le, enter on the left with cruising pressure altitude and move horizontally to t

he
selected power setting curve. Move vertically downwards to read off the range in
Nautical
Air Miles.
You will note that on each power setting curve that TAS is quoted for Pressure A
ltitudes
4000 ft, 8000 ft and 12 000 ft. You may have to interpolate between these altitu
des to extract
an accurate TAS to use in the conversion of NAM to NGM.
Note. Range is affected by wind, therefore you will have to convert the NAM extr
acted from the
graph into NGM, using the formula discussed in Chapter 3.
4
55
Single-engine Piston Aeroplane (SEP) 4
Single-engine Piston Aeroplane (SEP)
Range Examples
4. Refer to CAP 697 Figure 2.4 Extract Range (NAM)
Given: Full Throttle @ 2500 rpm FL100
Given: Full Throttle @ 2100 rpm FL100
Given: Full Throttle @ 2300 rpm FL70
5. Given:
Full Throttle @ 2500 rpm FL80
30 kt tailwind component
What is the ground range?
Answers to Range Examples
4. Refer to CAP 697 Figure 2.4 Extract Range (NAM)
Given: Full Throttle @ 2500 rpm FL100 839
Given: Full Throttle @ 2100 rpm FL100 904
Given: Full Throttle @ 2300 rpm FL70 832
5. Given:
Full Throttle @ 2500 rpm FL80
30 kt tailwind component
What is the ground range ?
799 NAM from graph, also extract a TAS of 169 kt from the graph
TAS
GS
NAM
NGM
169
199
799
= = x x = 941 NGM
4 Single-engine Piston Aeroplane (SEP)
56
4 Single-engine Piston Aeroplane (SEP)
Endurance
The table gives endurance (how long the aircraft can remain airborne; not necess
arily the time
to achieve the maximum range). Use in a similar manner to Figure 2.4.
As this endurance includes a 45 minute reserve the endurance you extract is call
ed a safe
endurance.
Note. Endurance is NOT affected by wind.
Endurance Example
5. Refer to CAP 697 Figure 2.5 Extract Endurance
Given: FT @ 2500 rpm FL100
Given: FT @ 2100 rpm FL100
Given: FT or 23 @ 2300 rpm FL70
Answer to Endurance Example
5. Refer to CAP 697 Figure 2.5 Extract Endurance
Given: FT @ 2500 rpm FL100 5.1 hrs 5 hrs 6 min
Given: FT @ 2100 rpm FL100 6.35 hrs 6 hrs 21 min
Given: FT or 23 @ 2300 rpm FL70 5.2 hrs 5 hrs 12 min
4
57
Questions 4
Questions
SEP Exercise 1
Airfield A Data Elevation MSL Aircraft plans to cruise to D at 23 2300 rpm power
Temp +20C Using SEP Fig 2.1 and Fig 2.2 complete the fuel log
Departure Mass 3400 lb Calculate the Trip Fuel, Time En route and ETA at D
Aircraft takes off from A at 10:00
and climbs from A to FL80 (temperature at TOC is 0C)
Wind Light & Variable
FROM TO FL
ISA
DEV
W/V TAS NGM TK HDG GS TIME
FUEL
FLOW
FUEL
REQD
ETA
A TOC L & V
100
120
TOC B 80 +5C 230/30 120
B C 100 0 270/40 150 160
C D 60 -10C 200/20 80 130
TOTALS
4 Questions
58
4 Questions
Questions
1. Refer to CAP 697 SEP1, fig 2.1
Given: Aerodrome elevation 2500 ft,
OAT +10C
Initial weight 3500 lb
Climb to FL140 OAT -5C
What is the climb time, fuel, NAM?
a. 22 min 6.5 g 46 NAM
b. 24 min 7.5 g 50 NAM
c. 2 min 1.0 g 4 NAM
d. 26 min 8.5 g 54 NAM
2. Refer to CAP 697 SEP1, fig 2.2.3
Given FL75
OAT +10C
Lean mixture
2300 rpm
Find fuel flow (GPH) gallons per hour and TAS.
a. 68.5 GPH 160 kt
b. 11.6 GPH 160 kt
c. 71.1 GPH 143 kt
d. 11.6 GPH 143 kt
3. Refer to CAP 697 SEP1 fig 2.4
Given: Aeroplane mass at start up 3663 lb
Fuel load (density 6 lb/gal) 74 gal
Take-off altitude sea level
Headwind 40 kt
Cruise altitude 8000 ft
Power settings full throttle
2300 rpm
20C lean of peak
Calculate the range
a. 548 NM
b. 844 NM
c. 730 NM
d. 633 NM
4. Refer to CAP 697, SEP1, fig 2.5
Given FL75
Lean mixture
Full throttle / 2300 rpm
Take-off fuel 444 lb
Take-off from MSL
Find endurance in hours
a. 5 h 20 min
b. 4 h 42 min
c. 5 h 12 min
d. 5 h 23 min
4
59
Answers
Answers 4
SEP Exercise 1 -Answers
Airfield A Data Elevation MSL Aircraft plans to cruise to D at 23 2300 rpm power
Temp +20C Using SEP Fig 2.1 and Fig 2.2 complete the fuel log
Departure Mass 3400 lb Calculate the Trip Fuel, Time En route and ETA at D
Aircraft takes off from A at 10:00
and climbs from A to FL80 (temperature at TOC is 0C)
Wind Light & Variable
FROM TO FL
ISA
DEV
W/V TAS NGM TK HDG GS TIME
FUEL
FLOW
FUEL
REQD
ETA
A TOC L & V 18 120 8 3.4 10:08
TOC B 80 +5C 230/30 160 82 120 130 168 29 11.8 5.8 10:37
B C 100 0 270/40 157 150 160 174 166 54 11 9.9 11:31
C D 60 -10C 200/20 158 80 130 137 150 32 12.2 6.5 12:03
TOTALS 330 123 25.6
Worked Answers
Climb from A to FL80 Cruise TAS FF (Table 2.2.3)
(Fig 2.1) TOC to
B 160 11.8 Using the Standard Day Block
Time = 8 min B to C 157 11 Using the Standard Day Block
Fuel = 3.4 USG C to D 158 12.2 Interpolating between Standard Day and ISA -20C
Distance = 18 NAM & NGM as no wind
Therefore TOC to B is 100 - 18 = 82 NM
4 Answers
60
4 Answers
Answers
1 2 3 4
a b d c
61
5
Chapter
Multi-engine Piston Aeroplane (MEP)
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 63
MEP 1-Fuel, Time and Distance to Climb Data . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
MEP 1-Range at Standard Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
MEP 1-Cruise Power Setting and Fuel Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
MEP 1-True Airspeed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
MEP 1-Endurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
MEP 1- Descent Fuel, Time and Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
MEP Exercise 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
MEP Exercise 1 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 70
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5 Multi-engine Piston Aeroplane (MEP)
62
5 Multi-engine Piston Aeroplane (MEP)
5
63