Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................3
METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................................5
INTERVIEW METHOD.......................................................................................................6
THE CYCLE OF INFLUENCES..............................................................................................7
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS..............................................9
CORE SET OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS..............10
TOURISM CARRYING CAPACITY ASSESSMENT..........................................................13
THE TOURISM CARRYING CAPACITY ASSESSMENT OF RHODES ISLAND.......17
INTERVIEW FROM BO IMMERSEN OF VISIT NORDJYLLAND...................................19
INTERVIEW ANALYSIS...................................................................................................19
CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................................................31
BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................36
ANNEX 1.................................................................................................................................37
2
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
INTRODUCTION
Global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have
increased markedly as a result of human activities since 1750 and now far exceed pre-
industrial values determined from ice cores spanning many thousands of years ()
The global increases in carbon dioxide concentration are due primarily to fossil fuel
use and land use change, while those of methane and nitrous oxide are primarily due
to agriculture.
3
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
However there are industries within our economies that their existence is greatly related
and depended on the preservation of our environment, such an example is the tourism
industry that in many of its various forms the actual product is the environmental quality and
unique characteristics of a destination. Moreover it is considered as a very profitable one
also! According to Eurostat (2007):
tourism accounts for 4% of the Communitys GDP, with about 2 million enterprises
employing some 4% of the total labor force (representing approximately 8 million
jobs).when the connections with other sectors are taken into account, tourism's
contribution to GDP is estimated to be around 11% and it provides employment for
more than 12% of the labor force (24 million jobs)
Explicit example of tourism development and planning that lacks awareness is the trend
of boosterism which has long been the dominant tradition towards tourism development and
planning since mass tourism began (Hall 2000: 21). Boosterism demonstrates no
consideration at all to the limit of a destinations carrying capacity given that the necessary
consideration to the management of resources and experience quality is not implemented
resulting in the establishment of the provocative slogan that Bigger is better.
Plans about sustainable development that lack awareness, could easily be regarded as
utopia and even of ritualistic nature. The pitfall is serving what everybody acknowledges and
nobody can follow. In order to follow a journey towards sustainability (Kernel 2004) there
is a need for awareness in order to influence also those involved.
4
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
PROBLEM FORMULATION
How can we become more aware of our quest as explorers in the journey towards
sustainable tourism development in order to infuse influence to all others involved and finally
get them onboard this journey?
METHODOLOGY
CONTENT VALIDITY
This study is developing existing scientifically documented knowledge which is retrieved
by research conducted to academically credible sources and literature in relevance with the
researched subjects that includes: academic research journals, articles and books, online
resources and second hand statistical research retrieved from credible statistical agencies.
The proposals developed through this study, proceed carefully in order to exclude biased
personal views on the subjects analyzed, and the relevant conclusions produced. The use of
scientifically inadequately supported sources and material has been avoided and a significant
effort has been made in order to ensure that all sources used for the development of this study
are properly acknowledged.
The literature review conducted for this study emphasized in topics about sustainability in
the context of tourism and in particular about sustainable development indicators, (an
approach that could be characterized as quantitative) awareness and influence.
The reason behind the establishment of indicators as a focal point at first, is that in the
vast literature about Sustainable tourism development, indicators stand out due to the specific
suggestions that they provide to a topic that despite that it is exhaustively researched, the
interest is kept vibrant because of the difficulties that sustainable development encounters to
the actual implementation, and this is also the reason that the interview research of this paper
establishes awareness and initiation on sustainable development as a focal point. Theory is
being deducted to the research area through an effort to understand rather than only to explain
the findings since there is a constant feedback between the phenomena that are to be
researched and social actors.
5
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
INTERVIEW METHOD
According to Biber et al. (2006: 119) In-depth interview uses individuals as the point of
departure for the research process and assumes that individuals have a unique and important
knowledge about the social world that is ascertainable through verbal communication. Biber
et al. (2006: 125-126) distinguishes three kinds of in-depth interview:
1. Structured interview means that the interviewer will ask each participant the
same series of questions.
For the purpose of this study the knowledge of an individual with significance experience
on the matter researched is very important. A quantitative analysis is not necessary for this
study and consequently the interview doesnt have to be structured, however because there
are a lot of questions to be answered, the Biographic character of an open-ended interview is
not ideal either, even though that this interview doesnt need to retain a structure in order to
be quantified, making the character of the research qualitative and a semi structured design
under these circumstances is ideal.
The interview data analysis strategy proceeds through analytic induction that begins with
a rough definition of a research question, proceeds to a hypothetical explanation of that
problem, and then continues on to the collection of data (Bryman 2008: 539). The Interview
content analysis is progressing through coding which according to Bibber et al. (2006)
proceeds through the identification of segments on the interview text and assignment of a
label or code.
6
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
The qualitative data after the initial preparation which, in this case is the creation of a
transcript out of the 44 minutes digitally recorded phone interview which took place in
22/4/2008 will be transferred word by word with minor reductions and the necessary
corrections and then organized on a table in order to be coded, meaning that assigning a code
will be the first step, followed by formation into concepts and finally categories.
Social sustainability is the integration of the social factor into the economical
development and planning process by taking into account the various social parameters and
mostly those that receive the most impact from development processes. The social impact of
development if neglected by the actors that are being involved in the development process,
results in a solipsistic approach from the actors part to the process that will be proven weak
to stand up to the social challenges that will arise sooner or later since development takes
place more or less inside our societies.
Environmental equilibrium may be described as the striving to recreate the resources that
human activity consumes at least on the equal rate of their consumption before their depletion
occurs in order to make the impact of our activity a reversible intervention.
7
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
1. Collectivism in relevance to our case is the mentality of the whole into which
development has to aim and this is achieved through propensities to the social and
environmental goals often neglecting economical needs. This philosophy is easily
realized through the initial steps towards development due to the simple and not so
competitive character of the field, and the need to join forces in order to initiate
development
2. Solipsism in this context is the tendency to develop by taking for granted the stability
of the physical environment and pursuing development in terms of mostly economic
and social prosperity, thus establishing the perception of the sole self. This is a
philosophy that often develops until consequences appear.
8
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
Realism
Environment Economy
Sustainability
Collectivism Solipsism
Society
According to Eurostat (2006a) there are specific indicator sets developed from
organizations already active on the process of establishing tourism sustainable development
indicators, among them the European Environment Agency (EEA) the Organization for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Tourism Organization
(WTO) as well as countries like Spain. Eurostat in cooperation with these organizations and
countries in order to cover the need for the creation of a core set of tourism sustainable
development indicators in an applicable way for European countries and to guide future
demands on specialized data in a greater regional and local level has proposed the DPSIR1
framework:
One tool to select relevant indicators to the core set is the integrated assessment
structure for analyses of data on human activities and the environment, the DPSIR
framework, advocated by the Environment Agency (based on the OECD Pressure
State Response (PSR) model). Using the DPSIR framework, principal interactions
between tourism and the environment can be identified e.g. different types of natural
1 DPSIR acronym stands for Driving forces, Pressure, State, Impact and Responses
9
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
Based on the DPSIR framework which is depicted on figure 2 Eurostat (2008a) produced
the core set of tourism sustainable development indicators. This is a set of 20 indicators that
measure aspects of the three major dimensions of tourism sustainable development namely
environmental, economical and social. A difficulty in the integration of the social dimension
on this framework is acknowledged by Eurostat with the suggestion of six more indicators
with social orientation that may be included in the future. The Core set of Sustainable
Development Indicators for Tourism is presented below:
Driving Forces
1. Number of beds in hotels and similar establishments
2. Number of trips by means of transport
3. Tourism-related employment (% of total employment)
4. Household consumption expenditure on tourism
5. Tourism share of GDP
10
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
Pressure
6. Number of tourist overnight stays in various types of accommodation
7. CO2-emissions from energy use in tourism facilities
8. Water use by tourists, per person and day in relation to use by residential population
9. Generation of municipal waste by tourists
10. Discharge of sewage water due to tourism
State
11. Areas used for specific leisure activities, e.g.: marinas, golf courses, ski areas etc., time
series
12. Areas covered by forest and other wooded land (%), time series
13. Protected land and water areas (% of land area in tourist regions), time series
Impact
14. Tourists exposed to noise in hotel and similar establishments
15. Bathing Water Quality, time series
Response
16. Sewage water treatment plants -volumes of water treated- time series
17. Percent of tourist business establishments participating in recognized environmental
schemes
18. Expenditure to maintain/restore cultural and historical heritage
19. Eco-labeled tourism facilities (as % of total)
20. Existence of land use or development planning processes, specifically referring to tourism
activities
Source: Eurostat 2006b: 4
11
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
However still, this core set of indicators according to Eurostat (2006a) is lacking towards
its social dimension and it could be enhanced with the following indicators in the future:
Crime rate during high season in relation to crime rate during off season.
Social Assistance Demand (see Calvia Local Agenda 21 indicators in Mr Anthony
Ellulls (Turkey) article Impact of tourism on the regions and the population; social,
economic and environmental indicators)
Frequency of water-borne diseases: number of visitors reporting water-borne illnesses
during their stay (WTO)
The residents health in the tourist regions
The share of poor people living in tourist regions
Accessibility for disabled people in tourist regions
Source of indicators: Eurostat 2006a
Eurostat (2006a: 10) explains that Data on sustainable tourism is seldom available for a
whole country and only a few countries and organizations have built up sustainable tourism
indicators and later on identifies existing indicator sets for sustainable tourism in Spain,
Austria, Germany, UK, OECD, IF SIP, EEA and WTO. However these data collections are
not available through the online databases of Eurostat and the national agencies of the
countries and organizations mentioned.
According to Eurostat (2008) The Council of the European Union adopted a Directive on
the collection of statistical information in the field of tourism (Council Directive 95/57/EC)
on November of 1995 that received amendments in 2004, 2006 requiring the national
governments of the EU Member States to provide a regular set of specific tourism statistics
which later are grouped under the available data collections for tourism statistics section of
the Eurostat portal which main categories are:
12
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
These are also the statistical data that Eurostat offers for the tourism activity in the
European Union. The most probable reason that the data required for the Core set of
Sustainable Development Indicators for Tourism are not available is due to the fact that most
countries provide the mandatory data required from the council directive on the field of
tourism from the European Union. Currently data available from most countries are of
economical orientation to statistical standards such as the tourism satellite account of WTO.
The four categories that Eurostat provides that also have an economical orientation with
only exception the category of employment that has both an economic and a social character.
According to Weaver & Lawton (2006) sustainable tourism indicators face the following
challenges:
The holistic nature of tourism development which is making it hard to distinguish
from civil activities.
The continuously evolving social and political conditions that might derail long term
schedules used by indicators.
Weakness to calculate small changes that gain magnitude through multiple chaotic
meta influences (butterfly effect).
Difficulties to define carrying capacity limits.
Incompatibility between the three dimensions of sustainability for certain cases.
According to PAP/RAC (2003) TCCA as a procedure until now has been applied mostly
to tourism destinations that due to high tourism demand (Majorca, Rhodes, Rimini, Elba,
Maltese Irelands) have developed a capacity to accept visitors that resulted to environmental
deterioration followed by reactive social propensities and negative economic impacts.
13
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
The awareness about sustainable development in the context of tourism goes even further
by the assessment of the actual capacity of a destination to accept tourists and draw
development patterns. Moreover Coccossis et al. (2002: 29) explains that:
Criticism about the idea to actually measure the carrying capacity of a destination by
providing a maximum number of visiting tourists by the argument that this is a fragile
hypothesis on a dynamic process that is evolving continuously can be avoided if it is made
clear that TCCA should be a guiding tool for implementing the strategy of sustainable
tourism development only, while the quantifications should be made whenever possible
(Trumbic 2005: 4). Coccossis et al. (2002: xii) makes clear that:
Overall measuring Tourism Carrying Capacity does not have to lead to a single
number (threshold), like the number of visitors. Even when this is achieved, this limit
does not necessarily obey to objectively, unchangeable, everlasting criteria. An upper
and a lower limit of TCC can be of more use than a fixed value. TCC assessment
should provide not only the maximum but also the minimum level of development,
which is the lowest level necessary for sustaining local communities.
14
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
Trumbic (2005) when he refers to a workable definition of the TCCA cites that:
The World Tourism Organization (WTO) was the first to propose a workable
definition of TCCA, which has been adopted by many, including the Priority Actions
Programme (PAP/RAC) of UNEP/MAP. It states that TCCA is "...the maximum
number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing
destruction of the physical, economic and socio-cultural environment and an
unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors' satisfaction"
The definition from the WTO explicitly refers to the upper limitation and implicitly to the
lower limit by implying to the economic viability of the destination and draws upon the three
dimensions of sustainability (Social, Environmental, Economical) that shape the practice of
TCC.
DESCRIPTIVE PART: describes the state of the destination in the context of tourism mostly
in terms of social, economical and environmental dimensions with an emphasis on the
identifications of:
a) Constraining factors that cannot be easily manipulated trough management and
planning e.g. land use, drinking water scarcity
b) Bottlenecks, referring to limitations that can be manipulated through management
such as density of tourists in space and time.
c) Impacts on the destination caused by tourism deployment that later on will
determine the type of carrying capacity e.g. Social, environmental, economical.
EVALUATIVE PART: evaluates the appropriate management approach for the destination
by taking into account the impact tolerance from the deployment of tourism. The tourism
development policy has to be established at this level in order to proceed to the TCC
assessment. At this point it is vital the identification of
a) Goals and objectives for the tourism deployment e.g. type of tourism and provided
services
15
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
A set of Indicators is being established in order to guide the TCC implementation and
adaptation when necessary to the evolving circumstances. Coccossis and Mexa (2004)
present three main categories of TCCA possible indicators (Physical ecological, Socio-
cultural, Political economic) presented in table 1 below that can be used for TCC assessment
16
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
17
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
According to MIO- ECSDE (2008) The Coastal Area Management Programme (CAMP)
approach, on the concept of Carrying Capacity Assessment which completed in 1993 used a
number of factors among them:
Tourist density
50 guests per 1 ha in high-category hotels and similar establishments,
90 guests per 1 ha in medium-category hotels and similar establishments
The scenarios and final results of the CAMP TCCA for the Central-Eastern Zone of the
island of Rhodes are summarized in table 2
Table 2 A framework of tourism development on the overall carrying capacity of the Central-
Eastern Zone of the island of Rhodes (according to CAMP 1996)
CONSTRAINTS 1992 2000 2010
Population 20000 25000 33400
Local labor 6800 9200 11700
Migrant labor (i) Unavailable 1300 500
Migrant labor (ii) Unavailable 3300 6300
SCENARIO I 1992 2000 2010
Number of beds 13500 21000 25000
18
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
According to PAP/RAC (2003) The CCA was presented to the decision-makers in two
alternative scenarios, with a then, present estimation of 1992, an intermediate estimation for
2000 and a target year of 2010:
According to PAP/RAC (2003) from 1993 until 2003 all available information show that
the TCCA was not implemented in the area and on the contrary the area was subjected to a
cement onslaught.
In order to research how influences towards sustainable tourism development are initiated
a research based on an in-depth interview with someone who has significant experience on
the matter can be very valuable. Bo Immersen is a project coordinator in visit Nordjylland
organization with educational background as service economist that participated in a project
that aimed on creating and implementing a model for sustainable development in tourism
enterprises. That project was implemented in mid and northern Jutland of Denmark and it
was based on influence towards small and medium companies to integrate economical,
social and environmental issues in tourism planning (Kernel 2004)
19
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
INTERVIEW ANALYSIS
Q# = Question number
BI = Bo Immersen Code Concept Category
PS= Panagiotis Spanoudakis
20
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
BI: Yes
21
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
22
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
23
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
24
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
25
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
maybe? meetings
26
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
27
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
28
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
29
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
in numbers?
Importance
Q22: Do you thing that there is something
important about this process that I forgot of social
to ask you?
influence
BI: Hmm I dont think so.
Maybe But I dont really know
what you need this for
30
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
CONCLUSIONS
The research indicates that influence diffusion towards sustainable forms of development
is much more effective when there are not so many bureaucratic difficulties and
technicalities.
The amount of the required investments is relatively quantified on a level that could be
commonly regarded as a small investment and the time span of the investment is relatively
low-termed. These factors of course depend on the majority of the companies that most
influence plans focus on which is small and medium, since bigger companies often have
31
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
relevant capabilities integrated within them and depend on their internal structures. This is
maybe why SMEs show more interest in relevant initiations, leading to the conclusion that
SMEs are very important for the development of plans based on influence.
The difficulties that SMEs however have, to evaluate the efficiency of their potential
investments and their internal processes play an important role on their decisions both
regarding the size of the possible investments and time span.
The needs for turning into more sustainable forms of development is not easily realized
and the research indicates that there are no consequences experienced yet, from possible
environmental impacts that could initiate a considerable response capable of influencing
development patterns and that very few companies placed their environmental sensitivities
before economical and social considerations.. An important factor that makes companies
from the tourism sector to consider environmental certifications and eco labels is the prospect
of receiving more guests.
The role of innovation in a process that strives to create influences towards sustainable
forms of development seems to have strong roots on mental perceptions about being part of
something new and attractive. That very new and attractive state can also be scary for
employees that fear the change that innovation implies, employees must participate in the
change process in a holistic manner with the top management in order to ensure a transition
without turbulences and relieve the top management of the company from carrying the
weight alone.
32
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
An effective way to get the employees onboard is to keep them well informed when
involved in order feel more secure about their role and accept the change. Moreover change
processes can be much more easily realized when employees understand that there are
consequences if the company doesnt change and become more sustainable, and this is one
more point that rising social awareness by time, can contribute.
Ultimately it would be better if a company realize that switching to more sustainable
patterns of development doesnt have to do so much about changing, meaning that maybe it is
necessary to change and maybe it is not necessary to change something that works anyway,
but mostly that this is a necessary adaptation.
Change =) Adaptation
Collaboration between companies plays a vital role to process towards adaptation to more
sustainable patterns of development since the sharing or problems and resources is being
realized making the process a collective journey.
Meetings between the process leader and the companies are more productive when the
companies are grouped and the procedure doesnt have to be face to face since this kind of
collective motivation creates synergies considering that companies share the same goal and
even motivate each other: If he did it I must do it as well! Moreover it is important that the
leader companies show enthusiasm about the initiation.
The research showed that companies that participated tried to get associate companies
onboard also, revealing that a good start may ignite further than expected. Networks between
the companies contribute to the collaboration advancements and especially between SMEs
that need them most. The initiator has to be trusted as a competent leader and relationships
that build on trust tend to be welcomed.
All types of knowledge are going to be needed to the companies that participate in such
processes from simple know how to scientific knowledge and even knowledge from relatively
external sources. The more that it is possible to be provided by the process initiator the better.
Seasonality didnt seem to be in the way, when companies were asked to make
investments and companies appear to perceive seasonality as a constant, and this is
33
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
interesting since according to statistical data from the national statistic agency of Denmark,
depicted in figure 3 below (Detailed table in Annex 1) there is a high rate of seasonality in the
region of Nord Jylland. However a possible result of high seasonality is unemployment that
may even lead to relocation.
AWARENESS
The presence of sustainable tourism development indicators (STDI) and tourism carrying
capacity (TCCA) didnt seem to appear on a destination level (Region Nordjylland) beyond
the use of eco labels and an internal questionnaire about corporate environmental
management that Visit Nordjylland had prepared. The introduction of indicators could
enhance the awareness about the development of the destination both at SDTI and ideally as
TCCA. TCCA however tends to appear in tourism destinations that experience excessive
demand and develop beyond their carrying capacity. Such an example is the case of Rhodes
Ireland TCCA which was completed in 1993 and even 10 years after was not implemented
due to excessive demand that was not left unsatisfied.
34
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
can be addressed also as a business opportunity when customers swift their preferences to
more eco-friendly products and services.
35
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
The idea of saving money through the limitation of electricity, water etc consumption
simply by utilizing more efficient environmental management is welcomed also by
stakeholders. The idea of investing just for the sake of the environment even though that it
may be addressed to people with the heart on the right place cannot stand on its own but it
can be an important contribution. Initially most of the influential capacity seems to be found
on economical incentives, then to social considerations and at last to environmental
awareness as depicted below.
Injecting money into a system to make it more sustainable however doesnt seems to be
the way that systems are meant to be, developed at all. Systems develop their own balances
through their evolution and drastic interventions should be the last resort.
The interview with the project coordinator of Visit Nordjylland revealed that an empirical
measurement in 2001 which pointed out that 5% of those asked would prefer an eco labeled
hotel over another hotel, was a strong asset that prove to be very useful in convincing
companies to adopt to more sustainable development patterns.
This is actually how the cycle works without external money injections. Social awareness
changes consumer behavior and impacts directly to a companys economical prosperity
which will eventually realize that it has to adopt to more sustainable development patterns.
Concluding, cultivation of social awareness and empirical research to the consumers
preferences can result in a very valuable asset with great potential to enhance the natural flow
of influences on the system and help it adapt faster to the challenges of the future.
36
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bryman, A. (2008) Social Research Methods, 3rd ed., New York: Oxford University Press.
Coccossis, H., A. Mexa and A. Collovini (2002) Defining, Measuring And Evaluating
Carrying Capacity In European Tourism Destinations, University Of The Aegean:
Department Of Environmental Studies.
Coccossis, H., A. Mexa, (2004) The Challenge of Tourism Carrying Capacity Assessment,
United Kingdom: Ashgate Publications limited.
European Communities (2006) Sustainable Tourism as a Factor of Cohesion among
European Regions, Luxemburg: Office for official publications of the European
communities.
Eurostat (2006a) Methodological Work on Measuring the Sustainable Development of
Tourism part1, Luxemburg: Office for official publications of the European
communities.
Eurostat (2006b) Methodological Work on Measuring the Sustainable Development of
Tourism part 2, Luxemburg: Office for official publications of the European
communities.
Eurostat (2007) EU remains a major player in international travel in 2005, European
Commission.
Eurostat (2008) Online content available at: <http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?
_pageid=2953,66450428,2953_66450738&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL>
[Accessed 30 April 2008].
Hall, M., (2000) Tourism Planning Policies, Processes and Relationships, Pearson Education
Limited.
IPCC, (2007) Summary for Policymakers, In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science
Basis, Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt,
M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.), UK, USA: Cambridge University Press,
Kernel, P., (2004) Creating and implementing a model for sustainable development in
tourism enterprises, Journal of Cleaner Production.
MIO-ECSDE (2008) Online Content available at < http://www.mio-
ecsde.org/old/Publications/Other/Sudecir/5_Sudecir.htm> [Accessed: 5-May-2008]
PAP/RAC (2003) Guide to Good Practice in Tourism Carrying Capacity Assessment,
Priority Actions Programme: Regional activity Centre, Split.
Statistics Denmark (2008) [Online database] Available from:
<http://www.statbank.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1024> [Accessed 19 April 2008].
37
Sustainable Tourism Development Awareness and Initiation
ANNEX 1
Overnight stays for all types of accommodation in region Nordjylland by period and time
from 2004 to 2008 Source: Statistics Denmark 2008
Notes: Holiday houses not geographical distributed before 2007 and not monthly distributed
before 2004. Youth Hostels first included in 1998
38