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A
OCN{
AND RSAEXAMINATIONS
OXFORDCAMBRIDGE
AdvancedGCE
B (ADVANCTNG
PHYSTCS PHYSTCS) 2864101
Fieldand ParticlePictures
Thursday 16 JUNE 2005 Morning t hour 15 minutes
Candidate
CandidateName CentreNumber Number
TIME t hour15minutes
TO CANDIDATES
INSTRUCTIONS
o Writeyournamein thespaceabove.
o WriteyourCentrenumberandCandidate numberin the boxesabove.
. Answerall the questions.
o Writeyouranswersin thespacesprovided on thequestionpaper.
. Readeachquestioncarefullyand makesureyou knowwhatyou haveto do beforestartingyour
answer.
o and give answersto only a justifiablenumberof
Showclearlythe workingin all calculations,
figures.
significant
FORCANUDATES
INFORMAilON
. Youareadvisedto spendabout20 minuteson SectionA and55 minuteson SectionB.
o Thenumberof marksis givenin brackets [ ] at the endof eachquestionor partquestion.
r Fourmarksareavailable forthequalityof writtencommunication in SectionB.
. The valuesof standardphysicalconstantsare givenin the Data,
Formulae and Relationship
Booklet.Any additional data requiredare FOREXAMINER'S USE
question.
givenin theappropriate
Section Max. Mark
A 20
B 50
TOTAL 70
SectionA
Choosethe correctunitfor
(a) electric
fieldstrength
.............
2 by a goldnucleus.
Fig.2.1showsthe pathfollowedby an alphaparticleas it is deflected
G-- goldnucleus
Fig.2.1
=1.6x10-1sC
1
k= - =9.0x10eNm2C-2
4neo
2864/01 Jun05
3 For
Examinefs
Use
3 The graphof Fig.3.1showshowthe flux in the secondarycoil of a transformervarieswith
time.
+80
flux/pWb
+60
+40
+20
_20
-40
-60
-80
Fig.3.1
(a) On Fig.3.1,sketchthevariation
withtimeof the emfacrossthe secondary
coil.
t21
aboutparticlesin a nucleus.
Herearesomestatements
A A stablenucleusalwayscontainsmoreneutronsthanprotons.
B Emission of a gammaphotonalwaysresultsin a lossof massfor a nucleus.
C A nucleuscanalwaysreducethe numberof neutronsby emittinga gammaphoton.
2864/01Jun05 [Turnover
For
Examinet"s
Use
5 a goldnucleus.
Fig.5.1represents
Fig.5.1
KQ
Velec=
r
t2l
F = IlB.
t2l
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5 For
Examiner's
Use
In a scattering a beamof particles
experiment, by nucleiin a thintarget.
is scattered
answer . . . . . . . . . . .t .1. I.
An alphaparticlehasa head-oncollision
witha goldnucleus.
Thecollisionreverses of thealphaparticle's
thedirection velocity.
II I
o .D
\_/
kinetic
energy
time of closestapproach
Fig.9.1
t3l
[SectionA Total:201
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6 For
Exaninefs
Use
Section B
Fig.10.1
t1l
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7 For
Examinefs
Use
(b) 1ickeep the cylinderrotating,a seriesof pulsesof currentare providedin both H and V
coils.
The graphof Fig.10.2 showshow the currentin the H coil changeswith time.
current/mA
Fi9.10.2
t2l
(d) (i) Suggestand explainone modification
to the motorwhichwill makethe cylinder
rotatefaster.
t2l
(ii) Suggest and explain one modificationto the motor which will result in a larger
turningforceon the cylinder.
tzl
[Total:1ti]
energy/MeV 2'5o
2 .4 8
groundstate
F i g .1 1 . 1
121
( b ) S o m e o f t h e h a f n i u m - 1 7 8n u c l e i c r e a t e d a r e i n t h e e x c i t e ds t a t e , l a b e l l e dM i n
Fig.11.1.Nucleiin stateM decayvery slowly,with a decayconstantot7.1 x 1g-10s-l.
1u=1.7x10-27kg
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I For
Exaninefs
Use
(ii) Showthatthe samplecontainedabout2 x 1016nucleiofhafnium-178.
t1l
(iii) Calculate
the activityof thesample.
Includethe unitof youranswer.
= ..............
activity ........
unit ...................
t3 l
(c) The sampleof hafnium-178in stateM was exposedto a one secondpulseof X-ray
photons
of wavelength6.2x 10-11m.
(i) Showthatthe energyof eachX-rayphotonis 0.020MeV.
c = 3 .0x 1 0 8 ms-1
h = 6.6x 1O-34J s
=1.6x10-1eC
t3l
(ii) TheX-rayphotonsareabsorbedby the sample.
TheenergylevelK is 0.020MeVabovethe levelM.
Explainhowthisfactcouldaccountfor the absorptionof the X-rayphotons.
l2l
(iii) Absorptionof the X-rayphotonsby the sampleresultsin a largeincreasein
Nucleiin the energylevelK havea largedecayconstant.
activity.
Explainhowthiscouldaccountforthe increasein activity.
tizl
[Total:14]
particles
1 2 Thisquestionis aboutaccelerating to highenergies.
in a ring-shaped
areaccelerated
Particles tube,as shownin Fig.12.1.
evacuated
magnet
\
tTt
to tube
I | ,evacuated
a>beamor
Protons
\7
Fig.12.1 Fig.12.2
t3l
(b) Fig.12.2showsthe magnetsaboveand belowthe evacuatedtube.Theseforce
protonsmovingalongthe tubeto followa circularpath.
(i) Low energyprotonsof mass m and chargeg moveat speed v throughthe
for the centripetalforce
magneticfieldof flux density8. By usingthe expressions
and magneticforceon the protons,showthat the radiusr of the circularpath is
givenby the expression
mv
r- -
Bq
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11 For
Examinels
Use
(ii) Protonswitha largetotalenergyE moveat almostthe speedof lightc.
the radiusrof the circularpathis givenby the expression
In theseconditions,
cBq
Calculatethe magneticfluxdensityrequiredto keep27QGeVprotonsin a circular
pathof radius1.8 x 103m.
c = 3 . 0x 1 0 8 m s - 1
e=1.6x10-1eC
= .......................
fluxdensity T [.....
2]
travelin oppositedirectionsthroughthe
protonsand antiprotons
(c) In an experiment,
evacuatedtube.
( i ) Su g g e stw h y p ro to n sa nd antipr otonstr avelin oppositedir ectionsin th e
evacuatedtube.
lll
Sometimes,whena protonand an antiproton collide,a particlecalledthe Z is created.
TheZ particleis unstableanddecaysquicklyintoa positronandan electron.
(ii) Completethe equationfor the decay of the Z parlicle,showingnucleonand
chargenumbers.
3z+
l2l
showsthatthe Zparticlehasa restenergyof 93GeV.
(iii) The experiment
Suggesthowthisis determined
by theexperiment.
tzl
[Total:12]
286,4/01
Junos [Turnover
12 For
Examiner's
Use
13 Thisquestionis aboutcalculating materials.
the riskto workersexposedto radioactive
cobalt-60 source
.F
conveyorbelt
O- standshere
operator
Fig.13.1
J=
4nd2
l1l
(ii) Explainwhy the intensityof gammaphotonsdecreases
with increasing
distance
fromthesource.
tzl
releasesa betaparticlewhenit decays,quicklyfollowedby
(iii) A nucleusof cobalt-60
a pairof gammaphotons.
Explainwhy the beta particlescontribute
very littleto the absorbeddose of the
operator.
t1l
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13 For
Examinefs
Use
(b) ln orderto reducethe intensityof gammaphotonsfor the operators
to a safelevel,a
1.2m thick wall of concrete
is placedbetweenthem and the source,as shownin
Fig.13.2.
cobalt-60source
concrete
conveyorbelt
operatorstandshere
Fig.13.2
l2l
presents
(ii) Eachoperator of thegamma
areaof 0.80m2forabsorption
an average
photons.
lf all of the photons are absorbed by an operator,show that the operator absorbs
about 1 x 10-4Jof energyin each eight hour workingday.
tzl
(iii) The averagemass of an operatoris 75 kg, and the gamma photonshave a quality
factorof 1.
Show that the absorbeddose of the operatoris belowthe recommendedsafe limit
of 4.0 x 10{Sv per day.
l2l
10]
[Total:
of Written
Quality Communication
[4]
[SectionB Total:50]
PAPER
ENDOF OUESTION
2864/01 Jun05