A4 Drainage Design for Sydney Streets

City of Sydney
A4 Drainage Design
Town Hall House
456 Kent Street
Sydney NSW 2000
A4 Design
Sydney Streets Technical Specifications
A4. Drainage Design
Table of Contents
4.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 1
4.2 Exceptions ...................................................................................... 1
4.3 Certification .................................................................................... 1
4.4 Relevant standards ........................................................................ 2
4.5 Data Requirements ......................................................................... 3

4.5.1 General Plan .................................................................................... 4
4.5.2 Utilities Investigation Plan ................................................................. 4
4.5.3 Longsections .................................................................................... 5
4.5.3.1 Scale and Datum .............................................................................. 5
4.5.3.2 Title Block ......................................................................................... 5
4.5.3.3 Diagrams .......................................................................................... 5
4.5.3.4 Labels............................................................................................... 5
4.5.3.5 Data Table ........................................................................................ 6
4.5.4 Drainage Details ............................................................................... 6
4.5.5 CoS Standard Drawings ................................................................... 6
4.5.6 Drainage Design Variation Form....................................................... 6
4.5.7 Catchment Plan ................................................................................ 7
4.5.8 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design Data ............................................. 7
4.5.8.1 DRAINS File Requirement ................................................................ 7
4.5.8.2 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design Report .......................................... 8
4.5.9 Environmental Impact Assessment................................................... 8
4.5.10 Structural Certification ...................................................................... 8
4.6 Data Handover ................................................................................ 9

4.6.1 Works as Executed Drawings ........................................................... 9
4.6.2 Asset location file ............................................................................. 9
4.6.3 Asset Datasheet ............................................................................. 10
4.6.4 CCTV Footage ............................................................................... 10
4.6.5 Product Specifications .................................................................... 10
4.6.6 Operation and Maintenance Manual ............................................... 11
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4.7 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design Criteria .................................. 11

4.7.1 General Standards ......................................................................... 11
4.7.2 Hydrologic Design .......................................................................... 11
4.7.2.1 Design Storms ................................................................................ 11
4.7.2.2 Storm Durations ............................................................................. 12
4.7.3 Hydraulic Design ............................................................................ 12
4.7.3.1 Inlet Capacity.................................................................................. 12
4.7.3.2 Inlet Blockage Factors .................................................................... 13
4.7.3.3 Overland Flow Limits ...................................................................... 13
4.7.3.4 Pit Losses....................................................................................... 13
4.7.3.5 Downstream Boundary Conditions ................................................. 13
4.7.4 Adverse impacts ............................................................................. 14
4.7.5 Consistency with Floodplain Management Requirements ............... 14
4.8 Network Layout ............................................................................ 14

4.8.1 General Layout ............................................................................... 14
4.8.2 Conduit Location ............................................................................ 14
4.8.3 Parallel conduits ............................................................................. 15
4.8.4 Proximity of Other Structures .......................................................... 15
4.8.5 Drainage easements ...................................................................... 15
4.8.6 Proximity of other utility services..................................................... 16
4.8.7 Pit locations .................................................................................... 16
4.8.8 Proximity of Pits to Vehicle and Pedestrian Crossings and .................
Intersections ................................................................................... 17
4.8.9 Conduit Angles at Pits .................................................................... 17
4.8.10 Proximity to Trees .......................................................................... 18
4.8.11 Integration with Public Domain ....................................................... 18
4.8.12 Outlet Structures ............................................................................ 18
4.8.13 Other Stormwater Authorities ......................................................... 18
4.9 Conduit Design ............................................................................. 18

4.9.1 Conduit Type .................................................................................. 18
4.9.2 Minimum Conduit Size .................................................................... 19
4.9.3 Permitted Grades ........................................................................... 19
4.9.4 Invert Levels ................................................................................... 19
4.9.5 Structural design ............................................................................ 20
4.9.6 Conduit Cover ................................................................................ 20
4.9.7 Decommissioning of Redundant Conduits ...................................... 20
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4.10 Stormwater Structure Design ...................................................... 21

4.10.1 Standard structures ........................................................................ 21
4.10.2 Non Standard Structures ................................................................ 21
4.10.2.1 General Requirements ................................................................... 21
4.10.2.2 Maintenance access ....................................................................... 21
4.10.3 Kerb Inlets ...................................................................................... 22
4.10.3.2 Existing, Trachyte Kerb Inlets ......................................................... 22
4.10.4 Grates and Covers ......................................................................... 22
4.10.5 Trapped Gullies .............................................................................. 23
4.10.6 Brick or Masonry Structures ........................................................... 23
4.10.7 Decommissioning of Redundant Structures .................................... 23
4.11 Stormwater Quality Improvement Devices ................................. 23

4.11.1 Raingardens ................................................................................... 23
4.11.2 Gross Pollutant Traps ..................................................................... 24
4.11.2.1 Device Performance ....................................................................... 24
4.11.2.2 Cleaning Requirements .................................................................. 24
4.11.2.3 Access and working platforms ........................................................ 24
4.11.2.4 Device and Material Types ............................................................. 25
4.12 Relining ......................................................................................... 25
4.13 Footpath drainage ........................................................................ 26

4.13.1 General Requirements ................................................................... 26
4.13.2 Central Sydney Precinct ................................................................. 26
4.13.3 Trench Grates or Strip Drains ......................................................... 26
4.13.3.1 Permitted Use................................................................................. 26
4.13.4 Gutter Bridges ................................................................................ 27
4.13.4.1 Permitted Use................................................................................. 27
4.14 Private connections ..................................................................... 28

4.14.1 Connection Approval ...................................................................... 28
4.14.2 Kerb Outlets ................................................................................... 28
4.14.2.1 Outlet Configuration........................................................................ 28
4.14.2.2 Discharge Limits ............................................................................. 28
4.14.2.3 Basement Discharges .................................................................... 29
4.14.3 Direct Connections ......................................................................... 29
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4.14.3.2 Conduits ......................................................................................... 29
4.14.3.3 Backflow Prevention and Surcharging ............................................ 29
4.14.3.4 Other Stormwater Authorities ......................................................... 30
4.14.3.5 Positive Covenant .......................................................................... 30
4.15 On Site Detention ......................................................................... 30

4.15.1 Requirements ................................................................................. 30
List of Tables
Table 1 DXF File properties ............................................................................... 10

Table 2 Pit design blockage factors.................................................................. 13
Table 3 100yr ARI Gutter Flow Limits for Carriageways <=7 Metres Wide ..... 13
Table 4 100yr ARI Gutter Flow Limits for Carriageways >7 Metres Wide ....... 13
Table 5 100yr ARI Overland Flow Limits for Pedestrian and Shared Zones .. 13
Table 6 Easement widths................................................................................... 16
Table 7 Maximum pipe length between stormwater pits ................................. 17
Table 8 Permitted Grade .................................................................................... 19
List of Appendices
Attachment A Design Checklist

Attachment B Drainage Design Variation Form and Drainage Variation
Approval Summary Sheet
Attachment C Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design Summary Tables
Attachment D Asset Datasheets
Attachment E Approved Stone Kerb Inlets
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A4. Drainage Design
4.1 Introduction
The City of Sydney Stormwater Drainage Design Code has been developed to
ensure the provision of high quality stormwater infrastructure compatible with the
Citys maintenance, asset management and serviceability requirements.
This code is output based and specifies the criteria that must be satisfied by
stormwater networks that are to be owned by the City or located on public land within
the Citys local government area. Stormwater infrastructure shall be designed by
suitably qualified and experienced professionals and in compliance with this
specification, all relevant legislation, standards and current practice.
This document shall be read in conjunction with all other chapters within the Citys
Sydney Streets Technical Specifications, B10 Construction Specifications and
Standard Drawings.
4.2 Exceptions
Departures to the requirements stipulated in the A4 Drainage Design specifications
and City of Sydney Stormwater Drainage B10 Construction specifications and
Standard Drawings are only permitted with the written approval of the Citys Principal
Engineer Water Assets.
Variations shall be requested in writing using the Drainage Standards Variation Form
and a Drainage Standards Variation Approval Summary Sheet signed by the
Principal Engineer Water Assets shall be obtained prior to construction. Failure to
gain approval prior to construction may result in an order to remove, redesign or
reconstruct non-compliant elements.
Written approval shall be required for each instance of non-compliance and shall
include a comprehensive explanation of the following:
Description of the proposed variation;

Clauses for which variation is sought; and
Justification why compliance is not possible.
Where the variation is sought during construction, justification as to why the variation
was not reasonably foreseeable during the Construction Certificate or detailed
design stages is also required.
4.3 Certification
Stormwater infrastructure shall be designed by suitable qualified and experienced
professionals and certification shall be required stating that at the proposed design
complies with
City of Sydney A4 Drainage Design specifications;

Standard Drawings;
City of Sydney Stormwater Drainage B10 Construction specification; and
All relevant standards.
Certification is also required of the hydraulic and structural design of all elements.
Structural certification is not required for City of Sydney standard drawings.
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A4. Drainage Design
4.4 Relevant standards

Stormwater drainage shall be designed and constructed in accordance with all
relevant standards. This includes the following standards however it should be
noted that the following list is not exhaustive. The requirements of this code will
prevail where the following standards conflict with this code.
Sydney Streets Technical Specifications;

City of Sydney B10. Stormwater Drainage construction specifications;
City of Sydney Standard Drawings;
Australian Rainfall and Runoff, A guide to flood estimation Volume 1, IE Aust 1998;
Australian Rainfall and Runoff, A guide to flood estimation Volume 2, IE Aust 1987;
Australian Runoff Quality, A guide to Water Sensitive Urban Design, Engineers
Australia, 2006;
The Constructed Wetlands Manual, Volume 1 and 2, NSW Department of Land and
Water Conservation, 1998;
Condition Assessment & Asset Performance Guidelines, Practice Note 5:
Stormwater Drainage, Institute of Public Works Engineering Australia;
AS 1210 Pressure Vessels;
AS 1214 Hot Dip Galvanised Coatings on Threaded Fasteners (ISO Metric Coarse
Thread Series);
AS 1254 Unplasticised PVC (uPVC) Pipes and Fittings for Storm or Surface Water
Applications;
AS 1260 PVC Pipes and Fittings for Drain, Waste and Vent Applications;
AS 1289 Methods of Testing Soils for Engineering Purposes;
AS 1302 Steel Reinforcing Bars for Concrete;
AS 1303 Hard Drawn Steel Reinforcing Wire for Concrete;
AS 1304 Welded Wire Reinforcing Fabric for Concrete;
AS 1463 Polyethylene Pipe Extrusion Compounds;
AS 1579 Arc-welded Steel Pipes and Fittings for Water and Waste-water;
AS 1597 Precast Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts;
AS 1646 Rubber Joint Rings for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Purposes;
AS 1741 Vitrified Clay Pipes and Fittings with Flexible Joints Sewer Quality;
AS 1831 Ductile Cast Iron;
AS 2032 Code of Practice for Installation of uPVC Pipe Systems;
AS 2566.1 Buried Flexible Pipelines Structural Design;
AS 2865 Safe Working in Confined Space;
AS 3500 National Plumbing and Drainage Code Compendium;
AS 3500.3 Stormwater Drainage - Plumbing and Drainage - Stormwater Drainage;
AS 3600 Concrete Structures;
AS 3725 Loads on Buried Concrete Pipes;
AS 3735 Concrete structured for retaining liquid;
AS 3972 Portland and Blended Cements;

A4. Drainage Design
AS 3996 Metal Access Covers, Road Grates and Frames;

AS 4058 Precast Concrete Pipes (pressure and non-pressure);
AS 4139 Fibre reinforced Concrete Pipes and Fittings;
AS 3571-1989 Glass filament reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes-
Polyester based-Water supply, sewerage and drainage applications;
AS/NZS 5065 Polyethylene and polypropylene pipes and fittings for drainage and
sewerage applications;
Polyethylene pipe code 2004 3rd Edition Version 3.1 Water Services Association of
Australia;
ISO 10467:2004 Plastic piping systems for pressure and non-pressure drainage and
sewage Glass reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) systems based on
unsaturated polyester resin.
ISTT Trenchless Technology Guideline Cured in place lining systems New Version
August 2005;
ISTT Trenchless Technology Guideline Close fit thermoplastic lining New Version
August 2005;
ISTT Trenchless Technology Guideline Pipe bursting and splitting New Version
June 2005; and
4.5 Data Requirements

The following information shall be required with every detailed design or
Construction Certificate that includes stormwater infrastructure;
General Plan (services and drainage plan);

Utilities investigation plan;
Longsections;
Drainage Details;
Relevant CoS Standard Drawings;
Certification of Design;
Drainage Design Variation Form;
Catchment Plan;
Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design Data;
Environmental Impact Assessment; and
Structural Certification.
The following information shall be required for any project that requires stormwater
relining works:
A plan showing the extent of the proposed relining works including the size of the
host conduit;
Details of any proposed additional structures or modification of existing structures in
order to gain access to undertake the works, including all relevant Council standard
drawings;
Structural requirements for the liner, the method of relining to be undertaken and
design calculations with certification of the structural capacity of the liner; and

A4. Drainage Design
CCTV of the host conduit depicting current conditions.

Information regarding kerb outlet connections is only required on the General Plan.
The following sections provide additional detail on the requirements for each item
listed above. Attachment A provides design checklists to ensure all relevant
information is included with drainage designs.
4.5.1 General Plan
A general plan of the proposed works shall be provided at a suitable scale such as
1:200 at A3 and include the following:
Title block, legend, north point, scale and scale bar;

Property boundaries;
Roads and road names;
Proposed development;
Existing and proposed levels e.g. stormwater, road, footpath, other topographical
features, etc;
Relevant topographical features;
Existing stormwater network;
Proposed stormwater network;
Dimensions and/or co-ordinates accurately identifying the position of all stormwater
assets without the need to scale positions off plans;
Stormwater pits and structures labelled from upstream to downstream using line
number / pit number format;
Labels or schedule identifying the requisite pit or structure types, properties and
relevant standard drawing or detail;
Existing and proposed pipe or conduit size; and
Appropriate labels describing the proposed works.
4.5.2 Utilities Investigation Plan
A Utilities Investigation Plan shall be prepared documenting the position of all

services in the vicinity of the proposed stormwater works. The plan shall be provided
at a suitable scale such as 1:500 at A3 and include the following:
Title block, north point, scale and scale bar;

Road and road names;
Existing and proposed stormwater;
Location of all utilities services;
Location of potholing and surveyed service levels; and
Photographs of potholed services.

A4. Drainage Design
Where the services investigation is large and complex, the above plan can be
supplemented with a detailed service investigation report.
4.5.3 Longsections
Longsections of all stormwater conduits are required for all projects where the total
length of new conduit exceeds 4.8m.
Notwithstanding the above, longsections are not required in the following

circumstances.
Relining of existing stormwater conduits
Replacing existing conduits like for like and there are no service intrusions in the
existing conduits
4.5.3.1 Scale and Datum
Scale: 1:200 horizontal at A3
1:20 vertical at A3
Datum: AHD
4.5.3.2 Title Block
Title block, legend, scale and scale bar shall be provided.
4.5.3.3 Diagrams
The following shall be drawn on the upper portion of the longsections:
Invert
Obvert
Surface
Pits and structures
Pit/structure labels in the form of Line Number / Pit Number
20yr ARI HGL
100yr ARI HGL
Position of other services crossing pipeline
Label service utilities with type of service and type and number of conduits
4.5.3.4 Labels
The middle portion of the longsections shall indicate the length of each reach and
include the following information.
Dimension / type / strength class
Length @ grade %

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20yr ARI peak flow rate
4.5.3.5 Data Table
The lower portion of the longsection shall include a data table with the following
information:
Datum
WAE invert ( blank space to be completed post construction)
20yr ARI HGL level
Existing surface level
Proposed surface level
Design invert level
Chainage
4.5.4 Drainage Details
Details shall be provided for all stormwater structures not covered by the City of
Sydney standard drawings. Details shall be provided at an appropriate scale such
as 1:20 at A3 and include all relevant detail to document the physical and structural
features. Detail includes but is not limited to the following:
Title block, legend, scale and scale bar;

Plan of each structure
Sections as appropriate
All dimensions
Prefabricated items such as covers
Structural steel design
Notes and specifications
4.5.5 CoS Standard Drawings
Where possible City of Sydney standard drawings shall be used. A copy of all
referenced City of Sydney standard drawings shall be provided with the Construction
Certificate and construction drawings.
4.5.6 Drainage Design Variation Form
Drainage Design Variation Form and Variation Approval Summary Sheet are only
required where a variation to the Code or Specification is requested.
The Drainage Design Variation Form and Variation Approval Summary Sheet are
available in Attachment B of this code and can be downloaded from the Citys
website.
The purpose of the Drainage Design Variation Form is as follows:

A4. Drainage Design
Document the proposed scope and extent of non compliance;

Identify the elements of the Stormwater Design Code and Construction
Specifications where variance is sought; and
Provide a justification for the proposed variation.
The purpose of the Variation Approval Summary Sheet is as follows:
Summarise the proposed variance; and
Provide written approval/refusal of the variation request.
Where a variation to the design or construction specifications is sought during the
construction phase of a project, justification is required as to why the variation could
not have been reasonably foreseen during the detailed design or construction
certificate stages.
The following are not considered to be valid justifications for a variation:
Failure to undertake proper services locating and potholing during the construction
certificate or detailed design phases.
In order to avoid modifications to development consent or proposed design.
In order to avoid redesigning, removing or reconstructing elements that have already
been constructed.
4.5.7 Catchment Plan
A catchment plan shall be provided at a suitable scale such as 1:500 at A3 and

include the following:
Title block, north point, scale and scale bar;

Pit and Pipe layout;
Pit labels;
Sub catchment delineation;
Label indicating catchment area; and
Flow direction arrow pointing to outlet
4.5.8 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design Data
The hydrologic and hydraulic capacity of the stormwater network shall be designed
in accordance with Section 7 of these specifications. The hydrologic and hydraulic
design shall be provided to the City as either a DRAINS File and supporting
information in accordance with Section 5.8.1 or as a comprehensive design report
and design summary sheets as outlined in section 5.8.2.
4.5.8.1 DRAINS File Requirement
Where the DRAINS hydrologic and hydraulic modelling software is used for the
design of the stormwater network a copy of the DRAINS modelling file shall be
provided. The modelling file shall conform to the following:

A4. Drainage Design
The Catchment Plan outlined in Section 5.2 shall be used as a background with the
modelled drainage network elements schematised in their true positions on the plan;
The stormwater network shall be schematised in the model at full scale and in its
actual position on the background plan;
All required storm events and durations;
The extended hydrological parameters shall be used;
Standard Drains pit inlet capacity curves shall be used wherever appropriate; and
Where non-standard pit inlet capacities are used, a supplemental report shall be
provided outlining the calculation and justification for the adopted inlet capacities;
4.5.8.2 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design Report
Where the DRAINS hydrologic and hydraulic modelling software is not used for the
design of the stormwater network, a comprehensive stormwater design report as well
as hydrologic and hydraulic design summary tables shall be provided.
The Stormwater Design Report shall include the following:
A description of the hydrologic and hydraulic modelling software package uses

including the suitability of the software for this purpose;
The methodologies employed in the calculation of rainfall, runoff and hydraulic
capacity;
The adopted pit inlet capacities;
Where non standard pit inlet capacities are used, the calculation and justification for
the adopted inlet capacities
The hydrologic and hydraulic parameters utilised and the appropriateness of the
selected values.
Description and justification of boundary conditions.
Completed hydrologic and hydraulic design summary tables as specified in Attachment C
shall be provided.
4.5.9 Environmental Impact Assessment
Where the stormwater works are to be undertaken as part of a Development Consent,

the environmental impacts were assessed as part of the Development Application and
further assessment is not required.
Where the works are to be undertaken without a Development Application, the
environmental impacts of the stormwater works shall be assessed as part of a Review of
Environmental Factors.
4.5.10 Structural Certification
Certification of the structural design is required for all stormwater structures except
for City of Sydney standard drawings.
All structures shall be designed to achieve 100 years life expectancy and shall be
designed in accordance with relevant Australian standards. All concrete structures
shall be designed and constructed as if they are liquid retaining structures to
minimise the cracks and maximise the life expectancy of structures.

A4. Drainage Design
4.6 Data Handover

The following is required to be provided to the Water Assets team upon completion
of the project:
Marked Works As Executed plans;

Asset location file;
Asset datasheet; and
CCTV of newly constructed conduits.
Where water quality improvement devices are created, the above information shall
be accompanied by the following:
Product specifications for all prefabricated GPT devices installed; and

Operation and maintenance manual for each GPT device.
Where stormwater relining work has been undertaken, the following information shall
be provided upon completion of the project:
Lining product specification and material data sheets;

Structural design documentation;
CCTV of host pipe prior to commencement of works;
CCTV of host pipe with all preparations completed and ready to accept the new liner;
and
CCTV upon completion of lining demonstrating proper installation of liner.
4.6.1 Works as Executed Drawings
Works as Executed plans shall be provided electronically in PDF format consisting of

the design plan with red line markings indicated as built data. The as built data shall
include the following:
The position of all stormwater assets;

Pipe sizes and invert levels at the upstream and downstream ends of each pipe
reach
A description of all pits and structures including the type, grate, cover, kerb inlet
length etc; and
Pit and structure invert and surface levels.
4.6.2 Asset location file
A DXF file shall be supplied indicating the position of pipes, pits, structures and other
stormwater assets.
Each asset type shall be represented as outlined in Table 1.
The positions shall be provided in the GDA 1994, MGA Zone 56 coordinate system.
Each asset shall be provided with a unique label.

A4. Drainage Design
Table 1 DXF File properties

Asset type Feature type Notes
Conduit Line Centre line of conduit
Pit Point Centre of grate along the
kerb line. Where there is no
kerb line, the centre of the
pit structure shall be used
Headwall Point Centreline of the outlet pipe
on the wall
GPT Point Centre of the GPT
structure. Where the unit
consists of multiple
structures then the centre
point of each structure shall
be provided
Raingarden Polygon Polygon representing the
extent of planting for each
rain garden.
4.6.3 Asset Datasheet
The asset data sheets in Attachment D shall be completed.
Each asset (e.g., pit, pipe, GPT, rain garden, etc.) shall be represented by a single
row in the data sheets.
Each asset shall be provided with a unique label corresponding to the label provided
in the DXF file
4.6.4 CCTV Footage
CCTV footage shall be provided for all new pipes and for all existing pipes modified.
The footage shall comply with the following:
The files shall be in MPG4 format;

File resolution shall be 640 by 480 pixels, 3Mbps and 25 frames per second;
Each pipe reach (i.e. between two pits) shall be provided as a separate file;
The CCTV inspection shall be undertaken in accordance with the IPWEA Condition
Assessment & Asset Performance Guidelines, Practice Note 5, Stormwater
Drainage;
The speed and panning of the footage shall be sufficient to demonstrate that there
are no significant cracks in the pipe and that the joints have been properly
constructed;
The files shall have a name corresponding with the unique label provided in the DXF
file and asset data sheet; and
A summary report (*.pdf) shall accompany the data.
4.6.5 Product Specifications
Product specifications and all available guarantees shall be provided for all
prefabricated products used such as Gross Pollutant Traps and relining products.

A4. Drainage Design
4.6.6 Operation and Maintenance Manual
Where gross pollutant traps or other water quality devices or non-standard assets
(excluding rain gardens) are constructed, an operation and maintenance manual
shall be provided.
The operation and maintenance manual shall cover the following:
Description of the asset and its components;

The design life of the asset and the individual components;
The maintenance procedures, frequency, equipment needs and cost for all required
maintenance activities; and
A copy of the design plans, Works as Executed Plans, specifications, instruction
manuals and warranties for the asset.
4.7 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design Criteria

4.7.1 General Standards
General standards for hydraulic design are as follows:
The design shall be in accordance with Australian Rainfall and Runoff, A Guide to
Flood Estimation, Volume 1 1998 and Volume 2 1987;
Be consistent with current industry best practice;
The requirements of this code will prevail where the above standards conflict with
this code.
4.7.2 Hydrologic Design
The hydrologic and hydraulic design shall comply with the following:
Appropriate hydrologic and hydraulic modelling software shall be used;

Hydrology shall be determined using the ILSAX type time-area method or an
appropriate storage routing model;
The use of methods such as the Rational, Advanced Rational or Probabilistic
Rational methods is not permitted; and
The use of hand calculations or design charts is not permitted.
4.7.2.1 Design Storms
The stormwater network shall be designed in accordance with the Major/Minor

design concepts outlined in Australian Rainfall and Runoff, A Guide to Flood
Estimation. Design storms shall be as follows:
Major: 100 year Average Recurrence Interval (ARI), also referred to as 1% AEP.
Minor: 20 year ARI, also referred to as 5% AEP.
Simulation of additional design storms may also be required in order to comply with
Section 7.4 and Section 7.5.

A4. Drainage Design
4.7.2.2 Storm Durations
All design storms shall be simulated for the following durations:
5 minutes;
10 minutes;
15 minutes;
20 minutes;
25 minutes;
30 Minutes;
45 minutes;
60 minutes;
90 minutes; and
120 minutes.
The worst case duration shall be used for determining the required capacity of each
structure and conduit.
4.7.3 Hydraulic Design
Hydraulic calculations shall comply with the following:
Appropriate hydrologic and hydraulic modelling software shall be used;

The capacity of conduits shall be calculated using hydraulic grade line analysis;
All conduits shall meet the required Minor Storm capacity without pressurisation;
Surcharging of the network is not permitted, except for the downstream reach where
connecting to an existing network with capacity less than the 20yr ARI;
Open channel capacity shall be determined using appropriate open channel
hydraulic methods such as solving the energy equation using the standard step
method;
Open channel capacity shall not be determined using simplistic methods such as a
single application of Manning equation; and
The use of hand calculations, design charts or monograms is not permitted.
4.7.3.1 Inlet Capacity
Inlet capacity shall be determined in accordance with published industry data where
available.
Additional information regarding inlet the capacity of certain existing inlet types
commonly found in the City has been provided in Appendix E. Where available, the
Citys inlet capacity data shall be used.
Where non typical inlet types are utilised and no published data is available an
appropriate relationship shall be determined. Documentation of the method used in
deriving the relationship as well as a justification for the selected method shall be
provided.

A4. Drainage Design
4.7.3.2 Inlet Blockage Factors
Blockage factors shall be applied to all stormwater inlets as outline in Table 2 below.
Table 2 Pit design blockage factors

Pit type On Grade Blockage factor Sag blockage factor
kerb inlet <= 1.0m 50% 70%
kerb inlet > 1.0m 20% 50%
V grate or Grate only 90% 90%
Strip drain or Other 95% 95%
4.7.3.3 Overland Flow Limits
Gutter flows and overland flow paths shall comply with the requirements in the
following tables. The carriageway width indicated in the tables below shall be
calculated from kerb face to kerb face ignoring parking bays.
Table 3 100yr ARI Gutter Flow Limits for Carriageways <=7 Metres Wide
Criteria Limit
Maximum depth 100mm
Maximum flow width 3.0m
Maximum depth x velocity 0.6m2/s
Table 4 100yr ARI Gutter Flow Limits for Carriageways >7 Metres Wide
Criteria Limit
Maximum depth 150mm
Table 5 100yr ARI Overland Flow Limits for Pedestrian and Shared Zones
Criteria Limit
Maximum depth 50mm
4.7.3.4 Pit Losses
Pit losses shall be determined in accordance with published Missouri Chart

references.
4.7.3.5 Downstream Boundary Conditions
Where a network is being sized in accordance with the Minor Storm requirements,
the downstream starting level for the hydraulic grade line shall be the higher of the
following for the Minor Storm:
The obvert of the pipe;

Ocean Boundary Conditions;

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Hydraulic Grade Line of the downstream connection conduit; or

150mm below the surface, where the downstream conduit capacity is less than the
20yr ARI.
Where the impacts of a proposed network are being analysed, the downstream
starting level for the hydraulic grade line shall be the higher of the following:
The obvert of the pipe;

The hydraulic grade line of the downstream network for the same storm event;
For flood prone land, Flood levels reported in the relevant City of Sydney flood study;
or
Ocean boundary conditions consistent with the relevant City of Sydney flood study.
4.7.4 Adverse impacts
Stormwater networks shall also be analysed for the 5yr ARI and 10yr ARI when:
Connecting to an existing stormwater network with capacity less than the 20yr ARI;
Overland flow paths are obstructed by other road features such as raised thresholds
or kerb extensions; or
Entry points to adjacent existing buildings are below the 20yr ARI.
Stormwater shall not result in adverse impacts on private property for the 5yr ARI,
10yr ARI, 20yr ARI and 100yr ARI
4.7.5 Consistency with Floodplain Management Requirements
Stormwater design shall be consistent with the Citys floodplain management

requirements including the following:
Interim Floodplain Management Policy; and

Recommendations in the relevant Floodplain Management Plan adopted by the
Council.
Variations to this code can be approved under Section 5.6 where requirements of a
site specific flood study approved by the Water Assets Team conflict with this code.
4.8 Network Layout

4.8.1 General Layout
The general layout of the network shall comply with the following:
The network shall be laid out in a logical fashion consistent with the topography;
Conduit capacity shall progressively increase in the downstream direction except for
the existing network at the downstream connection point;
The network shall be laid out in the most hydraulically efficient manner;
Stormwater conduits shall not cross above or below other stormwater conduits; and
Conduits shall be constructed in straight lines and uniform grade.
4.8.2 Conduit Location
Stormwater conduits shall generally be located as follows:

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Below the kerb with the outside diameter of the pipe flush with the back of the kerb;
or
Centrally located within the kerbside traffic lane.
Notwithstanding the above, conduits can be aligned in other locations in the following
instances:
Utilities or other constraints prevent installation in the preferred location;

Drainage is required to cross the road or service areas that cannot drain to the road;
or
Connection to existing drainage requires deviation from the preferred location.
4.8.3 Parallel conduits
Parallel conduits shall comply with the following:
The conduits shall be laid side by side with the minimum spacing required to achieve
proper compaction of the adjoining material to achieve the required support.
The stacking of conduits is not permitted
Conduits shall be the same size and shape except where augmentation of an
existing conduit necessitates variance.
Conduits shall have the same upstream and downstream invert level except where
augmentation of an existing conduit necessitates variance.
4.8.4 Proximity of Other Structures
Structures in the vicinity of the stormwater network shall not impose a structural load
on any stormwater asset.
Structures within the zone of influence shall be piered or have foundations

extending below the invert level of the pipeline. The zone of influence is the area
that extends horizontally from the edge of the conduit by the depth to invert, and
extends vertically from the surface to the invert depth.
4.8.5 Drainage easements
All conduits through private land that drain public land or drain adjoining private land
shall be located within drainage easements.
All drainage easements shall comply with the following:
Easement terms shall be in accordance with the standard terms for a Drainage
Easement under the Conveyancing Act 1919;
Where the conduit drains public land, the easement shall be in favour of the City of
Sydney;
Where the conduit does not drain any public land, the easement shall be in favour of
the private land that drains through the conduit;
In all cases, authority to modify or extinguish the easement shall be vested in the City
of Sydney; and
Easement widths shall be in accordance with Table 7.

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Table 6 Easement widths

Criteria (Conduit diameter/width and Depth to invert) Width
375mm<=Diameter/width<750mm 1.8m
Diameter/width=>1500mm and Depth<=3 Diameter/width plus 2m
Diameter/width=>1500mm and Depth>3 Diameter/width plus 4m
4.8.6 Proximity of other utility services
The minimum separation between the stormwater network and other utility services
shall be the greater of the following:
The requirements of the other service utility authority; or

100mm.
4.8.7 Pit locations
General requirements for pit locations are as follows:
Stormwater pits within the wheel tracts on vehicle traffic lanes shall be avoided
where practical.
The maximum conduit length between two pits shall not exceed the length specified
in Table 8.
All pipe connections shall be via accessible pit structures and the direct connection of
one drainage line to another shall not be permitted.
Stormwater pits with surface inlets shall be required at the following locations:
All low points within the kerb and gutter;

All other low points in the public domain; and
At sufficient intervals along kerb and gutter and other overland flow paths to collect
runoff meeting the requirements of Section 7.3.3.
Stormwater pits shall be required where there is a change in any of the following
conduit properties:
Cross sectional shape

Size or dimension
Grade
Direction
Material type
Joint type
Strength class

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Table 7 Maximum pipe length between stormwater pits

Criteria (Conduit diameter/width) Maximum distance between pits
375mm = Diameter/width 40m
750mm<=Diameter/width<1500mm 60m
Diameter/width=>1500mm 100m
4.8.8 Proximity of Pits to Vehicle and Pedestrian Crossings and Intersections
Stormwater inlet pits are not permitted on the kerb and gutter at the following
locations:
On the radius within intersections;

Within the bounds of a signalised pedestrian crossing;
Within kerb ramps at non signalised pedestrian crossings; and
Within vehicle crossings.
Where there are existing kerb inlet pits at proposed vehicle or pedestrian crossing
sites, the following modifications shall be made:
On grade pits:
An additional kerb inlet pit or pits shall be provided to ensure equivalent inlet capacity
is retained.
New kerb inlet pits shall be provided on the upstream side.
Where site constraints prevent installation on the upstream side, it is permitted to
install new kerb inlet pits on the downstream side,
Where possible the existing pit shall be removed, however if site constraints prevent
removal, the pit shall be modified as follows:
i. If the existing pit is in a driveway crossing and is to be retained, a
grated cover shall be provided.
ii. If the existing pit is in a pedestrian crossing and is to be retained, a
solid infill cover shall be provided.
Sag pits:
An additional kerb inlet pit or pits shall be provided to ensure equivalent inlet capacity
is retained.
Kerb inlet pits shall be provided on both sides of the crossing
The pedestrian crossing shall be regraded towards the adjacent inlet pit and the
existing pit shall be removed. Where site constraints prevent removal of the existing
pit, a solid infill cover shall be provided on the pit.
A sag without a kerb inlet pit or grate only pit is not acceptable
4.8.9 Conduit Angles at Pits
The acute angle between each inflow pipe and the outlet shall be no less than 95
degrees. Conduits shall not connect at the corner of a pit. (i.e. birdsmouthing)

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4.8.10 Proximity to Trees
Where practical stormwater infrastructure within the drip line of trees shall be
avoided. Where trees are unavoidable, an arborists report shall be required.
Additional investigations of tree roots may be required.
4.8.11 Integration with Public Domain
The overall integration of the stormwater network with the public domain shall be
considered including the proximity to footing for poles, street furniture, etc.
4.8.12 Outlet Structures
The number of outlet structures discharging into the harbour, watercourses or water
bodies shall be minimised. Land adjoining these areas shall be drained through
existing outlet structures where permitted by topography.
Outlet structures shall comply with the following:
Designed in accordance with relevant standards and best practice for the
type of structure and the relevant water body;
Comply with all planning and legislation requirements;
Minimise the potential for scouring or erosion; and
Ensure the long term stability of the receiving area and adjoining structures.
4.8.13 Other Stormwater Authorities
Portions of the stormwater network within the City are owned by other government
authorities such as Sydney Water, Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority, Roads and
Maritime Service, etc.
Connections to the stormwater assets of other government authorities shall be

undertaken with the approval of and in accordance with the requirements of the
relevant authority.
Variations to this code, in order to avoid connection to other public authorities

stormwater assets, shall not be permitted.
4.9 Conduit Design

4.9.1 Conduit Type
Stormwater conduits shall comply with the following:
Steel reinforced precast concrete stormwater pipes with standard rubber ringed
belled socket joints shall be used for all pipes located in the public domain or owned
by the City;
Steel reinforced precast concrete stormwater pipes with rubber ring flush joints can
be use where cover or utility constraints prevent the use of belled socket joints;
Fibre reinforced precast concrete pipes with rubber ring flush joints can be used
where a pipe is to be fully encased in concrete;

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All concrete pipes shall be rated for a Class 4 load (minimum)

Steel reinforced precast concrete box culverts may also be used for all box culverts
located in the public domain or owned by the City;
Steel reinforced precast concrete box culverts shall be rated for direct traffic loadings
with no cover
Cast in situ conduits or other material types shall not be used in the public domain or
for City owned conduits; and
Irrespective of the above requirement, the base of box culverts shall be cast in situ
steel reinforced concrete.
A minimum 20mm deep V drain shall be cast into the base slab of culverts.
4.9.2 Minimum Conduit Size
The minimum size of City owned conduits shall be as follows:
Pipelines 375mm nominal diameter; and

Box culverts 450mm width by 300mm height nominal.
Where box culverts are used the width shall not exceed four times the height.
4.9.3 Permitted Grades
The grade of conduits shall comply with the following:
The conduit grade shall be within the range specified in Table 9 below;
The grade of a conduit can be reduced to an absolute minimum of 0.5% where
topography, existing stormwater or utility services prevent installation of a conduit
within the preferred range;
Drop pits shall be used to ensure the maximum grade specified in Table 8 is not
exceeded; and
Vertical pipelines shall not be permitted.
Table 8 Permitted Grade

Criteria (Conduit diameter/width) Minimum Grade Maximum Grade
375mm<=Diameter/width<1200mm 1% 10%
Diameter/width=>1200mm 1% 5%
4.9.4 Invert Levels
Invert levels of conduits shall comply with the following:
Invert levels shall be no lower than mean high tide;

The fall within pipes shall be in the downstream direction;
Reverse grades are not permitted;
Charged conduits are not permitted; and
Submerged outlets are not permitted.

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4.9.5 Structural design
Conduit structural design shall be in accordance with all relevant Australian

Standards and shall consider the anticipated loadings over the entire life of the
asset.
Conduits shall be designed for the SM1600 series vehicle loads (minimum).
Notwithstanding the above, all conduits in the public domain or owned by the City
shall be a minimum Class 4.
4.9.6 Conduit Cover
Where possible conduits shall have a minimum cover of 600mm. Where this cannot
be achieved due to site constraints such as utility services or connections to existing
drainage, the minimum cover permissible is as follows:
Pipes 150mm; and

Box Culverts 100mm
Pipes shall be concrete encased where the cover is less than or equal to 300mm
Concrete encasement shall comply with the following:
Minimum encasement thickness shall be 150mm mass concrete surrounding the

entire conduit;
Where the cover is less than 200mm, a 50mm asphalt surface shall be maintained
and the balance of the cover shall be concrete encasement with steel reinforcement;
Subject to the calculated service loads, steel reinforcement within the encasement
may be required to ensure structural strength;
Where the concrete encasement above the pipe is less than 150mm, steel
reinforcement shall be required over the top of the pipe;
Where stone kerb is proposed to be placed on top of the pipe, a minimum of 100mm
concrete encasement with steel reinforcement is required between the pipe and the
stone kerb; and
Where concrete kerb and gutter is proposed to be placed on top of the pipe, a
construction joint shall be required to separate the concrete encasement from the
kerb and gutter and steel reinforcement shall be required in the gutter.
Conduit cover shall not exceed 2 metres,
4.9.7 Decommissioning of Redundant Conduits
Conduits not in use shall be decommissioned. Decommissioned conduits shall be

removed where possible. Where site constraints prevent the removal of a
decommissioned conduit, the conduit may remain in the ground provided the
following:
The conduit is disconnected from the live stormwater network at the point where the
conduit connects to the live network;
Where the decommissioned conduit was connected to a live stormwater structure or
box culvert at the downstream end, the live structure or culvert shall be properly
repaired and sealed with a concrete wall;

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Where the decommissioned conduit was directly connected to a live pipe at the
downstream end, the live pipe shall be repaired by replacing the unsealed conduit
length;
The downstream end and all upstream inlets to the decommissioned conduit are
sealed with mass concrete plugs; and
The conduit shall be backfilled with a sand slurry.
4.10 Stormwater Structure Design

4.10.1 Standard structures
The City provides a suite of standard design cast in situ reinforced concrete
structures. Stormwater Structures shall comply with the following:
All stormwater structures shall be cast in situ reinforced concrete;

All stormwater structures shall include suitable maintenance access from the surface;
and
Where possible standard City of Sydney structures shall be utilised.
4.10.2 Non Standard Structures
4.10.2.1 General Requirements
Where City of Sydney standard structure designs cannot be used, a non standard
structure shall be specified subject to the following:
The structure shall be cast in situ reinforced concrete;

The structure shall as far as possible comply with the features of the most similar
City of Sydney standard drawing;
The structure shall comply with all requirements in this code and the Citys
construction specifications;
4.10.2.2 Maintenance access
Maintenance access requirements for non standard structures shall comply with the
following:
Access grate or cover shall be a minimum of 900mm rectangular or 600mm circular.

Access shafts shall be a minimum of 900mm by 900mm square where the depth is
less than 2m.
Access shafts shall be a minimum of 1200mm by 1200mm square where the depth is
greater than 2m, and the access cover shall be precast within a concrete surround.

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4.10.3 Kerb Inlets
All kerb inlets shall be precast concrete to the relevant Australian Standard with
permitted nominal lengths as follows:
2.4m
1.8m
0.9m
The longest permitted kerb inlet length that can be accommodated by site
constraints shall be used.
Kerb inlet heights shall comply with the following:
The top of the kerb inlet shall be flush with the top of the kerb;
The minimum opening height is 125mm; and
The maximum opening height is 200mm.
Kerb only and Grate only pits are not permitted on roads however due to the number
of such existing pits in use, inlet capacity information has been provided in Appendix
E for hydraulic analysis purposes.
Approved stone kerb inlets listed in Attachment E are also permitted.
4.10.3.2 Existing, Trachyte Kerb Inlets
Existing trachyte kerb inlets shall be retained or reused where possible provided that
a bicycle safe grate is also used.
Pit inlet capacity shall be analysed as per Appendix E. For 100mm kerb heights, the
grate only inlet capacities in Appendix E shall be used.
Should the existing trachyte kerb inlets provide insufficient inlet capacity, additional
kerb inlet pits shall be provided in the vicinity in order to provide the requisite inlet
capacity.
4.10.4 Grates and Covers
The preferred covers are rectangular and shall comply with the following:
Infill covers with a surface material matching the surrounding surface;

Covers shall be bolted down with a minimum of four bolts; and
Covers shall be a minimum strength Class D.
Alternatively, circular covers can be used subject to compliance with the following:
The word Stormwater is embedded into the cover material and will remain visible
for the life of the cover;
Sewer covers or covers with the word Sewer inscribed on the cover shall not be
used.
Covers shall be bolted down with a minimum of three bolts.
Covers shall be a minimum strength Class D

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4.10.5 Trapped Gullies
Trapped gullies are legacy assets from combined stormwater/sewer systems.
Trapped gullies shall be demolished, completely removed and replaced with

standard stormwater pits in accordance with this code, except for networks where
combined stormwater/sewer systems remain.
Prior to the removal of trapped gullies site investigations shall be undertaken to

confirm that there are no sewer connections to the stormwater in the vicinity of the
works.
4.10.6 Brick or Masonry Structures
Brick and masonry structures are legacy assets no longer supported and are not to
be modified or refurbished. Where it is necessary to undertake work on brick or
masonry structures, they are to be removed and replaced with modern reinforced
cast in situ concrete structures complying with the requirements of this code.
Notwithstanding the above, a brick or masonry structure can be retained and

modified or refurbished where;
The scope of modification is limited to replacing the lintel, grate or cover;

The structure is an integral part of an existing brick or masonry conduit; or
The structure is within a heritage area and forms part of a heritage item.
4.10.7 Decommissioning of Redundant Structures
Where a stormwater structure is no longer required such as Section 8.8 of this code,
the structure shall be decommissioned.
All decommissioned stormwater structures shall be completely demolished and

removed.
4.11 Stormwater Quality Improvement Devices

4.11.1 Raingardens
Raingardens shall be designed in accordance with the following requirements:
Raingardens shall be designed in accordance with the Citys standard drawings;

The planting area of an individual raingarden shall be no less than 8 square metres;
A gross pollutant trap, as per the Citys standard drawings, shall be installed
immediately upstream of the raingarden to intercept gross pollutants and sediment;
Appropriate erosion control and energy dissipation shall be provided at the entry to
rangardens than ensures planting is not damaged by erosive forces;
Unlined raigardens shall only be used where ground conditions permit infiltration and
there is sufficient distance from buildings and structures to ensure these structures
will not be adversely impacted by the raingarden;

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Partly lined raingardens shall be used where ground conditions permit infiltration and
protection is required for adjoining buildings or structures; and
All other raingardens shall be lined.
4.11.2 Gross Pollutant Traps
4.11.2.1 Device Performance
The performance of the device shall comply with the following:
The device shall remove no less than, 70% of all particles between 0.125mm and
5mm in size and 90% of particles greater than 5mm in size;
The device shall treat the 3 month ARI design flow rate with high flows bypassing the
device;
The device shall be sized for a 6 month cleaning interval;
Total pollutant storage volume per device shall not exceed 3 cubic metres and shall
not be less than 0.7 cubic metres;
Devices shall have a high flow bypass;
Surcharging of devices onto roads as a bypass method shall not be permitted and
devices shall not at any time cause surcharging; and
Devices shall be designed in a manner that minimises blockage of the device or
remobilisation of pollutants.
4.11.2.2 Cleaning Requirements
In order to facilitate cleaning operations, devices shall comply with the following:
The device shall be designed to facilitate a suitable easy and safe cleaning process;
Devices shall be designed to avoid the need for cleaning personnel to enter confined
spaces;
Devices shall be designed to minimise the contact of cleaning personnel with
pollutants;
Access and working platforms shall be provided to the device suitable to permit the
required cleaning process as well as accommodate the required cleaning equipment;
and
Pollutant storage areas shall be enclosed with public access to pollutants limited by
covers.
4.11.2.3 Access and working platforms
Access and working platforms for cleaning activities shall comply with the following:
Sealed working platforms shall be provided to accommodate eductor trucks for

cleaning;
Driveways and working platforms shall be designed to permit cleaning vehicles to
park adjacent to the device with the device located at the rear of the vehicle or on the
left (passenger) side of the vehicle;

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The road itself could be used as a working platform if, it is a low traffic road, there is
sufficient width to allow the safe passing of traffic around the cleaning truck, cleaning
operations will not damage the road, and there are no other safety issues that
necessitate off road working platforms;
Suitable working platforms and areas shall be provided off road where access to a
device is required via a high traffic road;
Access to devices shall be from either a public road or a sealed driveway accessible
via a public road;
Driveway access from high traffic roads shall permit cleaning vehicles to enter and
exit in the forward facing direction;
Where driveway access is proposed on low traffic roads, it is preferred that the
driveway be designed to permit vehicles to exit in the forward facing direction; and
Sufficient separation shall be provided from pedestrian walkways and cycleways to
ensure maintenance operations do not conflict with pedestrian and cycle movements.
4.11.2.4 Device and Material Types
The design of custom devices or the selection of a proprietary product shall be

undertaken in consultation and with the approval of the Citys Water Assets team.
The devices shall consist of the following material types:
Reinforced concrete structure;

Stainless steel or heavy galvanised mild steel screening components; and
Mild steel, ductile iron or cast iron access covers.
4.12 Relining
General requirements for relining are as follows:
Relining shall be undertaken for the entire length of a pipeline between its upstream
and downstream pit;
Stormwater pits at the upstream and downstream end shall be modified to facilitate
the relining if required;
Any buried pits, blind pits or significant bends along the length of works shall be
replaced with standard junction pits;
The liner shall be designed to withstand all loads anticipated over the life of the liner
assuming the host pipe is fully deteriorated with no remaining strength
The deteriorated host pipe and its surrounding embedment shall be considered to
support the liner but no bonding or composite action shall be assumed between the
liner and the host pipe;
Where a pipeline is located outside a road reserve, beneath a building or is subject to
a point load, a structural analysis shall be provided calculating the likely loads that
will be imposed on the liner;

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4.13 Footpath drainage

4.13.1 General Requirements
Where possible footpaths shall be graded towards the kerb and gutter, raingardens
or garden beds to as much as possible avoid the need for stormwater infrastructure.
Where stormwater drainage within the footpath cannot be avoided:
Footpath drainage shall comply with the requirements of this code applicable to all
other road drainage;
All surface inlets shall be grated sump drains;
Grates shall be heel proof in high pedestrian traffic areas and pedestrian proof in low
or medium pedestrian areas; and
Footpath drainage shall be connected to the underground stormwater network.
4.13.2 Central Sydney Precinct
Footpath drainage within the Central Sydney planning precinct shall comply with
Section 13.1 and the following:
Notwithstanding Section 9.2, the minimum size of a pipe on the footpath can be
reduced where utility services constraints do not permit the use of a 375mm diameter
pipe;
The pipe size shall be as large as can be accommodated by the site constraints but
no less than 150mm diameter;
Notwithstanding Section 9.1, a uPVC pressure pipe mimumum Class 12 to AS1477
can be used for 150mm diameter pipes;
The minimum pit length and width shall be 300mm by 300m; and
The minimum cover for a 150mm diameter pipe shall be 100mm with the pipe
concrete encased.
4.13.3 Trench Grates or Strip Drains
4.13.3.1 Permitted Use
The use of trench grates or strip drains is generally not permitted. However, it is
accepted that in certain circumstances it is not possible to drain a site using
alternative methods.
Where no other alternative is possible, trench grates or strip drains can be used in
the following locations:
At the top of stairways or stairway landings;

Across accessible ramps;
Across an opening to a private property where it is not possible to drain away from
the property boundary; or
As a gutter bridge as per Section 13.4.

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Trench grates and strip drains shall comply with the following:
The length shall be minimised;

Notwithstanding Section 9.2, the minimum dimensions shall be 300mm wide by
300mm deep;
Shall withstand a Class D loading;
Shall be embedded in a minimum of 150mm thick mass concrete;
Grates shall be bolted down; and
Heel proof grates shall be used in high pedestrian traffic areas and pedestrian proof
in low or medium pedestrian areas.
4.13.4 Gutter Bridges
4.13.4.1 Permitted Use
Where a low point within a gutter needs to be drained, Gutter Bridges shall be used
in the following circumstances:
There is no existing piped drainage within a reasonable distance of the low point to
permit the connection of a below ground stormwater network;
Utility constraints prevent the installation of a conduit to the minimum size specified
under Section 9.1; or
To connect adjoining raingardens across a pedestrian footpath.
General requirements for gutter bridges are as follows:
The design shall comply with the Citys standard drawing for gutter bridges;
Notwithstanding Section 9.2 and Section 13.3.2, the minimum internal dimensions of
a gutter bridge are 100mm high by 450mm wide
Access points shall be provided either along the entire length or at changes in
direction;
The surface material of the gutter bridge shall be consistent with the surrounding
surface material;
Suitably slip resistant and heel proof grates can be used;
Notwithstanding Section 13.3.2 and Section 10.4, a Class B cover or grate can be
used where surface constraints prevent vehicle traffic from mounting the kerb and
traversing the gutter bridge;
A gutter bridge is permitted to discharge directly into a stormwater pit or back to a
kerb; and
Kerb inlets and outlets shall be designed to withstand vehicle loads and impacts.

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4.14 Private connections

4.14.1 Connection Approval
All private stormwater connections require approval prior to construction.

Applications for private connections shall be undertaken using the Private
Connection Application Form available from the Citys website.
4.14.2 Kerb Outlets
4.14.2.1 Outlet Configuration
Kerb outlets shall comply with the following:
Discharge to the kerb and gutter;

A single discharge point shall be provided for each site at the most appropriate
location;
Where a site fronts multiple roads and/or it is not physically possible to utilise a single
discharge point then an additional discharge point can be provided on alternative
road frontages;
The number of discharge points shall be minimised;
The number of discharge points from a site to the kerb shall not exceeded three;
The minimum spacing between discharge points from the same site is six metres;
Conduits shall be laid in a straight line from the property boundary preferably
perpendicular to the property boundary or gutter;
A maximum of three parallel conduits are permitted at any single discharge point;
Parallel conduits shall have a minimum 300mm separation between centrelines;
No bends, pits or other structures shall be installed on private conduits on public
land; and
Conduits shall not be directly connected to a stormwater pipe or conduit (see Section
14.3 for direct connection requirements).
Acceptable conduits are as follows:
90mm uPVC pressure pipe Class 12; or

150mm wide by 100mm high mild steel heavily galvanised channel provided the wall
thickness is a minimum of 4mm
150mm wide by 50mm high mild steel heavily galvanised channel can be used for
100mm high kerbs provided the wall thickness is a minimum of 4mm.
Where there is no kerb and gutter the following shall be undertaken:
Kerb and gutter shall be provided; or

Directly connect to the stormwater network as per Section 14.3.
4.14.2.2 Discharge Limits
The maximum permitted discharge from any property is 25 litres per second for
storms up to and including the 20yr ARI;

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Groundwater, dry weather flows and base flows shall not discharge to the kerb and
gutter; and
Where site discharge exceeds the maximum permitted kerb outlet discharge or
includes groundwater, base flows or dry weather flows, the site shall be directly
connected to the stormwater network as outlined in Section 14.3.
4.14.2.3 Basement Discharges
All basements shall be directly to the stormwater network as outlined in Section 14.3.
4.14.3 Direct Connections
Private stormwater drainage shall connect to the public stormwater network at the
following locations:
An existing stormwater inlet pit on the kerb along the property frontage; or
An existing stormwater junction pit on a public stormwater network that traverses the
site.
Where there is no existing public stormwater network through the property or along
the road frontage of the property, the following shall be undertaken:
A stormwater kerb inlet pit and pipe network shall be provided on the road along the
property frontage and connected to the existing public stormwater network;
The new network shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the Citys
requirements, service the public land and be dedicated to the City; and
The private network shall connect to the public network at a kerb inlet pit.
4.14.3.2 Conduits
Private conduits on public land connecting to the public stormwater system shall
comply with the following:
The conduits shall not drain public land and shall remain in private ownership;
Conduits shall traverse public land in a straight line from the property boundary to the
connection point on a public stormwater pit;
No private stormwater structures are permitted on public land;
Conduits greater than 150mm nominal diameter shall be reinforced concrete;
Conduits less than or equal to 150mm nominal diameter can be uPVC pressure pipe
Class 12.
4.14.3.3 Backflow Prevention and Surcharging
Where a connection is greater than a single 150mm diameter conduit, backflow

prevention shall be provided.

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A non-return valve shall be provided within the private property immediately prior to
discharge to ensure that the public network does not surcharge into the site.
A surcharge point shall be provided within the site, immediately upstream of the non-
return valve, to permit the site to discharge via the surface in situations where the
public network capacity is exceeded.
4.14.3.4 Other Stormwater Authorities
Where a direct connection is proposed to another public authoritys network, such as

Sydney Water or the Roads and Maritime Service, the direct connection shall comply
with the requirements of the other authority in addition to compliance with the Citys
requirements.
4.14.3.5 Positive Covenant
All properties with a direct connection to the public stormwater network shall include
a positive covenant on the property title.
4.15 On Site Detention

4.15.1 Requirements
Compliance is required with the Sydney Water on site detention requirements;

In addition to Sydney Water Requirements, the City may impose on site detention
requirements only if required under Section 14.2.4
Where on site detention is provided, the City requires a positive covenant to be
registered on the property title to ensure proper maintenance and functioning of the
on site detention.

Attachment A Design Checklist
Drainage Design Checklist
General Plan Yes

Catchment Plan Yes
Longsections Yes
Relevant City Standard Drawings Yes
Drainage Details Yes
or or
All structures are as per City Standard Drawings
Yes
Utilities investigation Plan and additional investigation report if Yes
required
Drainage Design Variation Form Yes

or or
No variations from the Citys Stormwater Design Code and
Construction Specifications are proposed and any variations Yes
discovered post construction will be rectified prior to asset hand
over.
Statement of Environmental Effects Yes

or or
Development consent already obtained
Yes
DRAINS file depicting hydraulic design Yes
or or
Hydraulic Design Report and Hydraulic Design Summary Sheet
Yes
Attachment B Drainage Design Variation Form and Drainage Variation
Approval Summary Sheet
Drainage Variation Approval Summary Sheet
Item Clause Variation Description Approval*
1 Approve
or
Refuse
2 Approve
or
Refuse
3 Approve
or
Refuse
4 Approve
or
Refuse
5 Approve
or
Refuse
6 Approve
or
Refuse
7 Approve
or
Refuse
* To be completed by Water Assets team
Drainage Design Variation Form
Item 1
Clause where variation is sought:
Description of Variation:
Justification for variation:
*Decision:
Approve or Refuse
*Notes or Conditions:
* To be completed by Water Assets team

Attachment C Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design Summary Tables
HYDROLOGIC DESIGN SHEET
Name: Description: Page(s):
Job No: Date: ARI:
Pit/Structure Hydrology Pit / Structure Overland Flow

Impervious Flowpath Additional Junction Grade / Approach Velocity X Bypass
Area / Pervious length Slope Time Total Time Total Flow Pit Sag Grate Size KI Length Flow Slope Flow Depth Flow Velocity Depth Inflow Flow Remarks
(ha) (%) (m) (m/m) (min) (min) (L/s) (Y / N) (G / S) (L m / W m) (m) (L/s) (m/m) (m) (m/s) (m^2/s) (L/s) (L/s)
HYDRAULIC DESIGN SHEET
Name: Description: Page(s):
Job No: Date: ARI:
Pipe Full Pipe Upstream Downstream Upstream Upstream Pit User HGL at HGL at HGL Slope Pipe Friction User HGL at
Pipe Branch Length Flow rate Diameter Velocity V 2/2g Surface Level Water Limit Water Limit Coefficient KuV 2/2g Downstream Pit Downstream Pit Sf Loss Sf.L Upstream Pit Remarks
(m) L/s (mm) (m/s) (m AHD) (m AHD) (m AHD) Ku (m AHD) (m AHD) (m/m) (m) (m AHD)
Attachment D Asset Datasheets
Asset data sheets are available from the City of Sydney website in Excel format.
Attachment E Approved Stone Kerb Inlets
Trachyte Kerb Inlets
Typical Detail for Trachyte Kerb Inlet Pit

Existing Trachyte Kerb Inlets can be reused provided that a bicycle safe grate is also
provided. Pit inlet capacity shall be as per the following tables. For 100mm kerb
heights, the grate only inlet capacities shall be used.
Kerb only and Grate only pits are not permitted on roads however due to the number
of existing pits in use, inlet capacity information has been provided below for
hydraulic analysis purposes.
CoS Trachyte Kerb Inlet with Bycycle Safe Grate on 150mm High Kerb
0% Longitudinal Fall 1% Longitudinal Fall 3% Longitudinal Fall

Inlet
Approach Inlet Approach Inlet Capacity Approach Capacity
Flow (l/s) Capacity (l/s) Flow (l/s) (l/s) Flow (l/s) (l/s)
0 0 0 0 0 0
11 11 10 10 12 12
20 20 29 29 30 29
25 25 41 41 45 42
38 38 59 57 60 53
60 57 81 70 83 67
82 73 95 76 97 73
100 83 116 84 119 83
117 92 146 92 150 96
140 102 178 101 209 107
148 105 210 109
155 107
226 124
5% Longitudinal Fall 7% Longitudinal Fall Sag

Inlet
Approach Inlet Approach Inlet Capacity Capacity
Flow (l/s) Capacity (l/s) Flow (l/s) (l/s) Depth (mm) (l/s)
0 0 0 0 0 0
15 15 12 12 140 60
33 30 30 25 155 80
47 39 55 41 187 125
63 50 123 70 233 175
85 65 162 75 253 257
100 72 197 81 275 295
123 79
152 82
180 86
225 90
CoS Trachyte Kerb Inlet only on 150mm High Kerb

Inlet Inlet Inlet
Approach Capacity Approach Capacity Approach Capacity
Flow (l/s) (l/s) Flow (l/s) (l/s) Flow (l/s) (l/s)
0 0 0 0 0 0
100 49 81 34 85 28
145 57 95 37 100 32
160 59 120 43 123 37
227 70 149 46 153 41
181 51 212 45
214 56

Inlet Inlet Inlet
Approach Capacity Approach Capacity Depth Capacity
Flow (l/s) (l/s) Flow (l/s) (l/s) (mm) (l/s)
0 0 0 0 0 0
15 7 12 6 145 60
33 12 30 11 165 80
47 16 55 15
63 20 123 27
85 26 162 32
103 31 195 33
125 34
155 36
180 36
225 38
CoS Bicycle Safe Grate Only

Inlet Inlet
Approach Inlet Approach Capacity Approach Capacity
Flow (l/s) Capacity (l/s) Flow (l/s) (l/s) Flow (l/s) (l/s)
0 0 0 0 0 0
100 82 80 62 85 59
140 98 93 66 99 63
155 99 115 72 120 70
225 115 145 80 150 77
180 88 209 84
210 92

Inlet Inlet
Approach Inlet Approach Capacity Capacity
Flow (l/s) Capacity (l/s) Flow (l/s) (l/s) Depth (mm) (l/s)
0 0 0 0 0 0
15 14 12 10 140 60
33 26 30 22 155 80
47 33 55 34 195 125
63 42 123 55 205 175
85 53 162 60 275 257
100 58 198 67 337 295
123 64
153 66
175 68
225 72
Data derived from physical modelling outlined in the document: Manly Hydraulics
Laboratory; Hydraulic Model Studies of Grate, Lintel and Modified Gully Pit Designs
for Pyrmont Redevelopment; Draft Report MHL690; Public Works Report No. 94018;
July 1994; ISBN 0 7310 2740.
Stone Kerb Inlet Pits
Approved stone kerb inlets shall be in accordance with Standard Drawings 1.1.12
and1.1.13. Pit inlet capacity data is not available at this time.

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A4 Drainage Design for Sydney Streets

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4.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 1

4.2 Exceptions ...................................................................................... 1

4.3 Certification .................................................................................... 1

4.4 Relevant standards ........................................................................ 2

4.5 Data Requirements ......................................................................... 3

4.6 Data Handover ................................................................................ 9

Version 1: 7.9.2015 Page i

4.7 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design Criteria .................................. 11

4.8 Network Layout ............................................................................ 14

4.9 Conduit Design ............................................................................. 18

Version 1: 7.9.2015 Page ii

4.10 Stormwater Structure Design ...................................................... 21

4.11 Stormwater Quality Improvement Devices ................................. 23

4.12 Relining ......................................................................................... 25

4.13 Footpath drainage ........................................................................ 26

4.14 Private connections ..................................................................... 28

Version 1: 7.9.2015 Page iii

4.14.3.1 General Requirements ................................................................... 29

4.15 On Site Detention ......................................................................... 30

Table 1 DXF File properties ............................................................................... 10

Attachment A Design Checklist

Version 1: 7.9.2015 Page iv

Description of the proposed variation;

City of Sydney A4 Drainage Design specifications;

Version 1: 1.9.2015 Page 1

4.4 Relevant standards

Sydney Streets Technical Specifications;

Version 1: 1.9.2015 Page 2

AS 3996 Metal Access Covers, Road Grates and Frames;

4.5 Data Requirements

General Plan (services and drainage plan);

Version 1: 1.9.2015 Page 3

CCTV of the host conduit depicting current conditions.

4.5.1 General Plan

Title block, legend, north point, scale and scale bar;

4.5.2 Utilities Investigation Plan

A Utilities Investigation Plan shall be prepared documenting the position of all

Title block, north point, scale and scale bar;

Version 1: 1.9.2015 Page 4

Notwithstanding the above, longsections are not required in the following

4.5.3.1 Scale and Datum

Scale: 1:200 horizontal at A3

4.5.3.2 Title Block

Title block, legend, scale and scale bar shall be provided.

The following shall be drawn on the upper portion of the longsections:

Dimension / type / strength class

Version 1: 1.9.2015 Page 5

20yr ARI peak flow rate

4.5.3.5 Data Table

4.5.4 Drainage Details

Title block, legend, scale and scale bar;

4.5.5 CoS Standard Drawings

4.5.6 Drainage Design Variation Form

The purpose of the Drainage Design Variation Form is as follows:

Version 1: 1.9.2015 Page 6

Document the proposed scope and extent of non compliance;

The following are not considered to be valid justifications for a variation:

4.5.7 Catchment Plan

A catchment plan shall be provided at a suitable scale such as 1:500 at A3 and

Title block, north point, scale and scale bar;

4.5.8 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design Data