Study on Control of Micro-source with

Non-linear Load with Power Electronic Technology

QunHai Huo1,*, TongZhen Wei1, and JiangBo Wang2

1
Institute of Electrical Engineering,
The Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, 100190, China
2
Power Electronics Department,
China Electric Power Research Institute,
Beijing 100192, China
huoqunhai@163.com

Abstract. The micro-source in micro-grid may be very close distance to the

load, and the power output is directly affected by the non-linear load. The
harmonic problem caused by the non-linear load of energy-storage micro-
source is studied in this paper. The control system is designed using the
Modified Sliding Mode Variable Structure Control (MSMVSC) with power
electronic technology. The result showed that the voltage loop using the
modified sliding mode algorithm can effectively improve harmonic problems.

Keywords: Micro-grid, Micro-source, Non-linear load, the Modified Sliding

Mode Variable Structure, Power Electronic Technology.

1 Introduction

Recently the more application technologies of Distributed Generation (DG) include

Micro-turbine power generation [1]-[3], Fuel cell power generation [4],[5],
Photovoltaic power generation [6], [7], Wind Power [8], [9], Biomass power
generation and so on. Micro-source below 500KW is the main development trend of
new DG [10]. One of characteristics for Micro-grid is small inertia, so the micro-grid
in general is equipped with a distributed storage devices which is used for voltage
support of micro-grid [11]-[14].
The micro-source in micro-grid may be very close to the load in distance, there is
no long transmission line, and there is no limit to the stability of the transmission line,
but the entire system was pure resistive and very rapid changes in output, and the
power output is directly affected by the non-linear load.
The harmonic problem caused by the non-linear load of energy-storage micro-
source is studied in this paper. The control system is designed using MSMVSC [15].
The result showed that system performance had been significantly improved.

*
Corresponding author: TongZhen Wei (e-mail: tzwei@mail.iee.ac.cn)

D. Jin and S. Lin (Eds.): Advances in Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, LNEE 177, pp. 639644.
springerlink.com Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
640 Q. Huo, T. Wei, and J. Wang

2 Topology of Energy Storage Micro-source

Main power supply topology is shown in Fig. 1. Batteries are used to provide power,
and the voltage increased from 480V up to 720V. This equipment is used for main
power supply device in micro-grid, and the other micro-sources are connected to it.

K1 T1 T3 T5

T2 T4 T6

Fig. 1. Topology of Energy Storage micro-source

3 Theoretical Derivation

Fig. 2. Index sliding mode controller Fig. 3. Uncontrolled rectifier with

resistive load
Choosing the sliding model:
S = Ud * Ud (1)
Ud is d-axis load voltage through park transformation, Ud * is reference voltage.
By using the exponential rate reaching law technology, a modified sliding mode
controller was designed as Fig 2:
dS 1 e S (2)
= K * K '* S K ' = 1/ K > 0
dt 1 + e S

4 The Simulation and Discussion

In this paper, the simulation model is built by SimpowerSystems of matlab, and the
situation of load balance is simulated using MSMVSC firstly. Then the three situations
 Study on Control of Micro-source with Non-linear Load 641

of non-linear load are simulated: (1) Uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load (Fig. 3).
It is simulated using PI control firstly, and the corresponding voltage and current
waveforms showed in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. It is simulated using MSMVSC later, and the
corresponding voltage and current waveforms showed in Fig. 10- Fig. 13. (2)
Uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load and capacitance in parallel (Fig. 4). Current
waveforms showed in Figure 14. (3) Uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load,
capacitance and inductance in parallel (Fig. 5). Voltage and current waveforms showed
in Fig. 15 and Fig. 16. The main purpose of the simulation was to test load
characteristics of different power factor.
Simulation parameters: on the balanced load, three-phase loads are 10 ohms; on the
non-linear load, resistive load is 10 ohms. Bus voltage is 720V, and the bus capacitor
C1, C2 is 4500uF. The simulation results are shown in Fig. 6- Fig. 16.

Fig. 4. Uncontrolled rectifier with resistive Fig. 5. Uncontrolled rectifier with resistive
load and capacitance in parallel load, capacitance and inductance in parallel

400 20

300 15

10
200

5
100
nt/A
voltage/V

rre

0
0
cu

-5
-100
-10
-200
-15
-300
-20
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-400 time/S
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
time/S

Fig. 6. Voltage waveform of three phases Fig. 7. Current waveform of three phases under
under balanced load balanced load

400 40

300 30

200 20

100
10
voltage/V

current/A

0
0

-100
-10

-200
-20
-300
-30
-400
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
time/s -40
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
time/s

Fig. 8. Voltage waveform of PI control with Fig. 9. Current waveform of PI control with
uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load
642 Q. Huo, T. Wei, and J. Wang

40 400

30 300

20 200

Voltage &current
100
10
current/A

0
0

-100
-10

-200
-20

-300
-30
-400
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-40
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 time/S
time/S

Fig. 10. Current waveform of phase A with Fig. 11. Voltage and current waveform of
uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load phase A with uncontrolled rectifier with
resistive load
40 400

300
30

200
20

100
10
voltage/V
current/A

0
0
-100
-10
-200

-20
-300

-30
-400
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
time/S
-40
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
time/S

Fig. 12. Current waveform of three phases Fig. 13. Voltage waveform of three phases
with uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load with uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load

40 40

30 30

20
20

10
10
current/A

current/A

0
0
-10
-10
-20

-20
-30

-30
-40
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
time/s
-40
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
time/s

Fig. 14. Current waveform of three phases Fig. 15. Current waveform of three phases with
with uncontrolled rectifier with resistive uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load,
load parallel connected capacitance capacitance and inductance in parallel
400

300

200

100
voltage/V

-100

-200

-300

-400
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
time/s

Fig. 16. Current waveform of three phases with uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load,
capacitance and inductance in parallel
 Study on Control of Micro-source with Non-linear Load 643

In DC circumstances, PI control can achieve non-static error control, but for 3

times, 5 times and so on low harmonic control is bad. Through Figure 8 can also see
that the output waveform contains a large number of low harmonics. The sliding
mode of the MSMVSC is constant, that is, the system has a better robustness and is
not sensitive to the system change and external interference. Therefore, the MSMVSC
can achieve a better control effect for non-linear load.
Three cases have the same output voltage waveform, but current waveform has
more obvious differences. When the system is connected with uncontrolled rectifier
with resistive load and capacitance in parallel (Fig. 14), the entire load-side showed
capacitive, and current lags behind voltage. When the system is connected with
uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load, capacitance and inductance in parallel (Fig.
15), the current ripple exacerbated, but output voltage waveform is still very good
(Fig. 16), it proved that the MSMVSC has a good control effect.
Choosing the appropriate algorithm, micro-source can work with balanced load
and non-linear load. Fig.10 can be seen that the load current is the standard U-shaped
wave, and it can reflect the load characteristics. Fig.11 can be seen that the application
of sliding mode control strategy could improve the output voltage for the standard
smooth sine wave, control results is satisfying. Fig.12 and Fig.13 are the waveforms
of the three-phase voltage and current, the modified sliding mode control is used,
micro-source can work in the smoothing. The voltage loop using the modified sliding
mode algorithm can effectively improve harmonic problems caused by the non-linear
load.

Acknowledgments. This work has been financed by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China under award number 50807052,51107134.

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