MethodsforTestingTransformerDifferentialRelaysAppliedtoDelta

GroundedWyeTransformersUsingSinglePhaseTestCurrents

Presentedat:MinnesotaPowerSystemsConference
St.Paul,MN,USA
November11,2015

TomErnst CraigTalbot
GEDigitalEnergy MinnesotaPower
4523JeremiahRd. 30WestSuperiorSt.
Cookeville,TN38506 Duluth,MN55802
thomas.ernst@ge.com ctalbot@mnpower.com

Abstract

Thispaperprovidesanalternatemethodfortestingtransformerdifferentialrelaysappliedtodelta
groundedwyetransformersusingsinglephasetestcurrents.Thealternatemethodisbasedonthe
transformerthreelinediagramandtransformernameplate.Thisalternatemethodsimulatesactual
currentflowsinthetransformerduringsinglelinegroundfaultsonthewyesideandprovides
confirmationthattherelaysslopecharacteristicsandphaseshiftsettingsareoperatingcorrectly.The
alternatemethodisbasedonthetransformerthreelinediagramandprovidesverificationthatthe
relayssettingsarecorrectforthetransformerapplication.

Threephasetestingisnotpossiblewithsometestsetsdueinpartbythelimitednumberofcurrent
channelsavailableand,insomeapplications,testsetscanalsobelimitedbythehighcurrentvalues
requiredfordifferentialslope2regiontests.Traditionalmethodsofsinglephasetestingtypically
requiretheadditionof3multipliersandotheradjustmentstoaccountforzerosequencecurrent
removal,furtherincreasingthemagnitudeofthetestcurrents.Also,traditionaltests(both3phaseand
1phase)usecurrentsandphaseshiftsbasedontherelaysettings.Thealternatemethodimprovesboth
issuesasonly2channelsarerequiredofthetestsetand,sincethetestsimulatesrealworld,no
multipliersarerequired.Thealternatemethodusestwotestcurrentsthatarealways180degreesoutof
phaseofeachotherforthedifferentiallybalancedconditionregardlessofthetransformerphaseshift
leadorlag.Asaresult,thealternatemethodisespeciallyusefulforcommissiontestingasitprovesthe
transformerphaseshiftrelaysettingsarecorrectforthetransformerconnectionratherthantestingthe
relaysettings.

Introduction

Testingoftransformerdifferentialcharacteristicscanbechallenging.Threephasetesting,whilestraight
forwardfromamagnitudeandphaserelationshippointofview,requires6highamperagetestcurrents.
Fordeltagrdwyewindingtransformers,traditionalsinglephasetestingrequiresnonobvious
multipliersanddoesnotsimulaterealworldfaultconditions.Thispaperdiscussesanalternatemethod
ofsinglephasetestingthatsimulatesrealworldsinglephaseloadingconditionswithouttheneedfor
phaseshiftsorcurrentmultipliers.Thisalternatemethodverifiesthedifferentialrelaysettingsare
appropriatefortheinstalledtransformerbyusingtheinstallationdrawingsandtransformernameplate
diagramtodeterminethetestconnections.ApplicationexamplesofinstallationsatMinnesotaPower
substationsareusedtodemonstratethemethod.

Traditional3PhaseTesting

Differentialpickuptestscanbeperformedusing3phasetestcurrents.Themagnitudeofthecurrents
requiredforpickupistypicallylow(10%20%offullload)andonly3currentchannelsarerequired
fromthetestset.Formicroprocessorrelays,itisimportanttoconfirmthatallthreephasespickup
whenperforminga3phasetest.

Slopecharacteristictestsrequiresimultaneousinjectionoftestcurrentsintoaminimumof2relay
windings.Themagnituderelationshipofthecurrentsbetweenthewindingsisbasedonthetransformer
threephasevoltageratio.Thephaseshiftbetweenthetestcurrentsisafunctionofthetransformer
internalandexternalconnections.Determiningthecorrectanglerequiresanexaminationofthe
substation3lineinstallationdrawingandthetransformernameplatediagram.Athorough
understandingof3phasepowerisalsorequiredsincetheexternalconnectionscanreversetheleadlag
relationshipofthewindingsifphasesA,BandCarenotconnectedtobushings1,2and3.

Figure1showsaninstallationwithatypicaldeltagrdwyetransformerwithstandardIEEEphaseshift
(secondarylagsprimaryby30).Inthisinstallationtheinstalledphaserelationshipmatchesthe
transformernameplatephaserelationshipsincephaseAisonbushings1,Bisonbushings2andCison
bushings3.The3phasetestcurrenttosimulatefullloadforthisinstallationarealsoshowninfigure1.

Figure1:Typicaldeltagrdwyetransformerandassociated3phasetestcurrents

Figure2showsthesametransformerasfigure1buttheexternalconnectionsarerolledsuchthatphase
Aisonbushings3,Bisonbushings2andCisonbushings1.Theresultinginstalledphaseshifthasthe
lowvoltagesideleadingthehighvoltagesideby30eventhoughthetransformernameplatedrawing
showsalaggingsecondaryvoltage.Notethatthetestcurrentsreflectthisleadingphaseangleshift.

Figure2:Typicaldeltagrdwyetransformerwithrolledphasingandassociated3phasetestcurrents

Figure3showsthetestsetconnectionsfor3phasetestingofthetransformerinstallationshownin
Figure1.Threephasedifferentialslopetestingrequires6testcurrentseachhavingdifferentphase
angles.Sometestsetscannotperform3phasedifferentialslopetestsbecauseofthelimitednumberof
currentchannelsavailable.Additionally,sometestsetswith6currentchannelshavelimitedVA
capabilitywhenusingthe6channels;thisinturnlimitsthemagnitudeofthetestcurrents,especially
whentestingtheregion2slopecharacteristic.

 DifferentialRelay

Figure3:3Phasetestingconnectionsforthefigure1transformer

Traditional1PhaseTesting

Traditionalsinglephasetestingoftransformerdifferentialrelays,asshowninfigure4,inherentlychecks
thefunctionalityofeachphaseandrequiresonly2injectedcurrents.Byonlyusing2injectedcurrents
mostrelaytestsetscanperformthistypeoftesting.However,injectingsinglephasecurrentsfor
differentialslopetestingoftenrequiresmultipliersandphaseshiftsthatarenotobviousfromthe
substationandtransformer3linediagrams,especiallyfordeltagrdwyewindingtransformers.


Figure4:Traditional1phasetestconnections

Alternate1PhaseMethod

Analternatemethodofusingsinglephasetestcurrentsisshowninfigures5and6.Thisconnectionis
relatedtothetransformerinternalandexternal3linediagramsandsimulatesrealworldloadandshort
circuitconditionswithouttheneedfornonobviousmultipliers.Differentiallybalancedsinglephase
throughcurrentforadeltagrdwyetransformerwith30degreelagsecondaryandtheassociatedtest
connectionsareshowninfigures5(a)and5(b)respectively.Thedifferentiallybalanced1phasethrough
currentandassociatedtestconnectionsforadeltagrdwyetransformerwith30degreeleadsecondary
areshowninfigures6(a)and6(b)respectively.


Figure5(a):Differentiallybalanced1phasethroughcurrentfora30degreelagtransformer


Figure5(b):Differentiallybalanced1phasetestconnectionsfora30degreelagtransformer

 A B C

2.5@180 Installed
2.5@0 A(H3)
200/5A
C(H1) B(H2)
100@0 A(X3)
X0 B(X2)
H3 H2 H1 C(X1)

Nameplate
Test H1

Currents
H3 H2
toRelay X1
115,000 X3 X0
13,800/7970GY N1/N2=115/8 X2
20MVA
X0

X3 X2 X1

2000/5A
3.61@180

1443@0
A B C

Figure6(a):Differentiallybalanced1phasethroughcurrentfora30degreeleadtransformer

 DifferentialRelay

Figure6(b):Differentiallybalanced1phasetestconnectionsfora30degreeleadtransformer

Thetestcurrentmagnitudesandanglesshowninfigures5(b)and6(b)arecalculatedbasedonthe
differentiallybalancedthroughcurrentconditionsshowninfigures5(a)and6(a).Thecurrents
calculatedbyaproperlymodeledshortcircuitprogrammayalsobeappliedtosimulatetherelays
performanceduringrealworldexternalfaultconditions.Eventhoughdeltagrdwyetransformers
create3phaseangleshiftsof+/30degrees,thealternate1phasemethodtestcurrentsarealways180
degreesapartfordifferentiallybalancedthroughcurrentconditions.Thesuccessofthealternatesingle
phasetestclearlyindicatesifthetransformerphaseshiftsettingisenteredproperlyfortheinstallation.
Figure7showsthetransformerdifferentialrelaycalculatedquantitiesforthetestshowninfigure5(b)
wherethephaseshift(W2AngleWRT)settingisenteredcorrectly(30degrees).Notethatthe
differentialcurrentmagnitudeis0forallthreephasesandtherestraintcurrentmagnitudeis0.5per
unitinphasesAandC,correctlyindicatingadifferentiallybalancedthroughcurrentcondition.

 TRANSFORMER SETTINGS AND CTs

Nomber of Windings: 2 DIFF / RSTR CHARACTERISTIC
W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 DIFFERENTIAL- RESTRAINT GRAPH
Rated(MVA) 20 20 0 0 0 0 Diff. min. PKP 0.10 Slope1 25.0
Nom. (kV) 115 13.8 230 13.8 0.48 69 Kneepoint 1 2.00
Connection DELTA WYE WYE WYE WYE WYE Kneepoint 2 3.00 Slope2 50.0
Grounding NO YES NO NO YES YES
Angle WRT 0 -30 0 0 0 0 Pre-calculated graph points >>Pre-calculated ratio of the point from the
CT primary 200 2000 2000 8000 3000 1000 Id/Ir, (%) Ph A Ph B Ph C characteristic, corresponding to the same
CT sec. tap 5 5 5 5 5 5 25.0 25.0 25.0 restraint as per the actual Id/Ir ratio. The trip
Inom. Prim. 100.4 836.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 occurs, when the actual Id/Ir ratio,(%) is bigger
Inom.Sec. 2.510 2.092 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 than the pre-calculated Id/Ir ratio, (%)
Rotations ABC Select Magnitude Ref. Winding: 1 ACTUAL VALUES
TEST CURRENTS I diff, pu Operating Characteristic
Magnitude Ref. Winding #: 1
IA IB IC 12
W1 11 DIFFERENTIAL CURRENTS
Magnitude 2.50 0.00 2.50 Iad Ibd Icd
10
Angle 0.0 0.0 180.0 Magnitude 0.00 0.00 0.00
9
W2 Angle -180.0 -180.0 0.0
Magnitude 3.61 0.00 0.00 8

Angle 180.0 0.0 0.0 7 RESTRAINT CURRENTS

W3 6 Iar Ibr Icr
Magnitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 Magnitude 0.50 0.00 0.50
5
Angle 0.0 0.0 0.0
4
W4 Actual Differential/Restraint Ratio
Magnitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 Actual ph A % ph B % ph C %
Angle 0.0 0.0 0.0 2 Id/Ir ratio 0.0 100.0 0.0
W5 1
Magnitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 DIFF. OPERATION
Angle 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 NO TRIP
Slope characteristics Iad Ibd Icd I restr, pu
W6 Ia Ib Ic
Magnitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 No trip No trip No trip
Angle 0.0 0.0 0.0
Figure7:Differentiallybalancedthroughcurrentconditionwithcorrectphaseshiftsetting

Ifthephaseshiftsettingisenteredincorrectly(30degrees)andthetestcurrentsshowninfigure5(b)
areentered,thetransformerdifferentialrelaycalculatedquantitiesclearlyshowaproblem(figure8):
thedifferentialcurrentmagnitudesarenot0forphasesBandCandtherelaytrips.

Oncethedifferentiallybalancedthroughcurrentconditionisestablishedcorrectly,asinfigure7,the
angleofoneofthewindingcurrentscanberolleduntiltherelaytrips.Atthispoint,theslopecanbe
calculatedbydividingthedifferentialcurrentmagnitudebytherestraintcurrentmagnitude.Figure9
showstheresultsofthisslopetestshowingatripwithwinding2currentrolledfrom180to165.6
degreesandacalculatedslope(S1)of:S1=0.13/0.50=0.26or26%.Thiscorrelateswellwiththeslope1
settingof25%.Asimilartestcanberunwithlargertestcurrentstoverifytheslope2performance.

 TRANSFORMER SETTINGS AND CTs

Nomber of Windings: 2 DIFF / RSTR CHARACTERISTIC
W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 DIFFERENTIAL- RESTRAINT GRAPH
Rated(MVA) 20 20 0 0 0 0 Diff. min. PKP 0.10 Slope1 25.0
Nom. (kV) 115 13.8 230 13.8 0.48 69 Kneepoint 1 2.00
Connection DELTA WYE WYE WYE WYE WYE Kneepoint 2 3.00 Slope2 50.0
Grounding NO YES NO NO YES YES
Angle WRT 0 30 0 0 0 0 Pre-calculated graph points >>Pre-calculated ratio of the point from the
CT primary 200 2000 2000 8000 3000 1000 Id/Ir, (%) Ph A Ph B Ph C characteristic, corresponding to the same
CT sec. tap 5 5 5 5 5 5 25.0 25.0 25.0 restraint as per the actual Id/Ir ratio. The trip
Inom. Prim. 100.4 836.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 occurs, when the actual Id/Ir ratio,(%) is bigger
Inom.Sec. 2.510 2.092 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 than the pre-calculated Id/Ir ratio, (%)
Rotations ABC Select Magnitude Ref. Winding: 1 ACTUAL VALUES
TEST CURRENTS I diff, pu Operating Characteristic
Magnitude Ref. Winding #: 1
IA IB IC 12
W1 11 DIFFERENTIAL CURRENTS
Magnitude 2.50 0.00 2.50 Iad Ibd Icd
10
Angle 0.0 0.0 180.0 Magnitude 0.00 0.50 0.50
9
W2 Angle -180.0 0.0 -180.0
Magnitude 3.61 0.00 0.00 8

Angle 180.0 0.0 0.0 7 RESTRAINT CURRENTS

W3 6 Iar Ibr Icr
Magnitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 Magnitude 0.50 0.50 0.50
5
Angle 0.0 0.0 0.0
4
W4 Actual Differential/Restraint Ratio
Magnitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 Actual ph A % ph B % ph C %
Angle 0.0 0.0 0.0 2 Id/Ir ratio 0.0 100.0 100.0
W5 1
Magnitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 DIFF. OPERATION
Angle 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 TRIP
Slope characteristics Iad Ibd Icd I restr, pu
W6 Ia Ib Ic
Magnitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 No trip Trip Trip
Angle 0.0 0.0 0.0
Figure8:Differentiallybalancedthroughcurrentconditionwithincorrectphaseshiftsetting

TRANSFORMER SETTINGS AND CTs

Nomber of Windings: 2 DIFF / RSTR CHARACTERISTIC
W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 DIFFERENTIAL- RESTRAINT GRAPH
Rated(MVA) 20 20 0 0 0 0 Diff. min. PKP 0.10 Slope1 25.0
Nom. (kV) 115 13.8 230 13.8 0.48 69 Kneepoint 1 2.00
Connection DELTA WYE WYE WYE WYE WYE Kneepoint 2 3.00 Slope2 50.0
Grounding NO YES NO NO YES YES
Angle WRT 0 -30 0 0 0 0 Pre-calculated graph points >>Pre-calculated ratio of the point from the
CT primary 200 2000 2000 8000 3000 1000 Id/Ir, (%) Ph A Ph B Ph C characteristic, corresponding to the same
CT sec. tap 5 5 5 5 5 5 25.0 25.0 25.0 restraint as per the actual Id/Ir ratio. The trip
Inom. Prim. 100.4 836.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 occurs, when the actual Id/Ir ratio,(%) is bigger
Inom.Sec. 2.510 2.092 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 than the pre-calculated Id/Ir ratio, (%)
Rotations ABC Select Magnitude Ref. Winding: 1 ACTUAL VALUES
TEST CURRENTS I diff, pu Operating Characteristic
Magnitude Ref. Winding #: 1
IA IB IC 12
W1 11 DIFFERENTIAL CURRENTS
Magnitude 2.50 0.00 2.50 Iad Ibd Icd
10
Angle 0.0 0.0 180.0 Magnitude 0.13 0.00 0.13
9
W2 Angle -277.1 -194.4 -97.1
Magnitude 3.61 0.00 0.00 8

Angle 165.6 0.0 0.0 7 RESTRAINT CURRENTS

W3 6 Iar Ibr Icr
Magnitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 Magnitude 0.50 0.00 0.50
5
Angle 0.0 0.0 0.0
4
W4 Actual Differential/Restraint Ratio
Magnitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 Actual ph A % ph B % ph C %
Angle 0.0 0.0 0.0 2 Id/Ir ratio 25.1 100.0 25.1
W5 1
Magnitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 DIFF. OPERATION
Angle 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 TRIP
Slope characteristics Iad Ibd Icd I restr, pu
W6 Ia Ib Ic
Magnitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 Trip No trip Trip
Angle 0.0 0.0 0.0
Figure9:Slopeverificationtestwithwinding2testcurrentanglerolledtopointoftrip

Sincethealternatemethodisasinglephasetest,itisnecessarytorepeatthetestforeachphasefora
totalof3connectionsforeachwindingpair.Tables1and2showtestconnectionsrequiredfora2
windingdeltagrdwyetransformerwith30degreelag(figures5(a)&(b))andlead(figures6(a)&(b))
connectionsrespectively.

Table1:Testconnectionsfora2winding30degreelagdeltawyeconnectiontransformer
TestID Winding1(delta)connections Winding2(wye)connections
A InonA&outonC A
B InonB&outonA B
C InonC&outonB C

Table2:Testconnectionsfora2winding30degreeleaddeltawyeconnectiontransformer
TestID Winding1(delta)connections Winding2(wye)connections
A InonA&outonB A
B InonB&outonC B
C InonC&outonA C

Thetraditionalsinglephasetestmethodrequiresinjectingtestcurrentswithmagnitudesandanglesnot
obviousfromthesubstationandtransformerdrawingswhilethealternatemethodcurrentmagnitudes
andanglesarevisuallyrelatedtotheinstalled3linediagramandtheinternalturnsratio(N1/N2)ofthe
transformer.However,acloseinspectionshowsthata3multiplierisimpliedduetotherelationship
betweenthetransformer3phasevoltageratioandtheinternalturnsratio.Asaresult,thetestcurrents
forthealternatemethodarestilllargerthanthoserequiredfor3phasetesting.Forthisreason,itmay
stillbedifficultforsometestsetstodeliverhightestcurrentstoverifytheregion2slope.

Itshouldbepossibletodevelopanautomatedtestplanforthealternatesinglephasemethodwhich
wouldselectthetestoutputsfromtable1ortable2dependingonthephaseshiftsetting.Assuch,the
methodcouldbeusedformaintenancetesting.However,themethodisuniquelysuitedforcommission
testingwherethecoreactivityofthemethodistodeterminethetestconnectionsbasedonan
examinationoftheinstallationdrawingswiththeultimategoalofverifyingthatthephaseshiftsettingis
correctfortheinstallation.

ApplicationExamples

TwoapplicationexamplesatMinnesotaPowersubstationsareincludedbelow.Thefirstexampleisa
distributionsubstationwherethedistributionvoltagelagsthetransmissionvoltage.Thesecond
exampleisanotherdistributionsubstationinadifferentdivisionwherethedistributionvoltageleadsthe
transmissionvoltage.Inbothcases,IEEEstandardphaseshifttransformerswereinstalled(Xsidelags
theHsideby30).

Ananalysisofatransformerdifferentialrelayoperationcausedbyanincorrectphaseshiftsettingisalso
includedintheApplicationExamplessection.

Laggingexample

Inthisexample,thedistributionvoltage(34.5kV)lagsthetransmissionvoltage(115kV)by30.Figure
10showsthetransformernameplatediagramandfigure11showsthesubstation3linediagramofthe
transformerinstallationwitharrowsshowingdifferentiallybalancedsinglephaseloading.SinceABC
phasesareconnectedtobushings123respectively,theinstallationphasordiagrammatchesthe
transformernameplatephasordiagram.

Figure10:Transformernameplateforexample1

MinnesotaPowerusesacalculationsheettodocumentthebasisoftheirrelaysettingsandtodefinethe
commissionteststobeperformed.Thecommissiontestingdefinitionsfortheexample1transformer
differentialslopecharacteristicareshowninfigure12.Youwillnotethatthetestconnectionsmatch
withthoseshowninfigure5(b)andTable1fora30laginstallation.

197A

3.28@0
1200/5MR
300/5Tap

N1/N2=115/19.9
A(H1)

C(H3) B(H2)
A(X1)
C(X3) X0
B(X2)

1200/5MR
1200/5Tap 4.73@180

1137A

Figure11:3lineinstallationdiagramforexample1withdifferentiallybalanced1phaseload

Test 3.a: Restraint slope verification:

Test Values
I mag. I ang. Connection:
A-phase 3.28 0 In on A-Ph Wdg 1 (+) and out on C-Ph Wdg 1 (+) with A-Ph Wdg 1 (-) jumpered to C-Ph Wdg 1 (-)
B-phase 4.73 180 A-Ph Wdg 2 (+), role angle until 87R asserts
C-phase 0.00 0 no connection

Monitor 87R bits. Use MET DIF to view operate current (IOP) and Restraint currents (IRT). Initially IOP = 0 and IRT = 1.0.
Note point where 87R asserts. IOP/IRT should equal Slope at trip point.
Repeat for B-Phase:

Test Values
I mag. I ang. Connection:
A-phase 3.28 0 In on B-Ph Wdg 1 (+) and out on A-Ph Wdg 1 (+) with B-Ph Wdg 1 (-) jumpered to A-Ph Wdg 1 (-)
B-phase 4.73 180 B-Ph Wdg 2 (+), role angle until 87R asserts
C-phase 0.00 0 no connection

Monitor 87R bits. Use MET DIF to view operate current (IOP) and Restraint currents (IRT). Initially IOP = 0 and IRT = 1.0.
Note point where 87R asserts. IOP/IRT should equal Slope at trip point.
Repeat for C-Phase:

Test Values
I mag. I ang. Connection:
A-phase 3.28 0 In on C-Ph Wdg 1 (+) and out on B-Ph Wdg 1 (+) with C-Ph Wdg 1 (-) jumpered to B-Ph Wdg 1 (-)
B-phase 4.73 180 C-Ph Wdg 2 (+), role angle until 87R asserts
C-phase 0.00 0 no connection

Monitor 87R bits. Use MET DIF to view operate current (IOP) and Restraint currents (IRT). Initially IOP = 0 and IRT = 1.0.
Note point where 87R asserts. IOP/IRT should equal Slope at trip point.
Figure12:Testingdefinitionsforexample1transformerdifferentialslopecharacteristic

LeadingExample

Inthisexample,thedistributionvoltage(13.8kV)leadsthetransmissionvoltage(115kV)by30.Figure
13showsthetransformernameplatediagramandfigure14showsthesubstation3linediagramofthe
transformerinstallationwitharrowsshowingdifferentiallybalanced1phaseloading.SinceABCphases
areconnectedtobushings321respectively,theinstallationphasordiagramisshifted60fromthe
transformernameplatephasordiagramtoshowa30leadrelationship.


Figure13:Transformernameplateforexample2

Thecommissiontestingdefinitionsfortheexample2transformerdifferentialslopecharacteristicare
showninfigure15.Youwillnotethatthetestconnectionsmatchwiththoseshowninfigure6(b)and
Table2fora30leadinstallation.

 A
B
C

160A

A(H3)
600/5MR
C(H1) B(H2) 400/5Tap 2.00@0
A(X3)
X0 B(X2)
C(X1)

N1/N2=115/8.2

5.60@180

2000/5SR

2240A

Figure14:3lineinstallationdiagramforexample2withdifferentiallybalanced1phaseload

Test 3.a: Restraint slope verification:

Test Values
I mag. I ang. Connection:
A-phase 2.00 0 In on A-Ph Wdg 1 (+) and out on B-Ph Wdg 1 (+) with A-Ph Wdg 1 (-) jumpered to B-Ph Wdg 1 (-)
B-phase 5.60 180 A-Ph Wdg 2 (+), role angle until 87R asserts
C-phase 0.00 0 no connection
Monitor 87R bits and view the operate current (IOP) and restraint current (IRT).
Use Differential and Restraint in Actual Values to view Differential current and Restraint current for A phase and B phase. C phase differential
and restraint currents should be 0 if the winding compensation factor (Angle WRT) is correct.
Repeat for B-Phase:

Test Values
I mag. I ang. Connection:
A-phase 2.00 0 In on B-Ph Wdg 1 (+) and out on C-Ph Wdg 1 (+) with B-Ph Wdg 1 (-) jumpered to C-Ph Wdg 1 (-)
B-phase 5.60 180 B-Ph Wdg 2 (+), role angle until 87R asserts
C-phase 0.00 0 no connection
Monitor 87R bits and view the operate current (IOP) and restraint current (IRT).
Use Differential and Restraint in Actual Values to view Differential current and Restraint current for B phase and C phase. A phase differential
and restraint currents should be 0 if the winding compensation factor (Angle WRT) is correct.
Repeat for C-Phase:

Test Values
I mag. I ang. Connection:
A-phase 2.00 0 In on C-Ph Wdg 1 (+) and out on A-Ph Wdg 1 (+) with C-Ph Wdg 1 (-) jumpered to A-Ph Wdg 1 (-)
B-phase 5.60 180 C-Ph Wdg 2 (+), role angle until 87R asserts
C-phase 0.00 0 no connection
Monitor 87R bits and view the operate current (IOP) and restraint current (IRT).
Use Differential and Restraint in Actual Values to view Differential current and Restraint current for C phase and A phase. B phase differential
and restraint currents should be 0 if the winding compensation factor (Angle WRT) is correct.
Figure15:Testingdefinitionsforexample2transformerdifferentialslopecharacteristic

TransformerDifferentialRelayIncorrectOperationAnalysisExample

Figure16showsatransformerthroughfaulteventthattherelayincorrectlyinterruptedasaninzone
differentialfaultandissuedatrip.TRHA,TRHB,andTRHCarehighsidetransformercurrents.TRLA,
TRLB,andTRLCarelowsidetransformercurrentsand1TA,1TB,and1TCarelowsidemainbreaker
currents.Thisisa2windingdeltagrdwyetransformer.Thelowside(TRL_)currentsareusedforover
currentbackupandthedifferentialelementsusethehighside(TRH_)andlowsidemainbreaker(1T_)
currents.Duetoconstructionconstraints,thetransformerwasnotfullyloadedbeforetheBphaseto
groundfeederfaultoccurred.Theloadcurrentsonthetransformerwerebelowtheminimumpickupof
therelaydifferentialelements.Duringthetripinvestigationitwasdeterminedthattherelaysettingfor
phaseanglecompensationforthelowvoltagesideofthetransformerwascompensatedforalagging
relationship.Inthisinstallation,phasesABCareconnectedtobushing321resultinginthelowside
leadingthehighsideby30.Thistypeofconnectioncanbeseeninfigure4.

Thealternatemethodoftestingwasnotusedforcommissioningofthistransformerdifferentialrelay.
Forthisapplication,ifthetestconnectionsshowninfigures6(a)and6(b)andtable2wereused,the
phaseanglecompensationsettingserrormayhavebeenidentifiedandathroughfaulttripofthe
differentialrelaymayhavebeenavoided.


Figure16:Transformerthroughfaultwithincorrectphaseshiftrelaysettings

Conclusion

Threephasetestingoftransformerdifferentialrelaycharacteristicsrequiresathoroughunderstanding
of3phasepowertodeterminetheappropriatephaseshiftandatestsetwith6highamperagetest
currentoutputs.Traditionalsinglephasetestingrequiresnonobviousmultipliersfordeltagrdwye
windingtransformersanddoesnotsimulaterealworldfaultconditions.Thealternatemethodofsingle
phasetestingdiscussedinthispapersimulatesrealworlddifferentiallybalancedsinglephaseloading
conditionsthatreflecttheinstallation3lineandtransformernameplatediagrams.Whilethismethod
canbeusedformaintenancetesting,itismostideallysuitedforcommissiontestingwherethegoalisto
assurethesettingsarecorrectfortheinstallation.

Biographies

TomErnstisaP&CTechnicalApplicationEngineerfortheNorthAmericanCommercialteam.Hehas
beenwithGEsince2011supportingtheGridAutomationProtectionandControlPortfolio.Priorto
joiningGE,TomhasbeenwithMinnesotaPowerasaSupervisingEngineer,DeltaEngineering
InternationalasaManagerofElectricalEngineering,HDREngineeringasaManagerofElectrical
EngineeringandNorthernStatesPowerasaSupervisingEngineer.HereceivedhisBachelorofScience
inElectricalEngineeringfromtheUniversityofMinnesotain1978andhisMasterofScienceinPower
SystemsfromMichiganTechnologicalUniversityin2008.HeisaregisteredProfessionalEngineerinthe
StateofMinnesota.

CraigTalbotisaSupervisingEngineerfortheRelayandMaintenanceEngineeringDepartmentat
MinnesotaPower.HejoinedMinnesotaPowerin2011asaRelayandMaintenanceEngineer.Priorto
joiningMinnesotaPowerheworkedatL&SElectricInc.asaFieldEngineer.HereceivedhisBachelorof
ScienceinElectricalEngineeringfromMontanaStateUniversityin2002.Craigisaregistered
ProfessionalEngineerintheStateofMinnesota.