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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
With the advancement in acoustic modem technology that enabled high-rate reliable
communications, current research concentrates on communication between several remote
instruments within a network atmosphere [2]. Research on underwater networking has
become an attractive, interesting and challenging area today because of its support to the
applications i.e. pollution monitoring, oceanographic data collection, disaster prevention,
offshore exploration and assisted navigation [1]. We can describe underwater acoustic
networking as the enabling technique for these applications. Underwater acoustic (UWA)
networks are normally configured by acoustically linking autonomous underwater
vehicles, bottom sensors and a surface station, which offers a connection to an on-shore
control centre [1].
In conventional operation, network nodes utilize the store-forward techniques, and
network transmission performance is constrained by the capacity of some bottleneck
connections. With respect to the Maximum Flow Minimum Cut theory, the transmission
rate between the receivers and transmitters cannot increase the maximum network flow.
So the conventional multipath routing often cannot arrive the upper bound of the
maximum flow. Comes network coding which breaks the conventional way of data
transmission [4]. With network coding, the intermediary nodes no longer just send packets
only. They are permitted to process the packets, and integrate two or many income packets
into one or many output packets for transmission. This builds it possible to utilize less
network bandwidth to forward the same amount of information. At last, the actual packets
can be retrieved in their destinations [3].
Network coding technology is a discovery in network communication area [4]. It has been
broadly studied in current years because of its powerful advantages of enhancing the
throughput of the network, decreasing transmission times, increasing end-to-end
performance and offering a high degree of network flexibility. It can also save bandwidth,
1.2.2 Topologies
The network topology is a necessary issue we require to assume when studying network
coding. One would observe that a regular configuration often provides network coding.
We shall classify and summarize below some general topologies utilized in the network
coding research [12].
1) Linear Topology
In the linear topology, each node has one upstream node and one downstream node to
transmit or obtain data. A routing technique depending on network coding has been
Underwater sensor networks are different from terrestrial networks in various different
aspects. One of the differences is the communication media. Unlike the terrestrial
networks utilizing electromagnetic waves to interact, underwater networks often utilize
acoustic wave Currently, the applications and researches on underwater network coding
are still at their stage of growth however the network coding technology is not as
developed as air wireless communications [22]. We only discovered a handful of
concerned papers. Network coding technique depending on VBF (Vector Based
Forwarding) routing for USN has been introduced. Simulations indicated that multipath
forwarding with network coding mechanism is more effective for error recovery as
compared to single-path and even multiple-path forwarding without the use of network
coding. Several routing techniques with network coding have been compared for
providing an underwater acoustic channel model. The numerical results indicate that
1.5 Contributions
The important contributions of this thesis are:
1. The queuing performance measurement of coding nodes.
2. The network performance measurement of a multi relay network, a small butterfly
network and a bigger network when utilizing network coding, as well as the tradeoffs in
performance depending on these studies.
3. The network coding application to an underwater acoustic network and its performance
measurement and enhancement.
4. The RIVERBED modeling of an underwater channel depending on available
mathematical models so that the network performances of an underwater network can be
measured and enhanced.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1Literature Review
Wireless acoustic sensor networks are helpful in a variety of applications i.e. tracking,
localization and home applications i.e. baby alarm systems. In these applications, the
networks are needed to position acoustic sources utilizing acoustic sensor arrays and this
[1]
has been employed in several security and environmental applications. In this paper ,
various basic key aspects of underwater acoustic communications are inquired. Different
architectures for two-dimensional and three-dimensional USNs are talked about, and the
features of the underwater channel are described. The main issues for the development of
effective networking solutions posed by the underwater atmosphere are described and a
BACKGROUND STUDY
3.2 Challenges
The design of underwater networks involves many topics covering physical and
networking capabilities. As acoustic channels are commonly used for underwater
communications, the main focuses in this project are the state of- the-art analysis of
commercial acoustic modems and suppliers as well as the design and possible
implementation of Medium Access with Interference Cancellation and Network Coding
(main part). While some Medium Access schemes have been successful in traditional
radio communications, they are prone to severe limitations in efficiency and scalability
when employed in the underwater environment posing many challenges to networking
protocol design. For example, in Medium Access Control (MAC) schemes which operate
entirely in the time domain (for instance, TDMA and CSMA), these disadvantages are
primarily because of the very large propagation delays [31]. Therefore, new strategies are
3.3 Assumptions
The main goal of this project is to investigate how Medium Access with Interference
Cancellation and Network Coding perform regarding data dissemination as compared with
employed MAC techniques underwater. In this sense, some tests are conducted in order to
evaluate the performance. Consequently, general assumptions should be stated to
understand how the tests are carried out. In this project, an underwater network is simply
defined as a set of nodes which communicate using acoustics waves. The nodes are fixed
and the distance among them is considered in the long range; a typical range between
transmitter and receiver could be 1 km. Despite being a stationary network, mobile
scenarios where nodes can passively float with water currents are also taken into account
for explanations. The coverage range of a node is one hop. This means that the level of
signal which is received by next hop node is very high, otherwise, is very low. Typical
values used in mobile communications systems are 90% and 10%, respectively. So, it is
assumed that the signal from a source node will not be received by nodes whose range is
higher than one hop. Likewise, regarding the sound propagation speed, its nominal value
1500 m/s is used for calculations. Another relevant aspect which should be assumed in the
performance evaluation of Medium Access schemes is the packet length. Hence, the
packet size is set basing on two approaches. First, the transmission capacity of nodes is
considered without data redundancy. Second, the packet transmission time is equals to the
propagation delay depending on the distance between sender and receiver [30].