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Proofs
3.1. Introduction.
3.1.1. Assumptions.
Example:
WUCT121 Logic 85
Assumptions are often thought to be the given
information or information we know that can be used in
our proof. As in the example above, when you are proving
statements of the form P Q , then the assumption is the
statement P.
Exercise:
3.1.2. Axioms.
Examples:
x=x
x+0 = x
x, y , z ,[ ( x = y ) ( y = z )] ( x = z )
WUCT121 Logic 86
3.1.3. Mathematical Rules.
x, y , z , ( x = y ) ( x + z = y + z )
Exercise:
WUCT121 Logic 87
Show, using the quick method that the Law of
Syllogism is a tautology.
((P Q) (Q R)) (P R)
Step: 1 3 2 5* 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
WUCT121 Logic 88
Examples:
s is a square s is a rectangle
s is a rectangle s is a parallelogram
s is a parallelogram s is a quadrilateral
s is a square s is a quadrilateral.
x 2 0 ( x 3) 2 0
( x 3) 2 0 ( x 2 6 x + 9) 0
( x 2 6 x + 9) 0 x 2 6 x 9
x 2 0 x 2 6 x 9
Exercise:
x
x x
x
WUCT121 Logic 89
Most results in Mathematics that require proofs are of the
form P Q . The Law of Syllogism provides the most
common method of performing proofs of such statements.
The Law of Syllogism is a kind of transitivity that can
apply to .
Example.
WUCT121 Logic 90
Proof:
n is even p , n = 2 p K( P P1 )
p , n = 2 p n 2 = 4 p 2 K( P1 P2 )
n 2 = 4 p 2 n 2 = 2( 2 p 2 ) K( P2 P3 )
n 2 = 2( 2 p 2 ) n 2 is even K( P3 Q )
WUCT121 Logic 91
3.3. Modus Ponens
Exercise:
WUCT121 Logic 92
Show, using the quick method that the rule of Modus
Ponens is a tautology.
(P (P Q)) Q
Step 2 1 3*
1.
2.
3.
WUCT121 Logic 93
Examples:
Exercise:
WUCT121 Logic 94
3.3.2. Universal Rule of Modus Ponens:
Examples:
WUCT121 Logic 95
Exercise:
n
Claim(n): 4 1 is a multiple of 3.
WUCT121 Logic 96
3.4. Modus Tollens
Exercise:
WUCT121 Logic 97
Show, using the quick method that the rule of Modus
Tollens is a tautology.
((P Q) ~Q ~P
Step: 2 3 1 4* 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
WUCT121 Logic 98
Examples:
Exercise:
WUCT121 Logic 99
3.4.2. Universal Rule of Modus Tollens:
Example:
a
If x , then a , b , b 0, x =
b
x= 2
Therefore 2 .
Exercise:
If x , then x 1
Therefore 1 .
Examples:
Exercises:
Prove x , x + 5 = 0 .
1 n 10 , n 2 n + 11 is prime.
Step Result
Pick a number x
Add 3 x+3
Multiply by 4 ( x + 3) 4 = 4 x + 12
Subtract 6 4 x + 12 6 = 4 x + 6
Divide by 2 ( 4 x + 6) 2 = 2 x + 3