ECE464 Power Electronics Assignment Solution

1.
(a) Define a non-renewable energy source.
A non-renewable resource (also known as a finite resource) is a resource that does not renew itself at a
sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human timeframes. Example: Fossil fuels
(Coal, Petroleum, and Natural-Gas), and certain aquifers.

(b) Name two originating sources of renewable energy.

Sunlight & Biomass

(c) Detail at least three types of energy derived from them.

Solar Energy, Hydrogen Energy, Befouls (Ethanol & Biodiesel)

2. Factors to take into consideration for a renewable energy facility

and how these factors differ from a non-renewable energy facility.
The renewable energy facilities must be located where the resource is abundantly available. Therefore,
sitting renewable energy facilities involves geographic constraints that do not apply to traditional power
plants (non-renewable energy facilities). For example:
A. Ideal locations for harnessing a resource may lack easy access to transmission infrastructure a
problem in particular for wind farms in remote rural areas.
B. Locating a biomass plant for ready access to a feedstock may involve transporting the energy
produced over a longer distance to population centers.

Several other factors need to be taken into account for sitting, like restrictions on the use of rooftop solar
panels. Barriers can also consist of regulatory gaps - the absence of standards needed to support grid
interconnection. Moreover, other factors in the form of sitting-related incentives or benefits that are
available only or predominantly for non-renewable generation. For example, the availability of statutory
benefits for utility-scale projects may operate in the inverse as a measurable barrier to smaller non-utility
projects relative to their larger counterparts. Similarly, other laws outlining the cost recovery for sitting and
related pre-construction costs for nuclear power plants, irrespective of whether the facility is in fact built,
provide a significant incentive to build nuclear power plants. Without the same provision for large-scale
renewable projects, it may function as an inverse regulatory barrier relative to non-renewable facilities.

3. Outline the application of Power Electronics in renewable energy

systems
Power Electronics are widely applied in renewable energy systems for power generation, transmission
and distribution in order to produce a flexible AC/DC power output for a given load and enhance
affordability of the developed technology. Different semiconductor-based power-conversion represents a
key enabling technology to meet the challenges of tomorrows electricity supply. Power electronics
technologies have been widely used in renewable energy systems such as hydro power, municipal solid
wastes, biomass, geothermal, solar thermal, solar photovoltaic, wind power, and tidal and wave. The
latest research on fuel cells has made them the no.1 contender for a future distribution energy resource.

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 ECE464 Power Electronics Assignment Solution
Some exemplary details of the renewable energy systems deploying power electronic systems are as
follows:

Wind Power
o Synchronous Generator with rectifier and inverter for grid interconnects
o Induction Generator with AC-DC convertor for frequency and power control
Solar Power
o Solar Cells to convert sunlight into electrical energy based on solar photovoltaic
principles
o First Stage AC-DC Converter for circuit power conditioning

4. Design and sketch a photovoltaic array configuration to power an

AC circuit load of 1.1KW through an adequately sized inverter,
requiring a 60 to 80VDC input and capable of 95% energy
transmission. The PV modules or panels to be used are rated 12V at
60W each.
1. Determination of Actual Power Demand
AC Load to be powered = 1100 W
Transmission Efficiency = 0.95
Actual Power requirement = 1100/0.95 = 1157.89 W

2. Sizing of PV Modules
Assuming Panel-generation factor of 3, the total Watt-peak rating of the PV Module required = 1157.89/3
= 385.97 W
Therefore, No. of PV Panels required = 385.97/60 = 6.43 or 7 (approximately)
Result of the calculation is the minimum number of PV panels. If more PV modules are installed, the
system will perform better and battery life will be improved. If fewer PV modules are used, the system
may not work at all during cloudy periods and battery life will be shortened.

3. Inverter sizing
The input rating of the inverter should never be lower than the total watt of appliances. The inverter must
have the same nominal voltage as your battery. The inverter size should be 25-30% bigger than total load
in Watts.
Therefore, Inverter Size = 1430 W

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 ECE464 Power Electronics Assignment Solution
4. Battery Sizing
Total Load = 1100 W
Nominal Battery Voltage = 70 V (average)
Therefore Battery Ampere Rating = 1100/70 = 15.71 Amp
The Solar Charge Controller can be similarly designed if the ratings are specified.
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5. Sketch a simple grid-connected photovoltaic system and describe
how the main components function.
The grid-connected photovoltaic power systems feed excess power to the grid, which in this case acts as
a battery for the system. This feedback is done through a meter to monitor the amount of power
transferred based on the concept of Net-metering. Moreover, the photovoltaic wattage may be less than
average consumption and require the consumer to purchase a lesser amount of grid energy. On the other
hand, if the photovoltaic wattage substantially exceeds the average consumption, the excess energy
produced by the panels can yield revenue by selling it to the grid. Therefore, the consumer only needs to
pay the cost of electricity consumed less the value of electricity generated.

6. What are the characteristics of a good wind power site and why are
they important?
The main characteristics for sitting wind turbines and assessing the feasibility of a proposed wind power
site include the following:

1. Wind resource characteristics, including extreme wind conditions

2. Setback requirements (distance to publicly accessible areas), and spacing between turbines
3. Proximity to existing infrastructure including transmission lines and roads with adequate capacity
to serve the wind plant
4. Environmental impact, including avian, bat and other biological considerations
5. Seismic activity, noise constraints, altitude, corrosion, and extreme temperatures
6. Community acceptance and compatibility with adjacent land uses
7. MW-scale wind turbines cannot be located in densely populated areas. Site-specific
characteristics greatly influence the scope of construction.
8. Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) considerations: Wind turbine foundations,
Wind turbine installation/erection, Balance of Plant (supporting infrastructure such as sub-station),
Offsite and onsite access roads capable of accommodating significant weight, including local
county roads and highways

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 ECE464 Power Electronics Assignment Solution
A wind turbine site is built on relatively small area on the ground that is expected to receive continuous
vibrations due to rotating blades. Therefore, the dynamic properties of the ground at construction site can
be especially pertinent from geotechnical engineering perspectives. The seismic survey is a thorough and
appropriate approach for site characterization than conventional drilling because it does not need the
bulky, heavy equipment that drilling does, the convenient accessibility to the site is another advantage.
Overall cost is also usually some fraction of the drilling cost.

7. A wind farm is to be located on a flat grassed tableland with a

scattering of small trees of up to 5m in height and small thickets of
brush up to 2m high. The site is a nature reserve so trees and
thickets may not be cleared. Specify guidelines for wind turbine
location and height for this situation.
Guidelines for wind turbine location
Locate the infrastructure (including turbines, underground cables and power lines) and other
elements associated with the development (such as access tracks and construction lay down
areas) at least 50 meters from important stands of this community
Undertake a detailed botanical survey to provide suitable compensation for the loss of the
community where the damages cannot be avoided
The layout concerning the position of turbines, providing the overall configuration of the wind
energy development and its perceived density or complexity should be of a uniform type, whether
single line, staggered line, splayed line, random or grid, rather than a mixture

Height Considerations
Height is related to the full extent of turbines (comprising tower, nacelle and maximum blade length in an
upright position) and involves the actual height and the perceived height relative to topography. Different
possibilities are acceptable, depending on context:

Turbine height is critical in landscapes of relatively small-scale, or comprising features and

structures such as houses, and must be carefully considered so as to achieve visual balance and
not to visually dominate.
Awing energy development comprising two distinct turbine heights may be acceptable to achieve
anesthetic effect by the combination of an old and a new wind energy development or where
certain turbines would be critically visible from sensitive viewpoint. Other than the height
difference, the wind energy developments in the same view-shed should relate with regard to
their main design features and color.

8. Rough out a bid specification profile for a renewable power plant at

an ecologically sensitive site.
Introduction:
It is proposed to construct a renewable energy facility at an ecologically sensitive site in ABC Town, XYZ
City. To construct this plant, 250 Solar Panels (100 x 100) would be installed and integrated into the
electric grid to serve PQR region of this town. Other considerations have been outlined below.

Site details:
Site Name: PQR Region (Total Area of a1b2c3 Sq. Miles)
Location: ABC Town, XYZ City
Capacity: 100 kWp
Latitude: nnnnnnN
Longitude: eeeeeeE
Elevation: hhhh ft.

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 ECE464 Power Electronics Assignment Solution
Scope of work:

1. Site survey and layout planning.

2. Design, development and supply of all components (including LED Street Lights with Poles)of the
SPV Power Plants.
3. Transportation of SPV Power system hardware up to site.
4. Civil works (construction of control rooms) and related electrical and other works.
5. Installation and commissioning of SPV Power system (LED Street Lights with poles).
6. Operation & maintenance of system for a period of 5 years from the date of installation.
7. Training to JREDA/Local staff for up-keep and routine maintenance.
8. Any other job essential for smooth completion of the project, not mentioned in Jobs in the
outlined Scope below.

Jobs in the outlines Scope

i. Arranging a shadow-free area for SPV array installation & control rooms.
ii. Providing statutory clearance of any type, wherever required.

Technical Specifications:
Each of the 100 kWp Power Plant suitable to operate the above mentioned loads should have the
following sub-systems:

Detailed Specification of Components

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