Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396

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Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s e v i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / j v o l g e o r e s

Petrological inferences on the evolution of magmas erupted in the Andagua Valley,

Peru (Central Volcanic Zone)
E.V. Srensen , P.M. Holm
Department of Geography and Geology, Geocenter Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, ster Voldgade 10, Dk-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Article history: Major and trace element and Sr and Nd isotope data is presented from the Andagua valley scoria cone and
Received 30 March 2007 lava eld (1532 S 7219 W), Southern Peru in the northernmost part of the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ).
Accepted 30 May 2008 The rocks are all quite evolved in composition (SiO2 = 5564 wt.%) and classify as benmoreites, latites and few
Available online 9 June 2008
mugearites and trachytes. Samples are characterized by high Na2O (4.25.2 wt.%), Sr (6001300 ppm), Ba
(8001600 ppm). The main difference between the benmoreites and latites is in the Na2O content that reach
Keywords:
Andes
the highest so far reported from CVZ for these SiO2 concentrations. The rocks are generally nearly aphyric but
Andagua latites and trachytes are more porphyritic. Amphibole microphenocrysts generally are only present in latites
geochemistry and trachytes. The difference between benmoreite and latite samples is reected in lower P2O5 and Zr
fractional crystallization content of the latite samples documenting the existence of two compositional different parental magma
mixing types. The investigated volcanic activity spans the Pleistocene to Recent with the historic activity
concentrated in the area just south of Andagua. Combined relative stratigraphy, petrography and
geochemistry dene volcanic units and demonstrate that rocks from Chilcayoc Grande, Chilcayoc Chico 2,
Jenchana, Sucna 1 and Chilcayoc Chico 1 represent the most recent volcanic activity. The main trend samples,
each form a co-magmatic group resulting in sub-parallel trends in many variations diagrams. It is
furthermore shown that these trends point towards calculated mixing lines relating the individual units
through a binary mixing process, thus indicating a two stage evolution. In the case of Jenchana, Sucna 1 and
Chilcayoc Chico 1, the samples dene positive correlation trends in the Sr vs. Rb diagram that can be
extrapolated back towards origo indicating nearly perfect incompatibility of Sr and Rb. This together with
generally high Sr/Y (50105) and low Y content (b 16 ppm) suggest lack of plagioclase fractionation and
residual garnet in the source and is taken as evidence for relatively high pressure (lower crustal) origin of the
mixing event. The amphibole bearing samples form individual co-magmatic groups that cannot be related to
each other. This means that the amphibole bearing samples originates from different magmas. The lavas of
the Ninamama group are comparable in age to the main trend samples but different in petrography and
composition, why the two compositional different magmas must have existed within a small conned area
within a limited time span.
2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction for around a 300400 km horizontal distance before it changes again

The volcanic activity in the Andean Cordillera related to the
subduction of the Nazca Plate is in general divided into 3 zones the
Northern (NVZ), Central (CVZ), Southern (SVZ) volcanic zones (Fig. 1a).
They are characterized by a relative steep (2530) subduction angle
(Barazangi and Isacks, 1976) separated by volcanic inactive segments
(Fig. 1a), the Peruvian Flat-slab (PFS) and southern Pampean Flat-slab
(PFS) where shallow subduction is relatively steep (2530) until
depths of around 100 km where the subduction becomes relatively at
Corresponding author. Present address: Geological Survey of Denmark and
Greenland, ster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Kbenhavn K, Denmark. Tel.: +45 38142265;
fax: +45 38142050.
E-mail address: evs@geus.dk (E.V. Srensen).
to a steeper subduction angle (Hasegawa and Sacks, 1981).
Generally primary arc magma production is believed to be initiated
in the metasomatised asthenopheric mantle wedge over the sub-
ducted plate and subsequently evolved through a range of possible
processes like MASH, fractional crystallization, AFC and magma
mixing at different levels in the mantle and crust. The Central
Volcanic Zone is underlain by an old and exceptionally thick
continental crust of ~ 70 km (James, 1971). The erupted products are
mainly andesites, dacites and rhyolites and to a lesser extend basaltic
andesites all are highly enriched in incompatible elements and have
elevated 87Sr/86Sr, 18O/16O and low 143Nd/144Nd isotopic ratios,
characteristics usually accredited to crustal contamination.
Davidson and Silva (1992) have shown that study of minor centers
with mac rocks might reveal more information on origin of magmas
than the plagioclase and amphibole porphyritic rocks typical of the

0377-0273/$ see front matter 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.05.021
 E.V. Srensen, P.M. Holm / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396
Fig. 1. (a) Location map of the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ) in the western South America (modied after Ort et al., 1996). NVZ, SVZ and AVZ are the Northern, Southern and Austral
Volcanic Zones of the Andes. CVZ is separated from the NVZ and SVZ by the volcanic inactive Peruvian at-slab and Pampean at-slab segments. (b) Map showing the Northern most
part of CVZ in southern Peru (modied after Thouret et al., 2005). The Andagua valley is located immediately behind the volcanic front close to the large Sabancaya and Coropuna
volcanic complexes in the northernmost part of CVZ.
large stratovolcanoes that make up the bulk of the CVZ volcanic front,
since any geochemical trend in the latter is likely to reect fairly mainly
shallow level differentiation. Many of these minor centers are
distributed along structural lineaments within the crust and may
therefore represent tapping from lower level magma chambers
(Davidson and Silva, 1992; Mattioli et al., 2006). The Andagua valley
lava eld (1532 S 7219 W) in the northernmost part of CVZ close to
the transition to the Peruvian at slab region is an example of such, and
therefore potentially hold important information to be extracted about
processes occurring at deeper crustal levels. In this study, eld
characteristics, major and trace element data together with Sr and Nd
isotope data are presented documenting the volcanic history from
Pleistocene to recent. Main emphasis is put on explaining observed
compositional variation though possible magmatic processes. By
focusing on the youngest activity it is shown that a suite of nearly
aphyric samples form individual co-magmatic groups that can be related
to a common source through binary mixing at lower crustal depths.
2. Geological setting
The Andagua valley (1532 S 7219 W) is located 300 km NW of
Arequipa in southern Peru (Fig. 1b) immediately behind the volcanic
front in the northernmost part of the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ)
approximately 230 km from the PeruChile Trench and about 125 km
above the subducting Nazca-plate. The Nazca Plate is 44 Ma old
(anomaly 20 after Herron, 1972) around the southern cost of Peru and
is subducted in a N80 direction at an average rate of 46 mm/yr
(Sbrier and Soler, 1991). The Andagua valley is around 60 km long
from Orcopampa 3800 m a.s.l. to the intersection with the Colca valley
south of Ayo 1600 m a.s.l. and is a rift structure limited by N 150160
faults oriented oblique to the western cordilleras (Venturelli et al.,
1978; Delacour et al., 2002). The regional geology is described by
Caldas (1993). The valley is characterized by young volcanic rocks
mainly lava ows and cinder cones that form an extensive lava eld,
referred to as the Andagua Group by Caldas (1993). The Andagua
volcanics rest upon older Pleistocene alluvial deposits and sandstones
from the Yura Group of Jurassic age. The Yura Group sandstones are
exposed in the valleys sides in the southern part of the valley, while
379
volcanic rocks of Cenozoic (Barroso Group) and Miocene (Orocpampa
formation) age are exposed in the valley sides in the northern part.
Cabrera and Thouret (2000) has subsequently divided the Andagua
group into 4 subgroups (Andagua 14) based on morphology of cinder
cones, where Andagua 1 are the oldest and thought to be of
Pleistocene to early Holocene age, Andagua 2 is estimated to be of
middle Holocene age while Andagua 3 is from the younger Holocene
and Andagua 4 represents the historic activity.
3. Sample collection
The investigated area was divided into 3 geographical areas being
northern Andagua, central Andagua, and southern Andagua as shown on
Fig. 2. The samples were mainly collected from lava ows and cinder
cones and are subsequently divided into volcanic units, such that each
volcanic unit represents a separate eruptive phase that can be
distinguished in the eld. An overview of petrography, area coverage
and eld characteristics of the sampled volcanic units are given in Tables
1 and 2, with the main characteristics briey summarized below.
3.1. Northern Andagua
The volcanic units from Northern Andagua were further subdivided
into Northern Andagua N, Northern Andagua S and Puca Mauras based on
geographical occurrence (Fig. 2) and estimated relative age of the different
volcanic structures. The volcanic units sampled from Northern Andagua N
are summarized in Table 1. They are all cinder cones with related lava
ows located north of Puca Mauras. No further distinguishing was made
between the volcanic units. The cinder cones are generally more gently
sloping and vegetated as are their lavas compared to Northern Andagua S
and Puca Mauras volcanic units and are therefore thought to represent the
oldest volcanic activity. Cabrera and Thouret (2000) mentioned the
Mauras N cone as an example of the oldest Andagua 1 group activity and
the volcanic units from Northern Andagua N will therefore be considered
belonging to this group although no direct dating have been done.
The samples from Northern Andagua S were collected from the
Tisco, Yanamauras and Yanamauras S all cinder cones with no clear
lava ows related to them. The 3 cones are closely spaced in an
380 E.V. Srensen, P.M. Holm / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396

Fig. 2. Simplied geological map of the area around the Andagua valley (modied after Caldas, 1993). Young volcanics are grouped as the Andagua Group. The geographical extent of
the Andagua Valley is marked by the extent of the Andagua group from around Orcopampa in the north (stippled) towards the intersection with the Colca River near Ayo. The studied
area has subsequently been divided into Northern Andagua, Central Andagua and Southern Andagua geographical areas. The volcanic structures in the northern part are older and
more degraded compared to the volcanic structures of the central area that represent the youngest activity. No eruptive centers have been identied in southern Andagua.

approximately linear fashion south of Puca Mauras and are thought to
be older than Puca Mauras cone based on vegetation and slope angle.
Cabrera and Thouret (2000) has reported a 14C age of 4050 50 years
for the Cerro Tisco ash from the Andagua 2 group. The 3 sampled
volcanic units will be considered belonging to this group.
The samples from Puca Mauras of middle Holocene age (Cabrera and
Thouret, 2000) were collected from lavas associated with the Puca
Mauras cinder cone the largest volcanic complex in the eld area. The
Puca Mauras lavas covers and area of approximately 50 km2 and are partly
covered by volcanic ash on the southern side. The sampling however
shows that the geochemical composition of the eruptive products are
quite diverse and a further division into 4 units (Puca Mauras 14), that
can be related to geographical distribution, can be made, being ash
samples from the southern ank, the southernmost lavas, near crater
samples and samples from the northernmost lavas respectively. It is
therefore not certain if all 4 units are of middle Holocene age.
3.2. Central Andagua
The central area around Andagua can be characterized as a vast lava
and cinder cone eld from which 17 volcanic units that covers an area of
around 38 km2 (Fig. 2) have been extensively sampled. Most of the
volcanic structures are cinder cones with associated lavas, but some pure
effusive units (Ninamama and Sucna 1) and dome like structures (Cerro
Accopampa) occur as well. The Ninamama unit includes two separate
lava ows that subsequently are grouped together because of similar
geochemistry and petrography. Through eld work and interpretation of
aerial photographs a relative stratigraphy was partly establish and
summarized in Table 2. The youngest units seem to be Ninamama,
Chilcayoc Chico 1 and Sucna 1. Cabrera and Thouret (2000) gives a 14C
age of 370 50 BP for the Chilcayoc Chico 1 cone giving the youngest
volcanic activity a historic age. The oldest volcanic units seem to be
Jatun, Uchuy, Soporo and Antaymarca all located in the NV part of central
Andagua at or close to the valley side. These have subsequently been
grouped together as Older Central Andagua and are characterized by
having a different trace element composition compared to the youngest
samples from central Andagua. It is not clear if the Older Central
Andagua samples should be grouped as Andagua 2 or 3 in the
terminology of Cabrera and Thouret (2000).
3.3. Southern Andagua
The southern part of the Andagua valley covers the area from around
the Sucna village to the Colca River. The area is characterized by
Table 1
Table 1 overview of petrographic characteristics, areal coverage and eld characteristics of the volcanic units from the northern and southern area and the subarea with the older central Andagua units. Each geographic area is divided into
Schematic
Schematic
geographicoverview
subunits of petrographic
that volcanic units areal coverage and eld characteristics of the volcanic units from the northern and southern area and the subarea with the older central Andagua units. Each geographic area is divided into
contain thecharacteristics,
geographic subunits that contain the volcanic units

E.V. Srensen, P.M. Holm / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396
381
382 E.V. Srensen, P.M. Holm / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396
narrowing of the valley to around 1.52 km combined with a large change
in topography. The change in topography has resulted in some long thin
lava ows. These lavas was originally divided into four units (Sucna 2, Pre
Sucna, Ayo and Colca lava) which could be distinguish in the eld and on
aerial photographs. Of these 4 units only Sucna 2 could be traced to an
eruptive center immediately east of the Sucna eruptive center and no
eruptive center was found south of Sucna. The lavas from southern
Andagua cover an area of approximately 23 km2 and are subsequently
considered as one group, although this might be a simplication.
4. Petrography
The Andagua lavas are generally nearly aphyric with a trachytic
texture with 02% microphenocrysts of mainly an- to subhedral clino-
pyroxene and an- to euhedral plagioclase in a glassy matrix with some
cryptocrystalline material, plagioclase microlites and 12% oxides.
Olivine occurs in a few samples as sub- to euhedral microphenocrysts
with variable amount of iddingsite in cracks, and as skeletal hopper type
(Donaldson, 1976) microphenocrysts (Fig. 3). Amphibole is present in
some samples as sub to euhedral microphenocrysts and phenocrysts
(Fig. 3). The amphiboles are generally partly to completely replaced by
opaque material (oxides see Fig. 3). Orthopyroxene is rare and have only
been found in two of the older samples (#121-006 and #121-133).
The samples can be divided into two petrographic groups based on
the presence of amphibole of which the amphibole bearing samples
generally are more porphyritic. A short summary of samples contain-
ing amphibole, which is petrographically identied to be oxyhorn-
blende, is included in Tables 1 and 2. Samples containing amphibole
from Northern Andagua geographical area are restricted to the Puca
Mauras volcanic center and are only found in the near crater samples
and from the northern Puca Mauras lavas. Samples containing
amphibole from Central Andagua geographical area are restricted to
Uchuy volcano unit from Older central Andagua, Ninacaca, Jechapita,
Ninamama and from one sample from Sucna 1 while samples from the
southern Andagua geographical area all but one (Colca lava) have
amphibole either as a phenocryst or as reaction products after
amphibole. The plagioclase phenocrysts from the amphibole bearing
samples from Central and Southern Andagua generally have more
euhedral shapes than the amphibole baring samples from Northern
Andagua which show more rounded feldspars with sieve texture
(Fig. 3). There is no unambiguous correlation between the occurrence
of amphibole and rock type although most amphibole bearing
samples classies as latites and trachytes.
Xenoliths are present in some samples and are generally of two
types. The rst type has a rather sharp contact with the host and
consists of equigranular quartz grains, and resembles quartzite from
the Yura Group that makes up the sub-volcanic basement. This type of
xenolith is mainly found in the Ninamama lavas where it reaches sizes
of up to 10 cm. These xenoliths have probably been incorporated at a
late stage during magma ascent and the geochemical interaction
between xenocryst and melt is thought to have been minimal. Quartz
also occurs as xenocrysts as larger grains with a corona of pyroxene
(Fig. 3) and therefore represents a different xenocryst where time
allowed quartz to react with the melt.
5. Analytical methods
Major element composition were determined at the Geological Survey
of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) by XRF on fused glass discs using a
Phillips PW1606 instrument except for Na2O (atomic absorption spectro-
metry) and FeO (potentiometric titration) for 38 selected samples. Details
of the analytical procedure are given in Kystol and Larsen (1999). Trace
element compositions were measured on 150 samples by XRF at the
Geological Institute, University of Copenhagen on pressed powder pellets
using a Phillips PW 1400 instrument. Major element composition of
samples is used to establish the mass-absorption coefcient used in the
calculation of trace elements concentrations. In samples where major
element compositions have not been determined by XRF on fused glass
discs a different method was used in establishing the trace element
composition. By measuring all 150 samples for major elements by XRF on
pressed powder pellets and comparing the counting rate to the major
element composition of the 38 samples as given by analysis on fused glass
discs a linear relation can be established relating counting rate with major
element composition. This relation is subsequently used to establish the
major element composition to be used in the calculation of trace element
composition of the remaining samples. The isotopic compositions of Sr
and Nd were measured on a VG Sector 54 TIMS instrument at the
Geological Institute, University of Copenhagen. Sample powders were
dissolved in concentrated HF and HNO3. Standard laboratory methods
were used for extracting Sr and Nd. The Sr isotope analyses were corrected
for mass fractionation to 86Sr/88Sr=0.1194. Reproducibility was tested by
measuring the NBS987 standard which yielded 87Sr/86Sr=0.71023415 (2
, n=19). The within run precision for 87Sr/86Sr is between 57 ppm
(2SEM). The Nd isotope analyses were corrected for mass fractionation to
146
Nd/144Nd=0.7219 and the reproducibility was measured by the JM Nd
standard which amounted 143Nd/144Nd=0.51110615 (2 , n=16). The
within run precision for 143Nd/144Nd was 38 ppm (2SEM).
6. Geochemistry
6.1. Rock classication
The samples are classied after the total alkalis (Na2O + K2O) versus
SiO2 diagram (Fig. 4) as recommended by IUGS (Le Maitre et al., 2002).
The majority of the samples classies as trachyandesites and can be
further divided into a sodic and a potassic (benmoreite and latite) series
according to Le Bas et al. (1986). A few basaltic trachyandesites that
belong to the sodic series (mugearite) as well as trachytes also occur. All
samples are quartz normative and therefore sub-alkaline although they
plot at or above the dividing lines between alkaline and sub-alkaline
rocks proposed by Kuno (1966) and Irvine and Baragar (1971). Since only
Fe3+(total) and not Fe2+ have been measured, Fe2O3/FeO ratios recom-
mended by Middlemost (1989) have been used in the CIPW norm
calculations. Even if all iron occurs in its divalent state, the samples
would be quartz normative and they are denitely sub-alkaline. It
should be noted that Delacour et al. (2002) classify the Andagua
volcanics as high-K andesites based on the K2O vs. SiO2 plot (Gill, 1981).
According to the TAS classication only samples plotting in the basalt,
basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite and rhyolite elds may be subdived
according to relation between K2O and SiO2 and thus not the Andagua
rocks. To ease comparison with the previously published analyses we
show lines dividing low-K, medium-K, high-K and shoshonite have been
included in the K2O vs. SiO2 diagram (Fig. 5a).
6.2. Major and trace element
Variation diagrams of selected major and trace elements are
presented in Figs. 5ad and 6. SiO2 ranges 5564 wt.% with a small
compositional gap between 60 and 64 wt.%. Silica correlates
negatively with CaO, TiO2, Fe2O3(total), MnO and MgO while K2O
and Na2O correlate positively with SiO2. By comparing the K2O and
Na2O variation diagrams (Fig. 5a and b) it is clearly shown that the
main difference between benmoreite and latite series is in the Na 2O
content while the K2O content at a given SiO2 level is approxi-
mately the same for the two rock types. Benmoreite samples from
Jechapita and 2 samples from Older Central Andagua however fall
out of this trend. In the case of the Jechapita samples they are at the
same time correspondingly low in K2O, why they still classify as
benmorietes. Al2O3 correlates positively with SiO2 in the case of the
latites samples while the benmoreites correlate negatively
(Fig. 5d). The latites generally have lower P2O5 content at a given
SiO2 and do not show a clear correlation with SiO2, while the
Table 2
Schematic overview of petrographic characteristics, areal coverage, eld characteristics and relative stratigraphy for central Andagua. Each geographic area is divided into geographic subarea that contains the volcanic units. For each volcanic
unit is listed the units younger and older than the given volcanic unit, respectively, based on eld relations

Area Central Andagua

E.V. Srensen, P.M. Holm / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396
Subarea Jenchana Cerro Ninamama Ninacaca Chilcayoc Chico 1 Chilcayoc Chico 2 Jechapita Chilcayoc Grande Sucna 1
Accopampa

Volcanic Unit Jenchana Cerro U-lava Ninamama Ninacaca Chilcayoc Chico 1 Chilcayoc Chico 2 Jechapita Chilcayoc Grande Sucna 1
Accopampa
Petrographic Nearly aphyric Fine grained Fine grained, 510% Fine grained Nearly aphyric Aphyric Fine grained 5% Nearly aphyric. Few skeleltal Nearly aphyric. Few
characteristics aphyric amphibole 510% microphenocrysts olivine phenocrysts skeleltal olivine
phenocrysts, large (up phenocrysts amphibole phenocrysts
to 10 cm) quartzitic amphibole
xenocrysts

Areal coverage 5 1 0,3 3,5 1,5 6,5 0,15 4,5 10 2,7 (+aprox. 3)
(km2)

Volcano type Open cinder cone with related
and eld lavaow that can be followed
characteristics towards Chachas. The lava is
found under the Chilcayoc
Chico 2 and Ninamama lavas
and on the northern ank of
the Chiclcayoc Chico 2 cone.
Circular dome Small Lava ow Cone like Open cinder cone Open cinder cone Cinder cone with small Cinder cone with related lava ow. Lava ow extruded
like base u-shaped with well structure with with related lava with Chiclayoc leeves on easten anks The lava can be followed for 5 km on top of the
structure with lava ow devolped small gullys ow that can be Chico 1 lavas and partly ash covered in the Central Andagua where it Chilcayoc Grande
steep northen levees partly covered followed on and covering southern lavas to the south. The forms a broad lava coverage from lava. The lava can be
anks covered by outlining by younger around the southern ank hindering ash is only found on this where decents into Southern followed as a thin
a small lavaow the ow. volcanic ash ank of Chilcayoc identifcation of unit and not on any of Andagua as around 3,5 km long lava ow for around
on the sloping that restricted Chico 2 towards possible related the surrounding units. thin lava ow that can be followed 12 km into Southern
southern ank. to the unit. Chilcayoc Grande. lavaows. for 3,5 km. Andagua.

Younger than Ninacaca Chilcayoc Chico 2 Ninacaca Cerro Accopampa Jechapita Chilcayoc Jechapita Chilcayoc Chico 2 Chilcayoc Grande
based on eld Older Central Andagaua Ninacaca Older Chico 2 Older Central Southern Andagua
relations Central Andagua Andagua Jenchana
Jenchana Chilcayoc Grande
Ninacaca

Older than U-lava Ninamama Chilcayoc Ninamama Ninamama Chilcayoc Chico 1 Chilcayoc Chico 1 Chilcayoc Chico 1 Sucna 1
based on eld Chico 1 U-lava Cerro Jenchana Chilcayoc Grande
relation Accopampa Chilcayoc Grande
Jenchana Ninamama
Chilcayoc
Chico 1

383
384 E.V. Srensen, P.M. Holm / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of selected samples. (a) Nearly aphyric Chilcayoc Grande lava with rare skeleltal olivine phenocrysts sat in a glassy matrix with feldspar laths dening a
trachytic texture. (b) Porfyritic Ninacaca lava (trachyte) with sub to euhedral plagioclase (white) and amphibole phenocrysts (dark grey) sat in a trachytic matrix. (c) Lava with
rounded feldspar phenocryst with typical sieve texture. (d) Uchuy lava showing quartz xenocryst surrounded by a corona of clinopyroxene.

Benmoreites form a broad positive trend at higher P2O5 at a given
SiO2 (Fig. 5c) (Table 3).
Since major elements have only been measured for parts of the
sample set, while trace elements have been analyzed in all samples,
SiO2 can not be used as a fractionation index in presenting trace
element variation. Instead Rb is used as a fractionation index since it
behave incompatible during differentiation as shown by the correla-
tion between Rb and SiO2 (Fig. 6a) and is enriched approximately 45
times from the most primitive to most evolved sample. The overall
trend is that the HFSE (Nb, Th and Zr) LREE (Ce, Nd and La) and LIL (Ba,
Rb and Pb) elements behave incompatibly, while the transition metals
(Cu, Zn, V, Ni and Cr), Ga and Sr behaves compatible. Y and Sc do
generally not correlate with Rb. The overall trends are far from simple
and might be a little misleading because there is a large variation
within some volcanic units at one level of Rb and Sr even behaves
incompatibly within some groups. The variation with respect to
volcanic units will be addressed in the following paragraph.
The samples have typical CVZ characteristics such as negative
Nb anomaly in primordial mantle normalized spider diagrams with
high LILE/HFSE (Ba/Nb 100170) and LILE/LREE (Ba/La = 2438). Most
samples either have a small positive Sr anomaly or at pattern in the
PM normalized spider diagram. They have high Sr/Y ratios (50105)
and all plot in the adakite eld of Defant and Drummond (1990).

6.2.1. Trace element characteristics of individual volcanic units

The volcanic units can be distinguished and characterized by their
trace element composition since most volcanic units form discrete
groups with a relatively limited trace element variation. The
geochemical characteristics of the volcanic units have been summar-
ized in Table 4 and will be described in the following.

6.2.1.1. Chilcayoc Grande, Chilcayoc Chico 2, Jenchana, Sucna 1 and

Fig. 4. Total alkalis vs. SiO2 (TAS) diagram showing classication of samples. Solid lines
denoted Kuno (1966) and Irvine and Baragar (1971) are proposed dividing lines
between alkaline and subalkaline rocks. The Andagua samples are at or above these
dividing lines. All samples, however, are quartz CIPW normative and therefore
considered subalkaline.
Chilcayoc Chico 1. Samples from Chilcayoc Grande, Chilcayoc Chico 2,
Jenchana, Sucna 1 and Chilcayoc Chico 1 volcanic units form well
constrained correlation lines in Zr vs. Rb (R2 = 0.97) and in Nb vs. Rb
(R2 = 0.92) that subsequently will be referred to as the main trend to
which the other volcanic units can be compared (Fig. 6b and c).
 E.V. Srensen, P.M. Holm / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396 385

Fig. 5. (ad) Variation of K2O, Na2O, P2O5 and Al2O3 vs. SiO2. Legend is given in 5a. Dividing lines between low-K, medium-K and high-K in Fig. 5a are taken from Le Maitre et al. (2000)
whereas the dividing line between high-K and the shoshonite eld are taken from Rickwood (1989). (eh) Comparison of the Na2O, P2O5, Sr and Ba content of the Andagua samples to
southern Peruvian samples, the overall CVZ compositional variation and samples from Payachata, Tata Sabaya and the Bolvian Altiplano. Legend is given in Fig. 5f. Data from Southern
Peru (Ubinas: Thouret et al., 2005; Sabancaya: Gerbe and Thouret, 2004; Coropuna: Venturelli et al., 1978; Solimana: Vatin-Perignon et al., 1992), Nevados Payachata (Wrner et al.,
1988; Davidson et al., 1990), Bolivian Altiplano (Davidson and Silva, 1995), Tata Sabaya (de Silva et al., 1993), CVZ (GEOROC database accessed Nov. 2006).
386 E.V. Srensen, P.M. Holm / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396

Fig. 6. (ah). SiO2, Zr, Nb, V, Sr, Ba, La and Y vs. Rb. The overall trend is that HFSE, LREE and LIL elements behave incompatibly, whereas transition metals and Sr behaves compatibly.
Generally Y do not correlate with Rb. Main trend samples (Chilcayoc Grande, Chilcayoc Chico 2, Jenchana, Sucna 1 and Chilcayoc Chico 1) dene sub-parallel trends best illustrated in
the Sr, Ba, La and Y vs. Rb plots. It is furthermore noted that Sr behaves incompatibly within the volcanic units of the main trend samples. This is illustrated in Fig. 6e where the
primary arrow denotes the overall decrease of Sr with increasing Rb. Arrows marked secondary illustrates the contrasting positive correlation of Sr and Rb for the main trend
samples. The correlation trends of the main trend samples can be extrapolated back towards (0,0) as illustrated by the stippled arrow which indicates that Sr behave incompatibly
within the main trend samples. See text for further discussion.
Table 3
Major and trace elements and Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of Andagua volcanic rocks

Area Northern Andagua Central Andagua

Subarea Northern Andagua N Northern Andagua S Puca Mauras Older central Andagua

Volcanic Mauras N Mauras S Cerro Tisco Yanamauras S Puca Mauras 3 Southern ank Puca Mauras 4 Puca Mauras 2 Uchuy Jatun Soporo Antaymarca
unit

Rock type Benmoreite Latite Benmoreite Benmoreite Latite Trachyte Benmoreite Benmoreite Benmoreite Benmoreite

E.V. Srensen, P.M. Holm / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396
Sample # 121019 121133 121045 121016 121102 121061 121064 121130 121135 121149 121148 121025 121026
SiO2 58.366 58.317 58.504 58.119 56.444 60.453 63.873 56.697 56.543 56.698 58.473
TiO2 1.011 1.085 1.125 1.173 1.332 1.122 0.917 1.298 1.281 1.26 1.129
Al2O3 16.765 16.49 16.785 16.698 16.883 16.762 15.892 17.641 17.021 17.033 16.875
Fe2O3(total) 6.192 6.404 6.144 6.286 6.926 5.607 4.946 6.683 7.228 6.873 6.019
MnO 0.087 0.09 0.079 0.079 0.088 0.074 0.072 0.086 0.09 0.085 0.079
MgO 2.736 2.696 2.502 2.632 3.359 2.337 1.875 2.972 3.66 3.051 2.458
CaO 5.537 5.27 5.393 5.673 6.535 4.966 4.231 6.195 6.686 6.322 5.407
Na2O 5.12 4.24 5.01 4.91 4.74 4.84 4.83 4.4 4.26 4.66 5.09
K2O 3.022 3.346 2.699 2.633 2.178 2.866 3.084 2.129 1.882 2.227 3.005
P2O5 0.604 0.511 0.596 0.624 0.583 0.498 0.41 0.524 0.418 0.549 0.637
LOI 0.12 0.82 0.37 0.3 0.0 0.09 0.08 0.88 0.56 0.47 0.14
Sum 99.56 99.269 99.207 99.127 99.068 99.615 100.21 99.505 99.629 99.228 99.312

V 139 139 146 151 174 134 73 102 144 170 178 157 138
Cr 36 31 26 28 65 23 12 17 26 33 79 40 25
Ce 128 105 106 28 84 93 94 71 108 84 52 83 116
Nd 55 48 50 50 43 45 39 35 50 44 32 43 53
La 67 54 53 53 41 45 49 33 56 38 22 40 60
Sc 11 13 9 11 11 9 5 6 9 13 11 10 8
Co 14 14 14 15 19 14 9 10 14 17 19 18 13
Ba 1719 1522 1534 1493 1276 1305 1152 990 1595 1186 787 1165 1600
Nb 13.1 13.2 10.9 9.8 8.0 9.9 10.7 9.5 10.0 8.0 6.1 7.3 11.6
Zr 279 297 241 224 183 231 224 171 229 191 145 183 256
Y 14.8 15.7 13.2 12.5 13.0 11.7 11.3 12.0 12.6 12.8 11.8 12.9 12.5
Sr 1178 893 1177 1247 1244 999 622 864 1265 1118 925 1166 1263
Rb 78 69 54 48 34 72 184 86 51 34 31 34 58
Zn 105 104 111 106 104 97 76 87 101 97 103 104 108
Ni 21 19 19 19 35 18 12 16 18 25 43 28 17
Cu 60 74 71 76 61 58 42 51 61 71 70 73 61
Th 5 6 5 3 3 6 22 7 3 4 2 4 4
Pb 12 13 12 10 11 11 19 16 10 10 9 11 14
Ga 23 23 25 24 24 22 23 23 23 24 25 25 23
Sum 3956 3441 3660 3573 3531 3201 2674 2619 3780 3172 2548 3187 3827

87
Sr/86Sr 0.705981 0.706110 0.706245 0.706369 0.706189 0.706024
143
Nd/144Nd 0.512475 0.512487 0.512451 0.512416 0.512460 0.512482

(continued on next page)

387
 388
Table 3 (continued)

Area Central Andagua

Subarea Jenchana Ninamama Cerro Accopampa Ninacaca Chilcayoc Chico 1 Chilcayoc Chico 2

Volcanic Jenchana U-lava Ninamama Cerro Accopamapa Ninacaca Chilcayoc Chico 1 Chilcayoc Chico 2
unit

Rock type Benmoreite Latite Latite Benmoreite Trachyte Benmoreite Latite Benmoreite

E.V. Srensen, P.M. Holm / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396
Sample # 121005 121007 121043 121076 121034 121039 121051 121070 121073 121052 121055 121011 121013 121141 121085
SiO2 57.694 57.653 57.535 58.975 57.551 58.063 58.3 57.597 63.865 58.528 58.453 57.634
TiO2 1.224 1.23 1.212 1.131 1.186 1.151 1.247 1.224 0.800 1.174 1.17 1.234
Al2O3 16.91 16.881 16.812 16.763 16.714 16.705 16.964 16.903 16.489 16.898 16.767 16.944
Fe2O3(total) 6.707 6.467 6.724 6.584 6.788 6.576 6.725 6.49 4.722 6.588 6.497 6.719
MnO 0.084 0.083 0.084 0.093 0.093 0.091 0.083 0.085 0.061 0.084 0.087 0.086
MgO 2.926 2.911 2.889 3.224 3.401 3.223 2.853 2.921 1.848 2.905 3.067 3.043
CaO 5.917 5.903 5.96 6.061 6.35 6.089 5.985 5.887 4.2 5.846 5.902 6.069
Na2O 4.99 4.87 4.85 4.38 4.33 4.35 4.81 4.91 4.56 4.97 4.51 4.97
K2O 2.517 2.519 2.552 2.513 2.426 2.481 2.263 2.538 3.210 2.652 2.631 2.476
P2O5 0.603 0.587 0.588 0.465 0.498 0.465 0.505 0.593 0.310 0.577 0.537 0.587
LOI 0.02 0.1 0.11 0.07 0.19 0.05 0.09 0.07 0.02 0.05 0 0.02
Sum 99.552 99.204 99.316 100.259 99.147 99.144 99.645 99.078 100.054 100.172 99.621 99.782

V 157 156 152 157 144 157 145 151 157 98 101 148 154 146 161
Cr 37 38 35 40 30 33 30 31 39 14 15 35 41 39 44
Ce 102 104 99 101 88 90 90 80 105 82 85 101 99 95 96
Nd 49 50 49 50 43 43 44 42 50 37 39 47 47 48 47
La 51 50 47 50 42 43 46 37 51 40 42 48 46 47 48
Sc 12 9 8 12 11 12 11 9 11 7 7 9 12 11 10
Co 13 17 16 16 14 15 15 15 16 9 10 14 17 16 18
Ba 1389 1385 1343 1368 1190 1224 1208 1143 1376 1312 1316 1383 1279 1301 1314
Nb 10.4 10.3 10.3 10.2 10.9 11.1 11.2 7.7 10.1 9.0 9.4 10.8 10.7 10.9 9.8
Zr 225 227 228 228 228 228 231 184 224 248 254 239 21 242 218
Y 13.2 13.3 13.3 13.2 15.7 16.0 15.8 12.6 13.3 10.0 10.1 13.7 14.5 14.2 12.9
Sr 1181 1197 1167 1204 932 1034 968 1091 1172 689 716 1134 1050 1061 1164
Rb 44 45 44 44 53 48 53 42 43 90 91 49 49 49 41
Zn 109 105 98 109 96 91 90 85 113 85 86 99 101 95 115
Ni 28 25 22 26 17 19 17 23 29 12 13 23 23 22 32
Cu 66 70 67 67 55 41 52 35 70 48 54 64 57 62 78
Th 3 3 3 3 4 3 5 4 3 6 6 4 4 4 2
Pb 12 11 11 13 10 9 11 10 12 15 15 11 9 12 10
Ga 25 23 22 24 23 24 23 24 24 22 24 22 23 24 26
Sum 3518 3534 3418 3525 3022 3125 3050 3025 3499 2831 2904 3474 3271 3299 3452

87
Sr/86Sr 0.706072 0.706073 0.706125 0.706021 0.705976 0.705997 0.706517 0.706488 0.706132 0.706191 0.706192
143
Nd/144Nd 0.512480 0.512471 0.512466 0.512480 0.512473 0.512476 0.512406 0.512410 0.512465 0.512455 0.512461
Table 3 (continued)

Area Central Andagua Southern Andagua

Subarea Jechapita Chilcayoc Grande Sucna 1 Southern Andagua

Volcanic unit Jechapita Chilcayoc Grande Sucna 1 Sucna 2 Pr Sucna Ayo Lava Colca Lava

Rock type Benmoreite Benmoreite Mugearite Benmoreite Benmoreite Benmoreite Benmoreite Latite Latite Benmoreite Benmoreite Latite Benmoreite

Sample # 121087 121142 121146 121121 121122 121137 121143 121089 121107 121090 121099 121095 121098 121111 121114 121109

E.V. Srensen, P.M. Holm / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396
SiO2 60.496 59.827 55.257 56.254 57.078 57.629 58.078 60.336 60.324 60.347 59.399 58.245 59.636 59.049
TiO2 1.144 1.159 1.393 1.364 1.281 1.211 1.197 1.012 0.998 1.032 1.097 1.183 1.117 1.088
Al2O3 16.978 16.88 16.989 17.206 16.96 16.811 16.945 16.837 16.86 16.944 17.091 16.947 16.878 16.719
Fe2O3(total) 6.138 6.258 7.692 7.448 6.838 6.544 6.603 5.792 5.816 5.719 6.25 6.246 5.954 5.94
MnO 0.078 0.08 0.096 0.092 0.085 0.085 0.084 0.076 0.077 0.078 0.082 0.081 0.078 0.081
MgO 2.439 2.563 3.974 3.258 2.835 2.97 2.924 2.31 2.394 2.45 2.643 2.718 2.431 2.544
CaO 5.266 5.34 7.267 6.587 6.046 5.946 5.894 4.887 4.963 4.982 5.399 5.494 5.207 5.765
Na2O 4.77 4.64 4.59 4.9 4.89 4.79 4.79 4.66 4.74 4.67 4.96 5.06 4.78 4.95
K2O 2.633 2.61 1.78 1.911 2.374 2.634 2.596 2.988 2.945 2.95 2.784 2.886 2.952 2.805
P2O5 0.475 0.499 0.588 0.567 0.609 0.586 0.574 0.455 0.464 0.470 0.506 0.572 0.529 0.583
LOI 0.14 0.07 0.05 0.16 0.17 0.03 0 0.01 0 0 0.04 0.15 0 0
Sum 100.277 99.786 99.576 99.747 99.166 99.176 99.685 99.363 99.581 99.642 100.251 99.582 99.562 99.524

V 134 146 142 161 189 181 155 155 147 121 125 125 140 145 132 140
Cr 20 30 27 29 88 45 29 35 35 25 21 25 28 31 23 23
Ce 83 89 87 97 85 75 96 104 98 95 95 94 95 108 102 101
Nd 42 46 44 49 44 40 47 49 47 44 45 44 45 50 49 47
La 39 40 40 46 39 35 47 51 48 46 46 46 46 52 48 50
Sc 9 11 10 9 12 10 8 11 9 10 9 11 10 9 9 9
Co 13 14 16 15 20 19 14 16 15 11 12 12 15 14 12 13
Ba 1145 1177 1184 1297 1007 1038 1301 1396 1381 1342 1371 1365 1370 1480 1409 1468
Nb 9.9 9.4 9.9 9.1 7.3 7.6 9.0 10.5 10.6 11.8 12.1 11.6 11.4 12.5 11.4 9.6
Zr 219 211 224 205 162 173 209 236 236 279 278 273 262 267 273 218
Y 12.4 12.7 12.8 13.1 13.8 12.8 13.0 13.6 13.6 12.2 12.4 12.8 12.9 13.2 13.1 12.7
Sr 911 1101 985 1245 1302 1180 1278 1160 1150 886 904 895 982 1142 1016 1265
Rb 55 45 53 37 25 27 38 48 48 70 69 68 62 58 63 61
Zn 101 103 103 107 104 108 110 101 89 94 102 100 100 104 96 97
Ni 18 20 20 22 45 32 21 24 21 17 18 17 19 20 18 20
Cu 66 69 61 72 74 75 83 67 60 61 61 62 65 66 65 62
Th 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 5
Pb 10 11 11 10 8 8 11 10 9 12 12 14 12 12 14 14
Ga 24 24 24 26 25 25 27 23 23 23 24 25 24 23 23 24
Sum 2931 3059 3445 3247 3095 3481 3497 3444 3154 3215 3202 3322 3611 3377 3635

87
Sr/86Sr 0.706205 0.706246 0.706212 0.706076 0.706276 0.706079 0.706109 0.706122 0.706201 0.706140
143
Nd/144Nd 0.512464 0.512474 0.512452 0.512476 0.512453 0.512478 0.512466 0.512465 0.512453 0.512475

389
390 E.V. Srensen, P.M. Holm / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396
Table 4
Table showing the main geochemical characteristics of the volcanic units
The ve volcanic units above all belong to the youngest volcanic
activity and this close relationship suggests they are related through a
common process. The close relationship between Zr a non mobile
element and Rb a mobile element also is a strong argument against
any notable post magmatic mobilization of Rb as this would decrease
Rb at constant Zr and blur the trend (Fig. 6b). This, at the same time,
means that the older samples from Older Central Andagua can not be
related to the younger samples through post-magmatic mobilization
of Rb. The main trend samples dene characteristic sub-parallel
positive correlations trends in Ba and LREE vs. Rb diagrams (Fig. 6f
and g) and steep negative correlation trends in for example Ni vs. Rb
(Fig. 9) which distinguish the young volcanic units from each other
and relate each to different magmas. This is further shown by parallel
trends of Sr vs. Rb (Fig. 6e) of the Jenchana, Sucna 1 and Chilcayoc
Chico 1 units. The parallel trends imply that although the samples
probably are related through a common process they are not co-
magmatic in the strict meaning of the word. Thus each of the groups
forms a distinctive co-magmatic group that probably can be related
through a common process.
6.2.1.2. Ninamama. Samples from Ninamama also belongs to the
most recent activity as shown by the relative stratigraphy but
differ from the main trend in that they have lower Zr concentrations
at given measured Rb concentrations (Fig. 6b) as well as being
lower in Ba, Sr and LREE and higher Y concentrations (Fig. 6eh). The
samples are at the same time different from the main trend in
that they are lower in Na2O and P2O5 (Fig. 5b and c) and classify
as latites, as well as being more porphyritic with amphibole as a
phenocryst and have large xenoliths restricted to this specic
volcanic unit.
6.2.1.3. Jechapita. Samples from Jechapita generally form a group that
fall below the main trend at lower Zr and Nb concentrations at
measured Rb concentrations (Fig. 6b and c) close to the Ninamama
volcanic unit. The Jechapita samples like the Ninamama samples
are more porphyritic and have amphibole as phenocrysts but can
be distinguished from the Ninamama samples in their K2O and Y
concentration (Figs. 5a and 6h).
6.2.1.4. Older Central Andagua. Samples from Older Central Andagua
divides into two groups related to geographical position. Such
that samples from Volcan Antaymarca and Soporo both located on a
mountain ridge south of Jenchana form a group the/that parallels the
main trend samples but a just slightly lower Nb and Zr concentrations at
measured Rb concentrations (Fig. 6b and c). The second group
consisting of samples from Jatun and Uchuy located vest of Andagua
are probably older and has notably lower Zr and Nb concentrations for a
given Rb concentration compared to the main trend (Fig. 6b and c). The
low Nb and Zr samples are at the same time correspondingly low in
Na2O (Fig. 5b).
 E.V. Srensen, P.M. Holm / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396
6.2.1.5. Cerro Accopampa. Samples from Cerro Accopampa divides into
two compositional groups related to the geographical position, such
that older samples collected from the steep NV side plots below the
main trend close to the samples from Uchuy and Jatun from the Older
Central Andagua, while samples collected from the younger lava ow
covering the southern ank mainly fall within the main trend.
6.2.1.6. Ninacaca. Ninacaca samples are the most evolved from the
Central Andagua geographical area and falls into two groups with the
older samples being trachytes characterized by high Rb concentra-
tions, while the younger ash samples partly covering the volcanic
structure are less evolved and plots within the main trend around the
Chilcayoc Grande samples. The Ninacaca ash samples can be
distinguish from the Chilcayoc Grande samples in that they form a
parallel trend in V vs. Rb a trend the Puca Mauras ash samples also
seem to follow (Fig. 6d).
6.2.1.7. Northern Andagua N and Southern Andagua. Samples from
Northern Andagua N and Southern Andagua have been collected from
larger areas and generally forms broad compositional areas character-
ized by high concentrations of incompatible elements (Rb, Ba, Th, Nb,
LREE and Zr) that lies in continuation of the main trend. Samples from
Northern Andagua N have the highest concentrations of the two and
are clearly distinguished on Ba, LREE and Y vs. Rb plots (Fig. 6fh).
Within the Southern Andagua samples from the Colca Lava unit differ
in that they form a separate group lower in Zr and Nb at measured Rb
concentrations (Fig. 6b and c).
6.2.1.8. Puca Mauras. Samples from Puca Mauras show a large overall
variation with samples from Puca Mauras 1 being the most primitive
and Puca Mauras 4 samples being the most evolved. Puca Mauras l
samples are all ash samples characterized by relatively low Rb, Zr
and Nb concentration as well as high Sr concentrations, and
generally lies within the main trend around the Chilcayoc Grande
samples from which they can be distinguished from in V vs. Rb plot
(Fig. 6e). Samples from Puca Mauras 2 are more evolved than Puca
Mauras 1 samples (higher Rb concentrations) and falls slightly below
Fig. 7. (a) 143Nd/144Nd vs. 87Sr/86Sr variation diagram for the Andagua volcanics. (b) Comparison of the Sr and Nd isotopic of Andagua volcanics with other southern Peruvian CVZ
samples and the overall CVZ compositional variation. Data sources: Solimana (Vatin-Perignon et al., 1992), Sabancaya (Gerbe and Thouret, 2004), Arequipa and Barroso (James, 1982),
Ubinas (Thouret et al., 2005) and CVZ (GEOROC database accessed Nov. 2006).
391
the main trend. The Puca Mauras 3 samples are again more evolved
but have similar Zr and Nb concentrations. The Puca Mauras 3
samples however differ in that they have amphibole as a phenocryst
and classify as latites. The Puca Mauras 4 samples also have
amphibole as a phenocryst, but are more evolved (higher Rb and
SiO2 concentrations) and classify as trachytes. The Puca Mauras
trachytes differ from the Ninacaca trachytes in that they are lower in
Zr and Ba (Fig. 6b and f) as well as being different in major element
composition. Additional to the samples from the 4 volcanic units,
one sample (#121064) from the southern ank of the Puca Mauras
cone shows a 5. possible group. This sample also classies as a
trachyte and has similar SiO2 concentrations as the Puca Mauras 4
trachytes. The sample however is highly enriched in Rb (184 ppm) as
well as Th (22 ppm) and has Zr, Nb, Ba and LREE values between the
Ninacaca and Puca Mauras trachytes.
6.2.1.9. Northern Andagua S. Finally samples from the Northern
Andagua S geographical area form a compositional group dening a
positive correlation trend parallel to the main trend at slightly lower
Zr and Nb concentration at a measured Rb concentration (Fig. 6b and
c). Samples from Yanamauras has the lowest Rb as well as SiO2
concentrations while the Cerro Tisco samples forms a group with the
highest Rb and SiO2 concentrations, while Yanamauras S samples has
intermediate Rb and SiO2 values.
6.3. Regional comparison
Major and trace element data from the Andagua lavas are
compared with published data from southern Peru and other CVZ
volcanic centers in Fig. 5eh. The Andagua lavas are characterized by
high Na2O, P2O5, Sr and Ba contents, as noted by Venturelli et al. (1978)
who analyzed 5 samples from the Andagua Area. Our data show,
furthermore, that the Andagua lavas have the highest Na2O content so
far reported from the CVZ at the measured SiO2 level (Fig. 5e) while
P2O5 fall within the uppermost part of the CVZ compositional
variation (Fig. 5f). The comparison also reveals that young volcanic
rocks from the Peruvian part of CVZ as a hole generally have high
392 E.V. Srensen, P.M. Holm / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396

absolute Na2O content as well as P2O5 compared to the overall
variation within CVZ. Ba and Sr concentrations are very high but lie
within the upper limit of previously reported Sr and Ba concentrations
(Fig. 5g and h) resembling samples from the Nevados Payachata region
in northern Chile (Wrner et al., 1988; Davidson et al., 1990), the
Bolivian part of the altiplano (Davidson and Silva, 1995) and Tata
Sabaya behind the volcanic front (de Silva et al., 1993). The Andagua
samples differ from the mentioned high Ba and Sr samples in that they
have a tendency to lower Rb, Th, Pb, Y and Sc and higher Nb
concentrations at a given SiO2 but all lie within previously documen-
ted values for CVZ volcanics with Rb, Th, Y and Sc for the Andagua
samples in the lower end.
6.4. Sr and Nd isotopes
A total of 27 samples were analyzed for Sr and Nd isotopic
composition. The 143Nd/144Nd and 87Sr/86Sr isotopic composition
varies between 0.512410.51249 and 0.705980.70652, respectively,
and are negatively correlated (Fig. 7a). The overall variation overlaps
values reported by Delacour et al. (2002) from minor quaternary
volcanic centers in southern Peru including the Andagua valley and
is small compared to the overall CVZ Nd and Sr isotopic variation
(Fig. 7b). The Andagua samples form a group that overlaps the
Solimana volcanics from the northernmost end of CVZ (Vatin-
Perignon et al., 1992) and continues towards samples from Sabancaya

Fig. 8. (a) K/Rb vs. Rb. Arrows illustrate differentiation by fractional crystallization and AFC, binary mixing and variable degrees of partial melting. The curved trend of the Andagua
volcanics shows that fractional crystallization alone cannot explain the observed variation. Legend is given in Fig. 8(c. b, c and d) Zr/Rb vs. Rb, Ba/Rb and Nb/Sr. Drawn lines represents
mixing between main trend samples with Chilcayoc Grande sample #121118 and Chilcayoc Chico 1 sample #121015 as starting and end components, respectively. Mixing lines have
been calculated using equations of Langmuir et al. (1978). Main trend samples plot at or close to the calculated mixing line, with the variation within each volcanic unit forming a
subsequent differentiation trend away from the calculated mixing lines as illustrated in Fig. 8d. See text for further discussion.
 E.V. Srensen, P.M. Holm / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396
around 50 km to the SV of Andagua (Gerbe and Thouret, 2004) and the
Arequipa and Barroso volcanics from James (1982) further south.
The Sr and Nd isotopic composition of the analyzed samples
conrm the geochemical difference between the volcanic units as
established by trace element composition. Samples with the lowest
87
Sr/86Sr and highest 143Nd/144Nd are samples from Ninamama, and
one sample from both Northern Andagua N and Puca Mauras while
the Ninacaca trachytes has the highest 87Sr/86Sr and lowest 143Nd/
144
Nd isotopic ratios. Ninamama samples dene a group with similar
87
Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd ratios different from the main trend
samples to which they have comparable relative age. The main
trend samples have higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios and form an array with
slightly increasing 87Sr/86Sr ratios and decreasing 143Nd/144Nd ratios,
such that Chilcayoc Grande and Jenchana have the lowest 87Sr/86Sr
ratios while Chilcayoc Chico 1 samples has the highest 87Sr/86Sr ratios
and Sucna 1 samples plotting in between. One sample from Chilcayoc
Grande however differs in that it has the highest 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the
main trend samples. This sample is at the same time the least evolved
as judged from Rb and SiO2 concentrations. Samples from Puca
Mauras have the largest variation in isotopic composition in agree-
ment with trace element variation. The lavas from the southern part of
the complex has the lowest 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the Puca Mauras
samples with the high Rb and Th sample being the most evolved. Of
the remaining two Puca Mauras samples the trachyte sample has the
lowest 87Sr/86Sr ratio falling close to the Chilcayoc Chico 1 samples,
although more evolved as judged from both Rb and SiO2 concentra-
tions. This also conrms the compositional difference between the
Puca Mauras and Ninacaca trachytes. Samples from the Northern
Andagua N and Southern Andagua geographical areas differ in their
87
Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd ratios. These samples have been sampled
from different volcanic units covering broad areas and have subse-
quently been grouped together. Finally samples from Jechapita forms a
group with one sample being just slightly different when considering
analytical uncertainty.
7. Discussion
The volcanic units from the Andagua Valley volcanic eld
are highly varied in composition with most units being different
from each other. Good correlations among some of the volcanic units
(e.g., Zr and Nb vs. Rb) suggest that these may be related through
common processes.
7.1. Fractional crystallization
Fractional crystallization is evaluated through geochemical model-
ling based on petrographic observations. The Andagua lavas often are
aphyric and quantitative modelling therefore has to be done with a
ctional combination of minerals as well as mineral compositions.
Fractional crystallization models for major element variation assuming a
plagioclase dominated fractionate (since plagioclase is the main mineral
for Sr, and the Sr concentration drop from around 1300 ppm to around
700 ppm from the least evolved to most evolved sample) can to some
extend explain the overall variation of the major elements, but however,
fail to explain the observed variation of other trace elements. During
fractional crystallization the ratio between two very incompatible
elements will not change drastically and samples related through
fractional crystallization should dene an approximately horizontal line
if plotted against a fractionation index. This is however not the case as
shown in Fig. 8a, where the K/Rb ratio drops with increasing Rb
concentration. Fractionation of alkali feldspar and to some extent
amphibole could also give the observed trend. In Andean rocks, alkali
feldspar is normally crystallizing at higher SiO2 than seen in the Andagua
rocks and amphibole is not observed among main trend samples. Similar
trends are seen for Ba/Rb and Zr/Rb vs. Rb as well as Zr/Nb vs. Nb and this
variation cannot be explained by alkali feldspar or amphibole fractional
393
crystallization. It is therefore concluded that fractional crystallization
alone probably was not a dominating process producing the overall
geochemical variation.
Other minor variation within some volcanic units, however, is
likely to be explained by fractional crystallization. Samples from
Jenchana, Sucna 1 and Chilcayoc Chico 1 & 2 have been shown to
dene sub-parallel correlation trends. In the case of Sr vs. Rb it is
possible to extrapolate these correlation trends towards origo as
shown on Fig. 6e. This means that Sr and Rb were almost completely
incompatible during differentiation within these groups. The variation
within the volcanic units can be modelled to extend out from a line
connecting the most primitive (lowest Rb) from each unit (Fig. 6e)
excluding two samples from Chilcayoc Grande, meaning that main
trends samples could be related to a common evolving parental
magma. The two excluded primitive samples have higher 87Sr/86Sr
isotope ratios than both the other Chilcayoc Grande samples and other
main trend samples, and probably suffered some crustal contamina-
tion, maybe as early magmas clearing the pathways for future main
trend samples. The increase in Sr and Rb concentration within the
Jenchana, Sucna 1 and Chilcayoc Chico 1 units amounts to roughly 7%
and could be explained by around 7% fractional crystallization of for
example clinopyroxene which is the most frequently occurring
phenocryst in the nearly aphyric samples assuming incompability of
Rb and Sr in clinopyroxene (KSr Rb
d (cpx) = 0.1 and Kd (cpx) = 0.1). The
effect of clinopyroxen fractionation is outlined in the Ni vs. Rb diagram
(Fig. 9) showing good agreement with calculated fractional crystal-
lization paths. Given the presented arguments it seems likely that the
main trend samples may have evolved in two stages. A rst process is
responsible for causing a primary variation of increasing Rb, Zr and Nb
and decreasing Sr concentration on which a subsequent secondary
differentiation process (increasing Sr concentrations as well as other
elements) has been imposed.
A clinopyroxene-dominated fractionation assemblage can be
expected to reect higher pressure (deeper) conditions. Plagioclase is
unstable at lower crustal depths of N3040 km and Sr therefore would
be an incompatible element unlike in the upper crust. It is therefore
likely that Sr should go from being incompatible in the lower crust
(plagioclase unstable) to compatible in the upper crust (plagioclase
stable) when magmas ascends through the crust towards the surface.
For Andagua this indicates clearly that the secondary evolution as well as
the primary variation is most likely of deep crustal origin. A deep origin
Fig. 9. Ni vs. Rb. The straight line is a mixing line between the least evolved main trend
sample and through the least evolved sample of each unit of the main trend samples.
This line can be extended towards samples from Volcan Antaymarca of Older Central
Andagua (Stippled). The curved lines are fractional crystallization paths. Lines
extending out from the mixing line show the effect of clinopyroxene fractionation.
394 E.V. Srensen, P.M. Holm / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396
Fig. 10. 87Sr/86Sr vs. Sr showing the effect of contamination of sample #121039 with the Charcani gneiss of the PrecambrianPaleozoic Arequipa massif (James, 1982). AFC parameters
are given in the gure. Numbers in % represent the remaining proportion of melt after assimilation. Curves have been calculated according to DePaolo (1981).
of the magmas is in accordance with the adakite like signature of high
Sr/Y and low Y concentrations of all samples.
7.2. Variable degrees of partial melting
Variable degrees of partial melting could explain the observed
variation in the K/Rb vs. Rb diagram (Fig. 8a), since Rb is more
incompatible than K. This, however, requires very low degrees of partial
melting that would give lower K/Rb at higher Rb concentrations.
Samples related through variable degrees of partial melting will form
positive correlation trends in incompatible vs. incompatible element
plots and negative correlation trends in compatible vs. incompatible
element diagrams. Sr must therefore have been compatible in the
source, if variable degrees of partial melting should explain the primary
variation. This however is in contrast to the internal variation of the
Jenchana, Sucna 1 and Chilcayoc Chico 1 volcanic units were Sr and Rb
behaves almost completely incompatible.
7.3. Evolution through AFC processes
Combined assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) is
another way of explaining the curved trend in K/Rb vs. Rb (Fig. 8a)
as well as in other ratios vs. element plots. Returning to the Ni vs. Rb
diagram (Fig. 9) the overall variation could be argued to be curved as
typical of fractional crystallization or combined assimilation and
fractional crystallization (AFC) Wrner et al. (1988). This however
might be an apparent trend since the samples are not co-magmatic or
since not all the samples. Focussing on the main trend samples a line
can be drawn connecting the least evolved Chilcayoc sample
(#121122) towards the least evolved of each unit in the main trend
units. This trend can as noted on Fig. 9 be extended towards the Volcan
Antaymarca (Older Central Andagua) as shown on the gure leaving
no samples on the right hand side at Rb concentrations lower than
approximately 60 ppm Rb. Similar lines can be drawn in many
elements vs. Rb type plots indicating that the primary variation at
least in the case of the main trend samples is more likely to be
explained through binary mixing since this will give straight lines in
element vs. element plots, rather than through AFC processes.
In a further attempt to asses the effect AFC processes would have
on controlling the primary variation 87Sr/86Sr have been plotted
against the Sr concentration (Fig. 10). Choosing a suitable contaminant
for AFC modelling is a limiting factor since few data are available on
basement rock from southern Peru. The Charcani gneisses, a typical
granulite of the late PrecambrianPaleozoic Arequipa massif have
been used by James (1982) to explain the trace element and isotopic
variation of the Arequipa and Barroso volcanics from southern Peru
and can be taken as a suitable basement contaminant in the northern
CVZ. Three scenarios are considered (solid lines denoted AFC1, AFC2
and AFC3 in Fig. 10). The rst assumes a bulk KSr d = 2 (plagioclase is a
dominating mineral in the fractionate), the second assumes a bulk
KSr
d = 1 (plagioclase not a dominating fractionate) while the third
assumes a bulk KSr d = 0.01 (complete incompatibility of Sr). The ratio
between assimilation and fractional crystallization is set to 0.1 and
assumed constant as well is the KSr d during each case. This might be a
simplication since r and KSr d might change during differentiation. As
starting composition sample #121039 from Ninamama with the
lowest 87Sr/86Sr ratio has been chosen. The composition of the
contaminant is taken from James (1982) and given in Fig. 10. In
addition to this two curves (stippled) are plotted showing the effect of
a larger ratio between assimilation and fractional crystallisation
(r = 0.3 which is taken as a maximum value) for the AFC1 and AFC3
conditions. As seen in the gure there is a relatively large variation in
87
Sr/86Sr and Sr concentrations indicating that if contamination was to
explain the variation, or for that sake any other process, it has not been
a continuously evolving process from one single parent magma. The
variation within the volcanic units can to some extend be tted
 E.V. Srensen, P.M. Holm / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396
towards the calculated AFC 1 curves (KSr d = 2) or any given curve within
the span between the AFC1 and AFC2 curves (if extrapolated towards
different starting composition) indicating that if AFC processes were
to explain the observed variation, contamination must have taken place
with a plagioclase dominated fractionate (upper crust). The spread
however is relatively small and for some units only two samples have
been analysed why the observed trends might just as well be explain-
ed by binary mixing. AFC processes occurring at lower crustal depths
(4070 km) where plagioclase is likely to be unstable would result in
positive correlation between the 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio and the Sr
concentration, while upper crustal contamination typical results in
negative correlation using the Charcani gneiss as the contaminant. This
is illustrated by the AFC3 curve. As earlier argued magmas evolved at
deep crustal levels and one should therefore expect positive correlation
in Fig. 10 which is not observed. This is a strong argument against
contamination with the Charcani gneiss or any other high 87Sr/86Sr
contaminant as a responsible process creating the main part of the
primary mixing variation. Although the overall variation is more likely to
be caused by a binary mixing process than combined assimilation and
fractional crystallization, a crustal component or contamination cannot
be excluded since high 87Sr/86Sr and low 143Nd/144Nd isotope ratios
exclude a direct mantle source origin. Delacour et al. (2002) mentioned
that fractional crystallization from a primitive magma and variable rates
of contamination affected the lavas. From our data it seem that this
crustal component is incorporated at an early stage and not important
during differentiation of at least samples of the main trend.
7.4. Magma mixing
Excluding variable degrees of partial melting and AFC processes to
explain the primary variation leaves two-component mixing of
magmas to be evaluated. In order to test for binary mixing, mixing
curves using the equations of Langmuir et al. (1978) have been
calculated for Zr/Rb vs. Rb (Fig. 7b), Zr/Rb vs. Ba/Rb (Fig. 7c) and Zr/Rb
vs. Nb/Sr (Fig. 7d) for the main trend samples with Chilcayoc Grande
sample #121118 as starting material and Chilcayoc Chico 1 sample
#121015 as the end component. Chilcayoc sample #121122 could have
been chosen as staring material to get the entire Rb concentrations.
This sample, however, has higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios and lower Sr
concentrations than other Chilcayoc Grande samples (Fig. 10) and
probably suffered some contamination why it is not suited as starting
material. As shown in Fig. 8bd samples from the main trend fall close
to but slightly off the calculated mixing lines. It is at the same time seen
that the variation within each volcanic unit forms a trend towards the
calculated mixing line (Fig. 8d). This is interpreted as two-component
mixing as explanation for the difference between units. At different
times the samples subsequently evolves away from the mixing line
through a secondary differentiation process probably through frac-
tional crystallisation as schematic illustrated in Fig. 8d. The best t with
the mixing model is shown by the Chilcayoc Chico 1 & 2, Sucna 1 and
Jenchana units while Chilcayoc Grande samples show the biggest
deviation. This is due to Chilcayoc Grande samples having a larger
variation in Zr, Nb, Ba and Rb concentrations. Samples from Chilcayoc
Grande samples are closely related to the other main trend samples
through relatively stratigraphy, geographic position (aligned in an
approximately linear fashion) and petrography and are well correlated
in Zr and Nb vs. Rb diagram. Main trend samples at the same time form
an array with increasing 87Sr/86Sr and decreasing 143Nd/144Nd ratios
going from Chilcayoc Grande towards Chilcayoc Chico 1 samples
(oldest-youngest) why Chilcayoc Grande samples despite the devia-
tion from the calculated mixing lines are believed to be related through
a common process. The deviation from the calculated mixing path for
the Chilcayoc Grande samples can be explained by individual Chilcayoc
Grande samples having evolved away from the mixing line at different
times while the remaining main trend units represents one mixing
event that subsequently evolved away from the mixing line.
395
Samples from Northern Andagua S have been showed to form parallel
trends in Nb and Zr vs. Rb (Fig. 6b and c) and also fall close to the mixing
line in Ni vs. Rb (Fig. 9). These samples are all cinder cones arranged in
linear fashion and have similar petrology. The close relationship and the
parallel trend suggest that these samples probably have formed through a
similar process as the main trend samples.
From the remaining samples evidence is less clear to what extent
binary mixing will explain the variation. Ash samples from Ninacaca
and Puca Mauras however plot close to the main trend samples and
Northern Andagua S in both Zr and Ni vs. Rb plots (Figs. 6b and 9).
Samples from the young lava from Cerro Accopampa is similar in
composition to the Jenchana samples and shows similar trends in most
plots indicating that they could have evolved in a similar manner as the
Jenchana samples. It is however not possible to relate the young Cerro
Accopampa lava to the Jenchana lava due to lack of eld relations.
Besides the geochemical evidence for magma mixing, some petro-
graphic evidence is found the Andagua samples in form of rounded and
sieve textured feldspar. However such evidence is mainly restrained to
samples containing amphibole and not the main trend samples. This
could indicate that the melts were homogenized and that magma mix-
ing was not a late eruptive related process in case of the main trend
samples. The effect of binary-mixing and for that manner any process on
the amphibole bearing samples (Ninamama, Jechapita, Southern Andagua,
trachytes and Puca Mauras latite samples) is difcult to evaluate since
these volcanic units are not easily related to each other and probably not
co-magmatic. This indicates that these amphibole bearing magmas prob-
ably were tapped from different chambers. Samples from Ninamama are
comparable in age to the main trend samples from which they differ in
petrography, major and trace element and isotopic composition. This
shows that various latites and benmoreites are tapped from different
magmas that coexisted within a small conned area.
8. Conclusions
The data presented documents the geochemical and petrologic com-
position of the Andagua Valley scoria and lava eld (1532S 7219W),
Southern Peru spanning the Pleistocene to recent volcanic activity. By
combining eld observation with geochemical and petrologic observa-
tion the following main points/conclusions have been drawn:
(1) Samples are sub-alkaline high K basaltic trachyandesites,
trachyandesites and trachytes characterized by high Sr and Ba
and the highest Na2O so far reported from CVZ at the measured
SiO2 content. The samples can be divided into two series, a
relatively sodium rich (mugearite and benmoreite) and a sodium
poor (latite) series. The difference between the two series is also
reected in mineralogy and trace element composition, and
Andagua samples therefore must be formed from at least two
compositional different magmas.
(2) Trace element variation of the main trend samples (young
benmoreites) is explained by a two stage process. A primary
process that is best explained by two-component mixing and a
secondary process that can be explained by fractional
crystallization.
(3) Sr and Rb behave almost completely incompatible within some
main trend samples. This together with high pressure
signature (Sr/Y = 50105 and Y b 16 ppm) of all the Andagua
volcanics is taken as evidence that mixing and subsequent
fractional crystallization occurred at high pressure in the lower
crust.
(4) Amphibole bearing samples (latites and trachytes) form
individual co-magmatic groups that cannot be related to each
other by fractionation processes, why they must have been
formed from different magmas. Field occurrence demonstrates
that the youngest amphibole bearing and amphibole free
magmas (benmoreites) existed within short lateral distances.
396 E.V. Srensen, P.M. Holm / Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177 (2008) 378396

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