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A
OCN{
AND RSAEXAMINATIONS
OXFORDCAMBRIDGE
AdvancedGCE
B (ADVANCTNG
PHYSTCS PHYSTCS) 2864101
Fieldand ParticlePictures
Thursday 16 JUNE 2005 Morning t hour 15 minutes

Candidates answeron thequestionpaper.


materials:
Additional
Data,Formulae andRelationshipsBooklet
Electroniccalculator

Candidate
CandidateName CentreNumber Number

TIME t hour15minutes

TO CANDIDATES
INSTRUCTIONS
o Writeyournamein thespaceabove.
o WriteyourCentrenumberandCandidate numberin the boxesabove.
. Answerall the questions.
o Writeyouranswersin thespacesprovided on thequestionpaper.
. Readeachquestioncarefullyand makesureyou knowwhatyou haveto do beforestartingyour
answer.
o and give answersto only a justifiablenumberof
Showclearlythe workingin all calculations,
figures.
significant

FORCANUDATES
INFORMAilON
. Youareadvisedto spendabout20 minuteson SectionA and55 minuteson SectionB.
o Thenumberof marksis givenin brackets [ ] at the endof eachquestionor partquestion.
r Fourmarksareavailable forthequalityof writtencommunication in SectionB.
. The valuesof standardphysicalconstantsare givenin the Data,
Formulae and Relationship
Booklet.Any additional data requiredare FOREXAMINER'S USE
question.
givenin theappropriate
Section Max. Mark

A 20

B 50

TOTAL 70

This questionpaperconsistsof 14 printedpagesand2 blankpages.


sP (MML78672104l.576723n
O Obn zoos lvhoomlol Registered
CharityNumber:1066969 [TUrn Over
2 Fol
Examinefs
Use
Answerall thequestions.

SectionA

Hereis a listof units.

N C-1 J C-l Wb s-l Wb m-2

Choosethe correctunitfor

(a) electric
fieldstrength
.............

(b) magnetic .............


fieldstrength
l2l

2 by a goldnucleus.
Fig.2.1showsthe pathfollowedby an alphaparticleas it is deflected

G-- goldnucleus

Fig.2.1

of theforceon the alphaparticlewhenit is at pointX.


(a) Markwithan arrowthe direction
t1l
(b) At pointX, the alphaparticleis 1.2 x 10-13mfromthe centreof the gold nucleus.
A goldnucleusand an alphaparticlecontain79 and 2 protonsrespectively.

of theforceon the alphaparticlewhenit is at pointX.


the magnitude
Calculate

=1.6x10-1sC

1
k= - =9.0x10eNm2C-2
4neo

2864/01 Jun05
3 For
Examinefs
Use
3 The graphof Fig.3.1showshowthe flux in the secondarycoil of a transformervarieswith
time.

+80
flux/pWb
+60

+40

+20

_20

-40

-60

-80

Fig.3.1

(a) On Fig.3.1,sketchthevariation
withtimeof the emfacrossthe secondary
coil.

Thereis no needfor anycalculations. t1l


(b) Thesecondary coilhas75 turnsof wire.By measuring
a suitablegradienton the graph
of Fig.3.1,showthatthe maximumemfacrossthecoilis about10V.

t21

aboutparticlesin a nucleus.
Herearesomestatements

A A stablenucleusalwayscontainsmoreneutronsthanprotons.
B Emission of a gammaphotonalwaysresultsin a lossof massfor a nucleus.
C A nucleuscanalwaysreducethe numberof neutronsby emittinga gammaphoton.

Whichone statementis correct?

2864/01Jun05 [Turnover
For
Examinet"s
Use
5 a goldnucleus.
Fig.5.1represents

Fig.5.1

the shapeand directionof the electricfield


On Fig.5.1,sketcheight linesto represent
the nucleus.
surrounding I2l

6 The electricpotentialV"r".ot a point distancer from a positivechargeO is givenby the


expression

KQ
Velec=
r

Explainthe meaningof the termelectricpotential.

t2l

7 The force F on a wire of lengthI carryinga current1 at right anglesto a magneticfield of


flux densityB is givenby the equation

F = IlB.

Show that the unitsof flux densitycan be N s C-1m-1.

t2l

2864/01Jun05
5 For
Examiner's
Use
In a scattering a beamof particles
experiment, by nucleiin a thintarget.
is scattered

All of the particlesin the beamhavethesamemass,chargeandenergy.

Of the threequantitiesmass,chargeand energy,whichone, by itself,if increasedwould


resultin moreparticlesbeingscattered
outof the beamby morethan90"?

answer . . . . . . . . . . .t .1. I.

An alphaparticlehasa head-oncollision
witha goldnucleus.

Thecollisionreverses of thealphaparticle's
thedirection velocity.

alpha particle gold nucleus

II I
o .D
\_/

On the axesof Fig.9.1,sketchhowthe kineticenergyof the alphaparticlevarieswithtimet,


fromwellbeforethecollision(f = 0) to wellafterit is over.

kinetic
energy

time of closestapproach

Fig.9.1

t3l
[SectionA Total:201

2864/01Jun05 [Turnover
6 For
Exaninefs
Use
Section B

1 0 Thisquestionis abouta typeof electricmotor.

Computersare oftencooledby fansturnedby brushlessmotors.

motorare shownin Fig.10.1.


Detailsof a simplebrushless

fixed iron core,


not rotating

Fig.10.1

To makethe cylinderrotatearoundthe fixedcore,pulsesof currentare alternately


applied
to the H andV coilswoundaroundthe ironcore.

a pulseof currentis providedin the H coil.Thissetsthe magnetised


(a) lnitially, cylinder
rotatingclockwise, startingfromthe positionshownin Fig.10.1.
(i) Markon Fig.10.1the N and S poleson the fixed iron core requiredto makethe
magnetisedcylinderrotateclockwise. I1l
(ii) Explainhowthe presenceof thesepolesmakesthe cylinderrotateclockwise.

t1l

2864/01Jun05
7 For
Examinefs
Use
(b) 1ickeep the cylinderrotating,a seriesof pulsesof currentare providedin both H and V
coils.

The graphof Fig.10.2 showshow the currentin the H coil changeswith time.

current/mA

Fi9.10.2

On Fig.10.2,sketchthe pulsesof currentin the V coilwhichwill keepthe magnetised


cylinderrotating. tzl
(c) Use datafrom Fig.10.2to explainwhy the maximumspeedof the cylinderwill be
25 rotationsper second.

t2l
(d) (i) Suggestand explainone modification
to the motorwhichwill makethe cylinder
rotatefaster.

t2l
(ii) Suggest and explain one modificationto the motor which will result in a larger
turningforceon the cylinder.

tzl
[Total:1ti]

2864/01 Jun05 [Turn over


For
8 Examinet's
Use
the rapidreleaseof gammaphotonsfroma nucleus.
11 Thisquestionis abouttriggering
of hafnium-178.
Fig.11.1showssomeof theenergylevelsfora nucleus

energy/MeV 2'5o
2 .4 8

groundstate

F i g .1 1 . 1

(a) Hafnium-178is created by bombardinga targetof tantalum-181 with highenergy


by the
This processis represented
protonsfrom an accelerator. equation
1!lra+ + ll8rnt+x
lp
the massandchargenumbersof particleX, andhenceidentifyit.
Calculate

121
( b ) S o m e o f t h e h a f n i u m - 1 7 8n u c l e i c r e a t e d a r e i n t h e e x c i t e ds t a t e , l a b e l l e dM i n
Fig.11.1.Nucleiin stateM decayvery slowly,with a decayconstantot7.1 x 1g-10s-l.

ln a recentexperiment,a sampleof 5.0 ng of hafnium-178was createdin state M.


(i) Calculatethe mass of a singlenucleusof hafnium-178.

1u=1.7x10-27kg

2864/01Jun05
I For
Exaninefs
Use
(ii) Showthatthe samplecontainedabout2 x 1016nucleiofhafnium-178.

t1l
(iii) Calculate
the activityof thesample.
Includethe unitof youranswer.

= ..............
activity ........
unit ...................
t3 l
(c) The sampleof hafnium-178in stateM was exposedto a one secondpulseof X-ray
photons
of wavelength6.2x 10-11m.
(i) Showthatthe energyof eachX-rayphotonis 0.020MeV.

c = 3 .0x 1 0 8 ms-1
h = 6.6x 1O-34J s
=1.6x10-1eC

t3l
(ii) TheX-rayphotonsareabsorbedby the sample.
TheenergylevelK is 0.020MeVabovethe levelM.
Explainhowthisfactcouldaccountfor the absorptionof the X-rayphotons.

l2l
(iii) Absorptionof the X-rayphotonsby the sampleresultsin a largeincreasein
Nucleiin the energylevelK havea largedecayconstant.
activity.
Explainhowthiscouldaccountforthe increasein activity.

tizl
[Total:14]

2864/01 Jun05 [Turnover


10

particles
1 2 Thisquestionis aboutaccelerating to highenergies.

in a ring-shaped
areaccelerated
Particles tube,as shownin Fig.12.1.
evacuated

magnet
\
tTt
to tube
I | ,evacuated

a>beamor
Protons
\7

Fig.12.1 Fig.12.2

(a) A particleacceleratorof this type at CERN acceleratesprotonsto a total energyof


27OGeV.

Use the relationshipErest= mcz lo showthat the energy27OGeYis about300 times


the restenergyof the protons.

ffin= 1.7 x 10-27kg


e'= t'O x 1O-1eC
c= 3.0x 108ms-1

t3l
(b) Fig.12.2showsthe magnetsaboveand belowthe evacuatedtube.Theseforce
protonsmovingalongthe tubeto followa circularpath.
(i) Low energyprotonsof mass m and chargeg moveat speed v throughthe
for the centripetalforce
magneticfieldof flux density8. By usingthe expressions
and magneticforceon the protons,showthat the radiusr of the circularpath is
givenby the expression

mv
r- -
Bq

2864/01Jun05
11 For
Examinels
Use
(ii) Protonswitha largetotalenergyE moveat almostthe speedof lightc.
the radiusrof the circularpathis givenby the expression
In theseconditions,

cBq
Calculatethe magneticfluxdensityrequiredto keep27QGeVprotonsin a circular
pathof radius1.8 x 103m.

c = 3 . 0x 1 0 8 m s - 1
e=1.6x10-1eC

= .......................
fluxdensity T [.....
2]

travelin oppositedirectionsthroughthe
protonsand antiprotons
(c) In an experiment,
evacuatedtube.
( i ) Su g g e stw h y p ro to n sa nd antipr otonstr avelin oppositedir ectionsin th e
evacuatedtube.

lll
Sometimes,whena protonand an antiproton collide,a particlecalledthe Z is created.
TheZ particleis unstableanddecaysquicklyintoa positronandan electron.
(ii) Completethe equationfor the decay of the Z parlicle,showingnucleonand
chargenumbers.

3z+
l2l
showsthatthe Zparticlehasa restenergyof 93GeV.
(iii) The experiment
Suggesthowthisis determined
by theexperiment.

tzl
[Total:12]

286,4/01
Junos [Turnover
12 For
Examiner's
Use
13 Thisquestionis aboutcalculating materials.
the riskto workersexposedto radioactive

Disposablesurgicalinstrumentsare sterilisedby gammaphotonsfrom a sampleof


cobalt-60.The instruments in theirairtightplasticbagsare packedintoboxesand placed
on the conveyorbelt, as shownin Fig.13.1.

cobalt-60 source

view from above


10m

.F
conveyorbelt

O- standshere
operator

Fig.13.1

(a) Operatorsare requiredto standon a spot that is 10 m from the cobalt-60source.


Boxesthattheyloadontothe conveyor beltpassmuchcloserto thecobalt-60, andare
exposedto a highintensityof gammaphotons.The intensity
1of gamma photons at a
distancedfroma sourcewhichemitsphotonsat a rateA is givenby the expression

J=
4nd2

(i) Thesourceemitsgammaphotonsat a rateof 2.4 x 10168q.


Showthat the intensityof gammaphotonsfor the operatorswouldbe about
2 x 1013
Bqm-2in theabsence of shielding.

l1l
(ii) Explainwhy the intensityof gammaphotonsdecreases
with increasing
distance
fromthesource.

tzl
releasesa betaparticlewhenit decays,quicklyfollowedby
(iii) A nucleusof cobalt-60
a pairof gammaphotons.
Explainwhy the beta particlescontribute
very littleto the absorbeddose of the
operator.

t1l
2864/01Jun05
13 For
Examinefs
Use
(b) ln orderto reducethe intensityof gammaphotonsfor the operators
to a safelevel,a
1.2m thick wall of concrete
is placedbetweenthem and the source,as shownin
Fig.13.2.

cobalt-60source

concrete

conveyorbelt

operatorstandshere

Fig.13.2

of the photonsis halvedfor each4.0 x 10-2mthickness


(i) The intensity of concrete
thattheypassthrough.
Sh o wth a t th e 1 .2 m th i cknessof concr eter educesthe intensityof gam m a
photonsfor the operatorto about2 x 104Bqrn-2.

l2l
presents
(ii) Eachoperator of thegamma
areaof 0.80m2forabsorption
an average
photons.
lf all of the photons are absorbed by an operator,show that the operator absorbs
about 1 x 10-4Jof energyin each eight hour workingday.

energyof photons= 1.8 x 10-13J

tzl
(iii) The averagemass of an operatoris 75 kg, and the gamma photonshave a quality
factorof 1.
Show that the absorbeddose of the operatoris belowthe recommendedsafe limit
of 4.0 x 10{Sv per day.

l2l
10]
[Total:
of Written
Quality Communication
[4]
[SectionB Total:50]
PAPER
ENDOF OUESTION
2864/01 Jun05

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