim
0+ x 1+
sin 4x 1+ cos x
lim + =1 lim 2
+ = 2
x 0 5x x 1
(1 x )
sin 4x 4 1+ cos (1+ h )

lim + =1 + = 2
x 0 4x 5 lim
h 0 h 2
4 (Putting x 1 = h , x = 1 + h , As x 1, )
+ =1
5
1 + cos ( + h )
Also f is left continuous at 0. hlim + = 2
0 h 2
xlim f ( x ) = f (0)
0
1 cos h
hlim + b = 2
x + =1
0 h 2
lim
x 0
4 =1 1
+ b = 2
2
=3
3
1 b = 2 =
Thus = , = 3 2 2
5
3
sin x Thus, a = 3, b =
Q-8) If f ( x ) = + , for x 0 2
x 1
Q-9) Find the values of a and b so that the

= 2 , for x = 0
function define by:
1 + cos x
= + , for x > 0 5 , if x 2
(1 x 2 )
f ( x ) = ax + b , if 2 < x < 10
is continuous at x = 1 , find and 21 , if x 10

Ans. f (1) = 2 .... (given) is continuous at x = 2 and x = 10
Since, f is continuous at 1, it is left as well Ans. First we use continuoity of f at x = 2
as right continuous at 1. Since f is left
f ( 2) = 5 .... (given)
continuous at 1.
Since, f is continuous at x = 2 , it is right
lim f ( x ) = f (1)
x 1 continuous at 2.
sin x i.e. lim f ( x ) = f ( 2)

lim + = 2 x 2+
x 1 x 1
lim f ( x ) = f ( 2)
sin (1+ h ) x 2+
lim + = 2
h 0 h 2a + b = 5 .... (i)
(Putting x 1 = h , x = 1 + h , As x 1, h 0 ) Now, we use continuity of f at x = 10 .
sin ( + h ) f (10 ) = 21 .... (given)

lim + = 2
h 0 h Since, f is continuous at x = 10 , it is left
continuous at x = 10
sin h
lim + = 2
h 0 h i.e. lim f ( x ) = f (10 )
x 10
Continuity
xlim ax + b = 21 2a = 4
10
10a + b = 21 .... (ii) a = 2
Solving equations (i) and (ii) simultaneously, a = 2 , b any nonzero number, c = 0

we get
GROUP (A)- HOME WORK PROBLEMS :
a = 2, b = 1
Q-10) Determine the values of a,b,c so that the
Q-1) Examine the continuity of the following
following function is continuous at x = 0 .
functions at given points.
e 5x e 2 x
,x 0
sin (a +1) x + sinx , for x < 0 i) f ( x ) = sin 3x at x = 0.
x 1 , x = 0

f ( x ) = c , for x = 0
1 1 Ans. f ( 0 ) = 1 .... (given)
sin ( x + bx 2 ) 2 x 2
, for x > 0
1
e 5x e 2x
bx 2 lim = lim
x 0 x 0 sin 3x
Ans. f ( 0 ) = c .... (given) (e 5x 1) (e 2 x 1) 3x 1

= lim
Since, f is continuous at x = 0 , it is left x 0
x sin 3x 3

continuous x = 0
1 e 5x 1 e 2 x 1 3x
i.e. xlim f ( x ) = f (0) = lim
x 0 lim lim
0 3 x x 0 x x 0 sin 3x
sin (a +1) x + sin x 1

lim =c = [5 2] 1
x 0 x 3
(a +1) x + x ax =1
2sin cos
lim 2 2
=c
x 0 x xn 1
ii) f (x ) = , for x 1 at x = 1.
x 1
sin (a + 2) x ax = n2 , for x = 1
2 lim (a + 2) lim cos =c
x 0 (a + 2 ) x x 0 2
Ans. f (1) = n 2 .... (given)
2 (a + 2 ) = c
xn 1
2a c = 4 .... (i) lim = lim
x 1 x 1 x 1
Also f is right continuous at x = 0 =n
xlim f ( x ) = f (0) Thus lim f ( x ) f (1)

0+ x 1
f is discontinuous at x = 1
x + bx 2 x
lim
x 0
=c
b x
1

= (1 + 2x ) x , for x 0
f (x ) at x = 0.
lim
x ( 1+ bx 1) =c iii)
= e2 , for x = 0
x 0
b x
Ans. f ( 0 ) = e 2 .... (given)
1+ bx 1
lim =c 1
x 0 b lim f ( x ) = lim (1+ 2x ) x
x 0 x 0
c = 0 (provided) b 0
= e2
Continuity

x 0
1

ex 1
f is continuous at x = 0 . vi) f ( x ) = , for x 0
1
at x = 0
e x +1
=1 , for x = 0
10x + 7x 14 x 5x
iv) f ( x ) = for x 0
2 1 Ans. f ( 0 ) = 1 .... (given)
at x =
10 2
= for x = 0
7
1
ex 1
lim f ( x ) = lim 1
x 0 x 0
10 e x +1
Ans. f ( 0 ) = .... (given)
7
1

10x + 7x 14x 5x 1e x
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim
x 0 1
x 0 x 0 1 cos 4x
x
1+ e
10x 5x 14x + 7x Suppose x 0
= lim
x 0 1 cos 4x
1 1
As x 0, ,
= lim
5 x
(2 x
1) 7 x
(2x
1) x x
x 0 1 cos 4x
1
lim e x
=0
x 0
= lim
(2 x
1)

(5 x
7 x
) ( 4x ) 2

1
x 0 x x 1 cos 4x 16 1 0
lim f (x ) = =1
x 0 1+ 0
1 2x 1 5 x 7x = f (0)
= lim lim
16 x 0 x x 0 x
2
( 4x ) 1
lim Let x 0 . then
x
x 0 1 cos 4x
0 1
xlim f (x ) =
( log 2) log 2
1 5
= 0 0 +1
16 7
= 1
1 5
= ( log 2) log f ( 0)
8 7
f is not left continuous at x = 0
lim f ( x ) f (0)
x 0 and hence not continuous at x = 0
1
vii) f ( x ) = x , for 0 x <
2 1
v) f ( x ) = sin x cos x , for x 0 at x =
at x = 7 =1 x
1
, for x < 1
2
=1 , for x = 1
2
Ans. f ( 0 ) = 1 .... (given)
1 1 1
Ans. f = 1 =
lim f ( x ) = lim ( sin x cos x ) 2 2 2
x 0 x 0
= sin 0 cos 0 lim f ( x ) = lim x

1 1
x x
2 2
= 0 1
1
= 1 =
2
x 0
1
f is continuous at x = 0 =f
2
Continuity
1
f is left continuous at lim f ( x ) f
2 x
+
2
2
lim f ( x ) = lim (1 x ) f is not continuous at

1 1
x x
2+ 2

1 x=
= 2
2
log ( 2 + x ) log ( 2 x )
1 ix) f ( x ) = , for x 0
=f tan x
2
=1 , forx = 0
1 at x = 0
f is right continuous at
2
Ans. f ( 0 ) = 1 .... (given)
1
Thus, f is continuous at
2 log ( 2 + x ) log ( 2 x )
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 0 x 0 2
sin 2x
viii) f ( x ) = , for 0 < x 2+x
1 cos 2x 2 log
= lim 2 x
cos x
= , for < x 1 x 0 tan x
2x 2

at x = x
2 1+ 2
log
1 x
sin 2
Ans. f = =0 .... (i) = lim
2 1 cos x 0 tan x
cos x
lim+ f ( x ) = lim x x
2x log 1+ 2 log 1 2

x x
2 2
= lim x

x 0
x tan x

In R.H.S., put x =h
2
2x = 2h x
x
log 1+ log 1
= lim 2
lim 2

As x ,h 0
2 x 0 x x 0 x

cos h
lim f ( x ) = lim 2 x
lim
x
+ h 0 2h x 0 tan x
2
1 1
sin h = 1
= lim 2 2
h 0 2h
=1
1 sin h
= lim
2 h 0 h Thus lim f ( x ) = f (0)
x 0
1 f is continuous at x = 0
= (1)
2
1
= .... (ii)
2
from (i) and (ii)
Continuity
Q-2) Find the value of k, so that the function f (x) log (1+ kx ) x
is continuous at the indicated point = lim k
x 0 kx sin x
(e kx
1) sinkx log (1+ kx ) x
i) f (x ) = for x 0 at x = 0 = lim lim
x 2

x 0 kx
x 0 sin x

=4 for x = 0
= k (1) (1)
Ans. f ( 0 ) = 4 .... (given)
=k
lim f ( x ) = lim
(e kx
1) sin kx Since, f is continuous at x = 0
2
x 0 x 0 x f ( x ) = f (0)
xlim
0
e kx 1 sin kx 2 k =5
= lim k
x 0
kx kx
=1 1 k 2 8x 2 x
iv) f ( x ) = , for x 0
= k2
x
k 1 at x = 0
=2 , for x = 0
lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) Ans. f ( 0 ) = 2 .... (given)

x 0
k2 = 4 8x 2x
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 0 x 0 k x 1
k = 2
8 x 2x x
= lim x
ii) f ( x ) = x 2 +1 for x 0 x 0 x k 1
= x 2 +1 + k for x < 0
= lim
(8 x
1) ( 2x 1)
lim
x
at x = 0 x 0 x x 0 kx 1
Ans. f ( 0 ) = 02 +1 =1
8x 1 2x 1 1
= lim lim
x 0
x x 0 x log k
(
lim f ( x ) = lim 2 x 2 +1 + k
x 0 x 0
)
( log 8 log 2)
= 2 0 +1 + k =
log k
= 2+k
Since, f is continuous at x = 0 , it is left 8
log
continuous at 0. = 2
log k
xlim f ( x ) = f (0)
0
= logk 4 (change of base rule)
k + 2 =1
k = 1
lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 )
x 0
log (1 + kx )
iii) f (x ) = , for x 0 log k 4 = 2
sin x at x = 0
=5 , for x = 0 4 = k2
k =2
Ans f (0) = 5 .... (given)
( base of logarithm cannot be negative
log (1 + kx ) k = 2 is not possible )
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 0 x 0 sin x
Continuity
v) f ( x ) = k ( x 2 ) , for x 0
2
at x = 0 ii) f ( x ) =
(e 2x
1) tan x
, for x 0
= 4 x +1 , for x > 0 x sin x
= e2 , for x = 0
Ans. f ( 0 ) = k ( 0 2) = 2k
at x = 0
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 4x +1)
x 0+ x 0
Ans. f ( 0 ) = e 2 .... (given)
=1
Since, f is continuous at x = 0 lim f ( x ) = lim
(e 2x
1) tan x
x 0 x 0 x sin x
lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 )
x 0+
e 2x 1 tan x x
1 = 2k = lim 2
x 0 2x x sin x
1
k= e 2x 1 tan x
2 = 2 lim lim
x 0 2x x 0 x
Q-3) Discuss the continuity of the following
functions, which of these functions have x
a removable discontinuity ? Redefine the lim
x 0 sin x

function so as to remove the discontinuity
= 2 111 = 2
1 cos3x f ( x ) f (0 )
i) f (x ) = , for x 0 lim
x 0
x tan x at x = 0
=9 , for x = 0 f has a discontinuity at x = 0
However, the discontinuity can be
Ans. f ( 0 ) = 9 .... (given)
removed by redefining f as
1 cos 3x
lim f ( x ) = lim
f (x ) =
(e 2x
1) tan x
for x 0
x 0 x 0 x tan x
x sin x
1 cos 3x 9x 2 =2 for x = 0
= lim
x 0 9x 2 x tan x
1 cos 3x x
= 9 lim
x 0 9x 2
lim
x 0 tan x f (x ) =
(e 3x
1) sin x 0
, for x 0
iii)
x2
1
= 9 (1) = , for x = 0
2 60
at x = 0
9
=
2
Ans. f ( 0 ) = .... (given)
f ( x ) f (0) 60
lim
x 0
f has a discontinuity at x = 0
lim f ( x ) = lim
(e 3x
1) sin x 0
How e ve r, th e di scon tinu ity is

x 0 x 0 x2
removable by redefining f as
x
sin
1 cos 3x e 3x 1 180
f (x ) = lim 3
for x 0 x 0 3x x 180
9x 2
180
9
= for x = 0
2 x
sin
3 e 3x 1 180
= lim lim
180 x 0 3x x 0 x

180
Continuity
=

11 1 cos {7 ( x )}
60 Ans. lim f ( x ) = lim 2
x x
5 (x )

= = f (0) Put x = h . As x , h 0
60
f is continuous at x = 0 1 cos7h
lim f ( x ) = lim
x h 0 5h 2
1 1 cos7h
iv) f ( x ) = x 1 , for1 x < 2 = lim 49
5 h 0 49h 2
= 2x + 3 , for 2 x 0
at x = 0 1 1
= 49
5 2
Ans. f ( 2) = 2 ( 2) + 3 = 7
49
=
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x 1) 10
x 2 x 2
Since f is continuous at x =
= 2 1=1
f ( x ) f ( 2) lim f ( x ) = f ( )
xlim
2
x
f is not left continuous at 2 and hence 49

f () =
is not continuous at 2. 10
This discontinuity is nonremovable,

since if we change value of f at 2, it would 2
be discontinuous from right at x = 2 Q-6) If f ( x ) =
(4 sinx
1)
for x 0 is continuous
xlog (1 + 2x )
2
e x cosx at x = 0 , find f ( 0 ) .
Q-4) If f ( x ) = , for x 0 is continuous
x2
2
at x = 0 , find f ( 0 ) . f ( x ) = lim
(4 sinx
1)
Ans. lim
x 0 x 0 x log (1 + 2x )
2
e x cosx
x 0 x 0 x2 (4 sinx
1)
2
sin2 x
= lim
x 0 sin x 2
x log (1 + 2x )
= lim
(e x2
)
1 ( cos x 1)
x 0 x2 2
4sinx 1 sin2 x
= lim 2 lim 2
2
ex 1 1 cos x
x 0
sin x x 0 x
= lim 2
+ lim
x 0 x x 0
x2
x
lim
1 3 x 0 log (1+ 2x )
=1+ =
2 2
2 1
Since f is continuous at x = 0 = ( log 4 ) 1
2
lim f ( x ) = f (0)
x 0
1 2
= ( log 4 )
3 2
f (0) =
2 Since f is continuous at x = 0
f ( 0 ) = lim f ( x )
1 cos {7 ( x )} x 0
Q-5) If f ( x ) = 2
for x is continuous
5 ( x ) 1 2
= ( log 4 )
2
at x = , find f ( ) .
Continuity
1 tanx
Q-7) If f ( x ) = , for x is continuous Hence, f = 2
1 2 sin x 4 4

at x = , find f .
4 4 1 3tanx
Q-8) If f ( x ) = , for x is continuous
6x 6
Ans. f is continuous at
4

at x = , find f .
1 tan x 6 6
f = lim f ( x ) = lim
4 x4
x 1
4
2 sin x
Ans. f is continuous at
6
sin x
1
= lim cos x 1 3 tan x

x 1 2 sin x f = lim f ( x ) = lim
4 6 x6 x
6
6x
cos x sin x 1+ 2 sin x cos x 3 sin x

= lim = lim
x
cos x 1+ 2 sin x x
cos x ( 6x )
4
6
Multiplying and dividing by 2, we get

( cos x sin x ) (1+ 2 sin x )
= lim
x

4
( cos x ) (1 2sin2 x ) 1 3
2 cos x . sin x
2 2
f = lim
( cos x sin x ) (1+ 2 sin x ) 6 x cos x ( 6x )
= lim 6
x ( cos x ) ( cos x + sin x 2sin x )
2 2 2
4

2 sin .cos x sin sin x
( cos x sin x ) (1+ 2 sin x ) = lim
6 6
= lim cos x ( 6x )
x ( cos x ) ( cos x + sin x )( cos x sin x )
x
6
4

sin x
x 2 , = 2 lim 6
x cos x ( 6x )

... cos x sin x 0 6
cos sin x 0

1
sin ( 6x )
2 6
= lim
lim cos x x 6 ( 6x )
= lim
(1+ 2 sin x ) x

6
x

4
( cos x ) ( cos x + sin x )
2 1
=
3 6
x

(
lim 1 + 2 sin x ) 2
4
=
lim cos x ( cos x + sin x )
x
2
4 =
3 3
1
1+ 2 2
2 Hence f =
= 6 3 3
1 1 1

2 2 2
1 +1
= =2
1
Continuity
Q-9) f (x ) = x2 + , for x 0 xlim f ( x ) = f ( 3)

3+
= 2 x 2 +1 + , for x < 0
x2 9
lim + =5
1 x 3 x 3
And f = 2 , is continuous at x = 0 , find
2
( x + 3)( x 3)
and . lim + =5
x3 x 3
2
1 1 lim ( x + 3) + = 5
Ans. f = +=2 .... (given) x 3
2 2
( x 3, x 3, x 3 0 )
1
+ =2 6+ =5
4
= 1
7
=
4 Thus = 1, = 22
7
f (0) = 0 + = =
4 Q-11) If f ( x ) is defined by
Since f is continuous at x = 0 , it is left
continuous at 0.
f ( x ) = sin 2x if x
6
xlim f ( x ) = f (0)
0 = ax + b if x >
6
7
lim 2 x 2 +1 + =
x 0 4 Find a and b if f ( x ) and f ( x ) are
7
2 1+ = continuous at x =
4 2
7 1 3
= 2= Ans. f = sin 2 =
4 4 6 6 2
7 1
Thus, = and = Since, f is continuous at x = , it is left
4 4 6

continuous at .
2
x 9 6
Q-10) f ( x ) = + , for x > 3
x3

lim f ( x ) = f
=5 , for x = 3 i.e., x

6
6
= 2x 2 + 3x +
3
is continuous at x = 3 find and . lim ax + b =
x
2
6
Ans. f ( 3) = 5 .... (given)
3
Since, f is continuous at x = 3 , it is left a +b = .... (i)
6 2
continuous at x = 3

i.e. lim f ( x ) = f ( 3 ) Now f ( x ) = 2cos 2x , for x
x 3 6
lim 2x 2 + 3x + = 5
x 3
=a for x >
6
18 + 9 + = 5

= 5 27 = 22 f = 2 cos 2
6 6
Also, f is rightcontinuous at x = 3
Continuity
Ans. Since f is continuous in [0, ]. It is continuous

= 2 cos 2 =1
3
at x = and x =
4 2

Since f is continuous at x = , it is right
6
f = 2 cot + b
4 4 4
continuous at
6

= (1) + b
2
lim f ( x ) = f
x

6
6+
= +b
2
lim a = 1
x

6
Since f is continuous at x = , it is left
a =1 4

Putting this value of a in (i) continuous at x =
4
3
(1) + b = i.e.,

f = lim f ( x )
6 2
4 x 4
3
b=
2 6 + b = lim x + a 2 sin x
2 x

4
3
Thus, a = 1, b =
2 6
= + a 2 sin
4 4
Q-12) Find k so that the following function f is

continuous at x = 1 = +a
4
f ( x ) = kx 2 , for x 1

a b = .... (i)
=4 , for x < 1 4
2
Ans. f (1) = k (1) = k
f = 2 cot + b

2
2 2
continuous at x = 1
=b cot = 0
lim f ( x ) = f (1)
2
i.e., x 1

lim 4 = k Since f is continuous at x = , it is right
x 1 2
k =4
continuous at x = .
2
GROUP (B)- CLASS WORK PROBLEMS

f = lim f (x )
2 x 4 +
Q-1) If f ( x ) is defined by
b = lim a cos 2x b sin x

f ( x ) = x + a 2 sin x ,0 x < x
2+
4

= 2x cot x + b , x< = a cos b sin
4 2 2
= a b
= a cos 2x b sin x , < x ,
2
a +b = b
Find a and b
Continuity
a = 2b .... (ii)
lim f ( x ) = f
x

2
2
From equation (i) 3b =
4
lim sin x + = 0
x

2
b=
12
(1) + = 0

a= + = 0 .... (ii)
6
From equation (i) and (ii)

Thus, 3a = , b = = 1, = 1
6 12
Q-2) Find and so that the functions, defined x 3 + 3x + 5

Q-3) I f f (x ) = . D iscu s s th e
below is continuous is [ , ] x 3 3x + 2
continuity of f ( x ) on [0, 5]
f ( x ) = 2 sin x, for x
2 Ans. f ( x ) is a rational polynomial and we know
that every rational polynomial is continuous
= sin x + , for <x<
2 2 for all real value s x e xce pt whe n its
denominator becomes zero.

= cos x, for x
2 f ( x ) is continuous for all real values of x,
Ans. Since f is continu ous in [ , ]. I t is except when its denominator becomes zero.
i.e., x 3 3x + 2 = 0
continuous at and
2 2
( x 1) ( x 2 + x 2) = 0

f = 2sin =2
2 2 ( x 1)( x + 2) ( x 1) = 0
2
( x 1) ( x + 2) = 0
Since f is continuous at , it is right
2
x = 1or x = 2

continuous at x = But 2 [0,5]
2
f ( x ) is continuous for all real values of

f = lim f ( x )
2 x 2 + x, except at x = 1 .
2 = lim sin x + Thus, f ( x ) is discontinuous at x = 1

x
2
Q-4) Discuss the continuity of the function
log c x where c > 0, x > 0
= sin +
2
Ans Let f ( x ) = log c x
= +
Let a be any positive real number, then
Thus, + = 2 .... (i)
f (a ) = log c a

f = cos = 0 Let L = lim f (a + h ) f (a )

2 2 h 0
= lim log c (a + h ) log c a

Since f is continuous at x = , it is left h 0
2
a + h
= lim log c
continuous at h 0
a
2
Continuity
a + h =
x +1
= lim log c h x3
, for 4 < x 6
h 0
a
Ans The domain of the function is [2, 6].
1

h
h
= lim log c 1 + h 1
h 0
a f (x ) = , which is rational function and
x +1
hence is continuous as the denominator
1

a

h
h
a ( x +1) is not zero in 2 x 4 .
= lim log c 1 + h
h 0 a
x +1
In 4 < x 6 , f ( x ) = , which is a rational
x 3
1
function and hence it is continuous for

a a
h
( )
h
= log c lim 1 + lim h 4<x 6
h 0 a h 0
1
When x = 4 , f ( x ) =
x +1
1
1
= log c e a ( 0 ) = log c e ( 0 ) = 0
a 1 1
f (4) = =
4 +1 5
Thus, hlim f ( x ) f (a ) = 0
0 x +1
xlim f ( x ) = lim+
f is continuous at x = a . 4+ x 4 x 3
But, a is any positive ral number. 4 +1 5

= = = 5 f ( 4)
f is continuous at all positive real number 43 1
Thus, log c x where c > 0, c 1, x > 0 is Hence f is continuous on [2, 6] except at x = 4
continuous
Q-7) Find the value of a and b such that the

Q-5) Test the continuity of the function function defined by
x +1
f (x ) = in [0, 1] and [4, 6] f (x ) = 5 for x 2
( x 2 )( x 5 )
= ax + b for 2 < x < 10
Ans Since f is a rational function (division of
polynomials) it is continuous at every point = 21 for x 10
of the domain, except at the point where is continuous in its domain
denominator is zero. Ans The function is continuous on [2, 10].
( x 2)( x 5 ) = 0 x = 2, x = 5 At x = 2 lim f ( x ) = f ( x ) = 5 = lim+ f ( x )
x 2 x 2
None of these points lie in [0, 1] and hence
lim f ( x ) = 5
f ( x ) is continuous in [0, 1] x 2
The value x = 5 [ 4,6] and hence f is f ( 2) = 5
discontinuous only at x = 5 . lim f ( x ) = lim+ (ax + b ) = 2a + b

x 2+ x 2
Thus f is continuous everywhere is [ 4,6]

2a + b = 5 .... (i)
except at x = 5 .
At x = 10
Q-6) Examine the continuity of f ( x ) on its lim f ( x ) = lim+ ax + b = 10a + b

x 10+ x 10
domain
f (10 ) = 21
1
Where, f (x ) = , for 2 x 4 10a + b = 21 .... (ii)
x +1
Continuity
Solving (i) and (ii) simultaneously, we get Q-10) Prove that the exponential function ax is
a = 2 and b = 1 continuous at every point (a > 0 ) .
Q-8) Show that f ( x ) = 1 + x + x is continuous Ans Let f ( x ) = sinx

for all x R . Let t be arbitary real number.
Ans Consider the function g ( x ) = x f (t ) = sin t
g ( x ) = x, for x 0 , and lim f ( x ) = lim f (t + h ) = lim sin ( t + h )

x t+ h 0+ h 0+
= x, for x < 0
= sin t
Clearing g ( 0 ) = 0 lim = lim f (t h )
x t h 0+
lim g ( x ) = lim ( x ) = 0
x 0 x 0 = lim sin (t h ) = sin t
h 0
Also, xlim g ( x ) = lim ( x ) = ( 0 ) Thus, lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f ( t )

0+ x 0
x t+ x t
g is continuous at x = 0 sin x is continuous at t.

lim g ( x ) = lim g ( x ) = g ( 0 ) But t is arbitary
x 0+ x 0
sin x is continuous at every real number.

In ( ,0 ) and in [0, )
g is polynomial and hence continuous. GROUP (B)- HOME WORK PROBLEMS

Thus, g = x is continuous at every point of R.
Q-1) If f ( x ) is continouous on [0, 8] define as
Similarly, 1+ x is continuous over R.
f ( x ) = x 2 + ax + 6, for 0 x < 2
By algebra of continuous functions, x + 1+ x
= 3x + 2, for 2 x 4
is continuous over R i.e. f ( x ) is continuous
for all x R . = 2ax + 5b, for 4 < x 8
Find a and b
Ans Since f is continuous in [0, 8]. It is continuous
Q-9) Prove that the exponential function ax is
at x = 2 and x = 8
continuous at every point (a > 0 ) .
x =2 f ( 2) = 3 ( 2) + 2 = 8
Ans Let f ( x ) = a x and t R
f (t ) = a t continuous at x = 2 .
lim f ( x ) = lim a t +h = a t xlim f ( x ) = f ( 2)

x t+ h 0 2
lim f ( x ) = lim a t h = a t
x t h 0+ lim
x 2
( x 2 + ax + 6) = 8
f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f (t ) 4 + 2a + 6 = 8
Thus, xlim
t+ x t
2a = 2
f ( x ) = a x is continuous at x = t . But t is a = 1
arbitrary real number.
x =4
x
a is continuous at every point of R. Since f is continuous at x = 4 , it is right
continuous at x = 4
xlim f ( x ) = f ( 4)
2+
( 2ax + 5b ) =14
Continuity
8a + 5b = 14 lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( 0 )
and x 0+ x 0
8 + 5b = 14
lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( 0 )
5b = 22 x 0 x 0
22 Hence, f is continuous at x = 0
b=
5 Thus, f is continuous in its domain R.
22
Thus, a = 1, b = Q-4) Discuss the continuity of the following
5
function in its domain
Q-2) If the function f ( x ) defined below is f = x2 4 for 0 x 2
continuous in [0, 3], find the value of k.
= 2x + 3 for 2 < x 4
f ( x ) = 3x 4, for 0 x < 2
= x2 5 for 4 < x 6
= 2x + k , for 2 x 3
Ans Clearly, the domain of f is [0, 6]. Since f is
Ans Since f is continuous in [0, 3]. It is continuous polynomial in x in each part of the domain, f
at x = 2 is continuous in [0, 2], (2, 4], (4, 6]. The only
possible points of discontinuity are 2 and 4.
f ( 2) = 3 ( 2) 4
f ( 2) = 22 4 = 0
=2
Since f is continuous at x = 2 , it is left lim f ( x ) = lim ( 2x + 3 ) = 7
x 2+ x 2
continuous at x = 2 .
xlim f ( x ) f ( 2)
2+
f ( 2) = xlim
2+
f (x )
f is not right continuous x = 2
2 = lim
x 2
( 2x + k ) i.e. f is discontinuous at x = 2
2 = 4+k
f ( 4 ) = 2 4 + 3 =11
k = 2
lim f ( x ) = lim ( x 2 5 ) = 16 5 = 11
x 4+ x 4
a = 1
f is right continuous at 4
Q-3) Discuss the continuity of the following
function in its domain lim f ( x ) = lim ( 2x + 3 ) = 11
x 4 x 4
f ( x ) = x, x0 f is left continuous at x = 4
= x2, x < 0 x is continuous at x = 4
Ans Consider f ( x ) = x for x > 0 Thus, x is continuous in [0, 6] except at x = 2
Since f is a linear function, f is continuous

Q-5) Discuss the continuity of f in its domain
for all x > 0 .
where f is defined as
Next, consider f ( x ) = x 2 for x < 0
3 if 0 x 1
Sinc e f i s a quadratic fu ncti on, f i s
f ( x ) = 4 if 1 < x < 3
continuous for all x < 0 . 5 if 3 x 10

Now, let us consider the behaviour of function
Justify your answer with the help of graph.
f at x = 0 .
Ans The domain of f is [0, 10]. f is constant in
f is continuous at x = 0 if
[0, 1]. (1, 3) and [3, 10] and hence continuous
lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) in each of these sub-intervals
x 0 x 0
The only possible points of discontinuity are

Now, xlim f ( x ) = lim+ x 2 = 0
0 x 0 1 and 3.
Continuity
f (1) = 3 .... (given) f is right c ontinuo us at 1 and h e nce

continuous at 1
lim f ( x ) = lim 4 = 4
x 1+ x 1 f is continuous in R.
xlim f ( x ) f (1) Q-7) Examine the continuity of f (x) on its

1+
domain, where
x + 3 , if x 3
f ( 3) = 5 .... (given)
f ( x ) = 2x , if 3 < x < 1
6x + 2 , if x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim 4 = 4
x 1+ x 3
Ans Domain of f is ( , + ). f is a polynomial in

xlim f ( x ) f (3)
1 each of subintervals ( , 3], ( 3, 3] and [3, )
f is discontinuous at x = 3 from left and and hence continuous in each subinterval. The
hence discontinuous at x = 3 . possible points of discontinuity are 3 and + 3
It remains to check whe ther f is right
Thus f is continuous at every point of
continuous at 3 and left continuous at x = 3
[0, 10], except at x = 1 and x = 3
Graph of the function : f ( 3) = 3 + 3 = 0
Y
lim f ( x ) = lim ( 2x ) = 6
x 3+ x 3
5 lim f ( x ) f ( 3 )
x 3+
4
f is not continuous at x = 3
3
2
f ( 3) = 6 ( 3) + 2 = 20
1 lim f ( x ) = lim ( 2x ) = 6
x 3 x 3
X X
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
xlim f ( x ) f (3)
Y 3
Q-6) Discuss the continuity of the following f is not continuous at x = 3 . Hence f is

function in its domain continuous in ( , ) except at x = 3 and
x =3 .
2 , if x 1

f ( x ) = 2x , if 1 < x 1 Q-8) S how th at th e fu n ction defin ed by
2 , if x > 1
f ( x ) = sin ( x 2 ) is a continuous function.
Ans f is constant (function) in ( , 1) and (1, ) Ans Let f and g be real valued functions such that
and hence continuous in these sub-intervals. fog is defined at x = c .
f is a polynomial in ( 1, + 1] and hence If g is continuous at x = c and f is continuous
continuous over it.
at x = g (c ) ,then fog is continuous at x = c .
There fore , the only possible points of
discontinuity of f are 1 and + 1. Now, the function f ( x ) = sin x 2 is defined for
f ( 1) = 2 .... (given) every real number,

We can treat the function f as a composite
lim f ( x ) = lim 2x = 2 function goh of two functions h and g, where
x 1+ x 1
f is right continuous at 1 and hence g ( x ) = sin x an h ( x ) = x 2 .

continuous at 1. Since both h and g are continuous functions,
f (1) = 2 (1) = 2 .... (given) by the above theorem, it follows that f is
continuous function
lim f ( x ) = lim 2 = 2
x 1+ x 1
Continuity
BASIC ASSIGNMENTS (BA) : As f (x ) is continuous at x = 0, f (0) = lim f (x )

x 0
BA 1
log (1+ 2x )
k = lim log (1 2 x ) (1+2 x ) = lim
Q-1) Discuss the continuity of the following. x 0 x 0 log (1 2x )
Which of these functions have removable
discontinuity ? Redefine such function at log (1+ 2x )
lim 1
the given p oin t s o as to remove = x 0 2x = = 1
log (1 2x ) 1
discontinuity. lim
x 0 2x
2
f (x ) =
(3 sin x
1)
k = 1
i) , for x 0 at x = 0 .
x log (1 + x )
1 tan
Ans. i) f (0) = 2 log 3 = log 32 .... (given)(i) ii) f (k ) = , for x
1 2 sin 4
2
lim f ( x ) = lim
(3 sin x
1)
k
x 0 x 0 x. log (1+ x ) = for x =
2 4
3sin x 1 sin x
2
. at x =
4
sin x x
= lim
x 0 x .log (1+ x ) k
Ans f =
x2 4 2
2
3sin x 1 sin x As f ( x ) is continuous at = ,
lim
x 0 .lim 4
sin x x
= lim
x 0
1
x 0
lim log (1+ x ) x f ( ) = lim f ( )
x 0
4
f (x ) =
( log 3 1) ( log 3 )
2 lim f ( ) lim
1 tan
.... (ii) f ( ) = =
log e
4
4
1 2 sin
From (i) and (ii), we get

sin
1
lim f ( x ) f ( 0 ) cos
x 0 = lim

1 2 sin
4
Discontinuity can be removed by redefining cos sin
lim
the function as follows.
=

4 (
cos 1 2 sin )
2
f (x ) =
( 3 1)
sinx
for x 0
at x = 0 = lim
cos sin

1+ 2 sin
x .log (1+ x ) for x = 0

4 (
cos 1 2 sin ) 1 2 sin
= (log 3)2
( cos sin ) (1+ 2 sin )
= lim
Q-2) Find k, if the following are continuous at

4
cos (1 2sin ) 2
the indicated points

( cos sin ) (1+ 2 sin )
i) f ( x ) = log (1 2 x ) (1 + 2x ) for x 0 = lim

4
cos ( cos + sin 2sin )
2 2 2
=k for x = 0
at x = 0 ( cos sin ) (1+ 2 sin )

= lim
Ans f (0) = k

4
cos ( cos sin )
2 2
Continuity
( cos sin ) (1+ 2 sin )

cos
= lim 2 = k lim sin = k
(
cos cos sin
)( cos + sin ) 3 = k lim
2 0 2
4 0 2
k=6
= lim
(1+ 2 sin )

cos ( cos + sin ) Q-4) Is the function defined by f (x) = x 2 sin x + 5
4
continuous at x = ?
1 Ans. f (x ) = x 2 sin x + 5
4 , cos and ) = 2 sin + 5 = 2 0 + 5 = 2 + 5
f (
2
1 Also, lim f ( x ) = lim ( x 2 sin x + 5 ) =
sin ,cos sin 0 x x
2 2 2
2 sin + 5 = 0 + 5 = + 5
lim

x
(
1 + 2 sin ) Since, lim
x
f ( x ) = f ( ) , the function f is
= 4 continuous at x = .
lim
x
cos ( cos + sin )

4
Q-5) A function defined by
f (x) = x + a for x < 0
1
1+ 2 =x for 0 x < 1
= 2
1 1 1 =bx for x 1
+
2 2 2 is continuous in [2, 2]. Show that (a + b) is
even
1 +1 2
= = =2 Ans f (x ) is continuous in [2, 2].
1 2 1
f (x ) is continuous at x = 0 .
2 2
lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) = lim+ f ( x )
k x 0 x 0
=2 i.e., k =4
2
lim ( x + a ) = lim x
x 0 x 0
0 + a = 0 i.e. a = 0
Q-3) Find k, if the functions are continuous at
the indicated points Also, f (x ) is continuous at x = 1 .
lim f ( x ) = f (1) = lim+ f ( x )

k cos x for x x 1 x 1
f (x ) =
2
,
2x
at x = lim x = f (1) = lim (b x )
=3 2 x 1 x 1
for x =
2 1 = b 1 i.e. b = 2
As a + b = 0 +2 = 2, (a + b) is even.
Ans. i) f =3
2
sin x
, ,x < 0
As f is continuous at x =
2 Q-6) Show that f ( x ) = x
x +1 , x 0

f = lim f ( x ) is a continuous function at x = 0.
2 x2
Ans If lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) = lim+ f ( x ) , then f (x ) is a
k cos x x 0 x 0
3 = lim 2x .... (i) continuous function.
x
2
sinx
Put

x = , then x = lim = 0 +1 = xlim
0+
( x +1)
2
x 0 x
2
1=1=1
As x , 0
2 Hence, f (x ) is continuous at x = 0.
Continuity

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Mahesh Tutorials Science 1

GROUP (A)- CLASS WORK PROBLEMS

100 log (1+ x )

Ans. f ( 7 ) = 7 .... (given)

Now lim f ( x ) = lim 1 = 1 = f ( 0 ) .... (say) n (n 2 1)

1+ 3 ( x +1) + ( x 2 + x +1) + ... +

f is discontinuous at x = 1 Ans. f ( 0 ) = k .... (given)

3x 3 x i.e., xlim f ( x ) = f (0)

functions. Which of these functions have

3 tan h Thus lim f ( x ) f ( 0 )

Define f(x) in [1,+1] so that it is continuous

Ans. lim f ( x ) lim

Ans. f ( 0 ) = 1 .... (given) + = 2

sin 4x 4 1+ cos (1+ h )

sin x i.e. lim f ( x ) = f ( 2)

(Putting x 1 = h , x = 1 + h , As x 1, h 0 ) Now, we use continuity of f at x = 10 .

sin ( + h ) f (10 ) = 21 .... (given)

10a + b = 21 .... (ii) a = 2

Solving equations (i) and (ii) simultaneously, a = 2 , b any nonzero number, c = 0

Ans. f ( 0 ) = c .... (given) (e 5x 1) (e 2 x 1) 3x 1

sin (a +1) x + sin x 1

Also f is right continuous at x = 0 =n

xlim f ( x ) = f (0) Thus lim f ( x ) f (1)

Thus lim f ( x ) = f (0)

= sin 0 cos 0 lim f ( x ) = lim x

lim f ( x ) = lim (1 x ) f is not continuous at

lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) Ans. f ( 0 ) = 2 .... (given)

How e ve r, th e di scon tinu ity is

f is not left continuous at 2 and hence 49

This discontinuity is nonremovable,

cos x sin x 1+ 2 sin x cos x 3 sin x

Multiplying and dividing by 2, we get

Q-9) f (x ) = x2 + , for x 0 xlim f ( x ) = f ( 3)

Ans. Since f is continuous in [0, ]. It is continuous

b = lim a cos 2x b sin x

Q-2) Find and so that the functions, defined x 3 + 3x + 5

f ( x ) is continuous for all real values of

2 = lim sin x + Thus, f ( x ) is discontinuous at x = 1

= lim log c (a + h ) log c a

But, a is any positive ral number. 4 +1 5

Q-7) Find the value of a and b such that the

The value x = 5 [ 4,6] and hence f is f ( 2) = 5

discontinuous only at x = 5 . lim f ( x ) = lim+ (ax + b ) = 2a + b

Thus f is continuous everywhere is [ 4,6]

Q-6) Examine the continuity of f ( x ) on its lim f ( x ) = lim+ ax + b = 10a + b

Q-8) Show that f ( x ) = 1 + x + x is continuous Ans Let f ( x ) = sinx

g ( x ) = x, for x 0 , and lim f ( x ) = lim f (t + h ) = lim sin ( t + h )

Also, xlim g ( x ) = lim ( x ) = ( 0 ) Thus, lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f ( t )

g is continuous at x = 0 sin x is continuous at t.

sin x is continuous at every real number.

g is polynomial and hence continuous. GROUP (B)- HOME WORK PROBLEMS

lim f ( x ) = lim a t +h = a t xlim f ( x ) = f ( 2)

Ans Consider f ( x ) = x for x > 0 Thus, x is continuous in [0, 6] except at x = 2

Since f is a linear function, f is continuous

The only possible points of discontinuity are

f (1) = 3 .... (given) f is right c ontinuo us at 1 and h e nce

xlim f ( x ) f (1) Q-7) Examine the continuity of f (x) on its

Ans Domain of f is ( , + ). f is a polynomial in

Q-6) Discuss the continuity of the following f is not continuous at x = 3 . Hence f is

f ( 1) = 2 .... (given) every real number,

f is right continuous at 1 and hence g ( x ) = sin x an h ( x ) = x 2 .

BASIC ASSIGNMENTS (BA) : As f (x ) is continuous at x = 0, f (0) = lim f (x )

From (i) and (ii), we get

the indicated points