INTRODUCTION:
xanthophylls.
Lipids are substances found in living
life forms that are insoluble in water yet
dissolvable in nonpolar solvents and
solvents of low polarity. This absence of
dissolvability in water is an essential
property because our body chemistry is so
firmly based on water. Most body
constituents including carbohydrates which
are dissolvable in water. In any case, the
body likewise needs insoluble mixes for
some purposes, including the partition of
compartments containing watery
arrangements from each other, that is the
place lipids come in. The water-insolubility
of lipids is because of the way that the polar
groups they contain are significantly smaller
than their alkane-like (nonpolar) segments.
These nonpolar portions give the water-
repellent, or hydrophobic property. An
important use for lipids, particularly in
animals, is storage of energy. Plant store
energy in form of starch. Animals including
people think that its more efficient to utilize
lipids (fats). In spite of the fact that our
bodies do store a few carbohydrates as
glycogen for quick energy when we require
it, energy stored as fats is significantly more
important. The reason is essentially that the
consuming of fats creates more than twice
as much energy as consuming of an equal
weight of carbohydrates.
The yolk makes up about 33% of the
liquid weight of the egg; it contains
approximately 60 calories, three times the
caloric content of the egg white.
One large egg (50 grams in weight, 17
gram yolk) contains approximately: 2.7g
protein, 210 mg cholesterol, 0.61g
carbohydrates and 4.51g total fat. (USDA
National Nutrient Database)
All of the fat soluble vitamins, (A, D, E and
K) are found in the egg yolk. Egg yolks are
one of the few foods naturally containing
vitamin D.
Egg yolk is a source of lecithin, an
emulsifier and surfactant. The yellow color
is caused by lutein and zeaxanthin, which
are yellow or orange carotenoids known as
Column chromatography is one of the
most useful methods for the separation and
purification of both solids and liquids when
carrying out small-scale experiments.
Column chromatography is another solid-
liquid technique in which the two phases are
a solid (stationary phase) and a liquid
(moving phase). The theory of column
chromatography is analogous to that of thin-
layer chromatography. The most common
adsorbents - silica gel and alumina - are the
same ones used in TLC. The sample is
dissolved in a small quantity of solvent (the
eluent) and applied to the top of the column.
The eluent, instead of rising by capillary
action up a thin layer, flows down through
the column filled with the adsorbent. Just as
in TLC, there is an equilibrium established
between the solute adsorbed on the silica
gel or alumina and the eluting solvent
flowing down through the column.
The stationary phase or adsorbent in
column chromatography is a solid. The most
common stationary phase for column
chromatography is silica gel, followed by
alumina. Cellulose powder has often been
used in the past. Also possible are ion
exchange chromatography, reversed-phase
chromatography (RP), affinity
chromatography or expanded bed
adsorption (EBA). The stationary phases
are usually finely ground powders or gels
and/or are microporous for an increased
surface, though in EBA a fluidized bed is
used.
The mobile phase or eluent is either a
pure solvent or a mixture of different
solvents. It is chosen so that the retention
factor value of the compound of interest is
roughly around 0.2 - 0.3 in order to minimize
the time and the amount of eluent to run the
chromatography. The eluent has also been
chosen so that the different compounds can
be separated effectively. The eluent is
optimized in small scale pretests, often
using thin layer chromatography (TLC) with
the same stationary phase.

The objectives of the experiment are as

follows: (1) to extract total lipids from
chicken egg yolk, (2) to analyze the lipids
present in the crude extract using column
chromatography

Conclusion:
Extraction of Total Lipids from Chicken
Egg Yolk. Lipids are dissolvable in organic
solvents, however sparingly solvent or
insoluble in water. The current techniques
for the extraction of lipids from source
material ordinarily include specific solvent
extraction and the beginning material might
be subjected to drying before extraction.
Solubility of lipids is an important criterion
for their extraction from source material and
depends intensely on the type of lipid
present, and the proportion of nonpolar
(basically triacylglycerols) and polar lipids
(fundamentally phospholipids and
glycolipids) in the specimen; accordingly, a
few solvent system may be considered,
depending upon the kind of sample and its
component. The solvents of choice are
generally hexane, chloroform, methanol or
chloroform, methanol or water.

Complex lipids were isolated from

the egg yolk and were separated into
phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated
lipids. Non-phosphorylated lipid and
cholesterol gave a positive result for
Liebermann-Burchard and Salkowski tests
which means that cholesterol is present in
the non-phosphorylated lipid sample.
Phosphorylated lipid and lecithin reacted
positively for both Krauts and Ninhydrin
tests which means that lecithin is present in
the phosphorylated lipid sample. For
Molisch test, both non-phosphorylated lipid
and galactocerebroside yielded a positive
result which means that they contain a
carbohydrate.