Instruction Cycle

Phases of Instruction Cycle

Unit 3 - CONTROL UNIT DESIGN

Abhineet Anand

Computer Science and Engg. Department

University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun

November 26, 2012

Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - CONTROL UNIT DESIGN

 Introduction
Instruction Cycle
Diagram
Phases of Instruction Cycle
Circuit Used

Instruction Cycle

A program residing in the memory unit of the computer

consist of a sequence of Instructions.
The program is executed in the computer by going through
a cycle for each instruction.
Each instruction cycle in turn is subdivided into a sequence
of sub cycle or phase.

Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - CONTROL UNIT DESIGN

 Introduction
Instruction Cycle
Diagram
Phases of Instruction Cycle
Circuit Used

Instruction Cycle

Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - CONTROL UNIT DESIGN

 Introduction
Instruction Cycle
Diagram
Phases of Instruction Cycle
Circuit Used

Circuits Used

The circuits used in the CPU during the cycle are:

Program counter (PC) - an incrementing counter that
keeps track of the memory address of the instruction that is
to be executed next.
Memory address register (MAR) - holds the address of a
memory block to be read from or written to.
Memory data register (MDR) - a two-way register that
holds data fetched from memory (and ready for the CPU to
process) or data waiting to be stored in memory.

Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - CONTROL UNIT DESIGN

 Introduction
Instruction Cycle
Diagram
Phases of Instruction Cycle
Circuit Used

Circuits Used Contd..

Instruction register (IR) - a temporary holding ground for

the instruction that has just been fetched from memory
Control unit (CU) - decodes the program instruction in the
IR, selecting machine resources such as a data source
register and a particular arithmetic operation, and
coordinates activation of those resources
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) - performs mathematical and
logical operations

Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - CONTROL UNIT DESIGN

 Fetching the instruction
Instruction Cycle Decode the instruction
Phases of Instruction Cycle In case of a memory instruction
Execute the instruction

Phases of Instruction Cycle

In basic computer, each instruction cycle consists of the

following phases:
Fetch an instruction from Memory.
Decode the instruction.
Read the effective address from memory if the instruction
has an indirect address.
Execute the instruction.

Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - CONTROL UNIT DESIGN

 Fetching the instruction
Instruction Cycle Decode the instruction
Phases of Instruction Cycle In case of a memory instruction
Execute the instruction

Fetching the instruction

The next instruction is fetched from the memory address

that is currently stored in the program counter (PC), and
stored in the instruction register (IR).
Now, the PC points to the next instruction that will be read
at the next cycle.

Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - CONTROL UNIT DESIGN

 Fetching the instruction
Instruction Cycle Decode the instruction
Phases of Instruction Cycle In case of a memory instruction
Execute the instruction

Decode the instruction

The decoder interprets the instruction.

During this phases the instruction inside the IR (instruction
register) gets decoded.

Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - CONTROL UNIT DESIGN

 Fetching the instruction
Instruction Cycle Decode the instruction
Phases of Instruction Cycle In case of a memory instruction
Execute the instruction

In case of a memory instruction

In case of a memory instruction (direct or indirect) the

execution phase will be in the next clock pulse.
Required data is fetched from main memory to be
processed and then placed into data registers.
During this phases the instruction inside the IR (instruction
register) gets decoded.
If the instruction is direct, nothing is done at this clock
pulse.
If this is an I/O instruction or a Register instruction, the
operation is performed (executed) at clock Pulse.

Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - CONTROL UNIT DESIGN

 Fetching the instruction
Instruction Cycle Decode the instruction
Phases of Instruction Cycle In case of a memory instruction
Execute the instruction

Execute the instruction

The control unit of CPU passes the decoded information

as a sequence of control signals.
Signals are passed to the relevant function units of the
CPU to perform the actions required.
These action may be :
Reading values from registers,
Passing them to the ALU to perform mathematical or logic
functions on them, or
Writing the result back to a register
The result generated by the operation is stored in the main
memory, or sent to an output device.

Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - CONTROL UNIT DESIGN

 Fetching the instruction
Instruction Cycle Decode the instruction
Phases of Instruction Cycle In case of a memory instruction
Execute the instruction

The Fetch Execute cycle in Transfer Notation

Expressed in register transfer notation:

MAR <- PC
MDR<- Memory {MAR address}; PC <- [PC]+1 (Increment
the PC for next cycle at the same time)
IR<- MDR

Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - CONTROL UNIT DESIGN

 Fetching the instruction
Instruction Cycle Decode the instruction
Phases of Instruction Cycle In case of a memory instruction
Execute the instruction

THANK YOU

Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - CONTROL UNIT DESIGN