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200TOPMECHANICALEngineering
InterviewQuestionsandAnswers

PostedonMarch9,2017 byengineer 298Comments

MECHANICALEngineeringInterviewQuestionsandAnswers:
1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenscavengingandsupercharging?
2.Whatarethenamesgiventoconstanttemperature,constantpressure,constantvolume,
constantinternalenergy,constantenthalpy,andconstantentropyprocesses.

3.InaRankinecycleifmaximumsteampressureisincreasedkeepingsteamtemperature
andcondenserpressuresame,whatwillhappentodrynessfractionofsteamafter
expansion?

4.Whyentropychangeforareversibleadiabaticprocessiszero?

5.Whataretwoessentialconditionsofperfectgas?

6.Enthalpyandentropyarefunctionsofonesingleparameter.Whichisthat?

7.Whyrateofcondensationishigheronapolishedsurfacecomparedtorustysurface?

8.Howmuchresistanceisofferedtoheatflowbydropwisecondensation?

9.WhatistherelationshipbetweenCOPofheatingandcooling?

10.Howmuchistheworkdoneinisochoricprocess?

11.Whenmaximumdischargeisobtainedinnozzle?

12.Underwhatconditiontheworkdoneinreciprocatingcompressorwillbeleast?

13.Whatisthedifferencebetweenstallingandsurginginrotarycompressions?
EngineeringQuestions
14.Whytheelectricmotorofafanwithbackwardcurvedbladesisnevergotoverloaded Facebook
underanycondition?
15.Whytheworkperkgofairflowinaxialflowcompressorislesscomparedtocentrifugal
compressorforsamepressureratio?
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16.Whatisthenamegiventoportionofthermalenergytobenecessarilyrejectedto
environment? Follow

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17.Whatispitting?Howitiscaused?

18.Whatiscausticembrittlement?

19.Whichimpuritiesformhardscaleandwhichimpuritiessoftscale?

20.Whatisthedifferencebetweenhardwaterandsoftwater?

21.Whichtwoelementsinfeedwatercancausecorrosionoftubesandplatesinboiler?

Ans:Acidandoxygeninfeedwaterleadtocorrosion.

22.Whatshouldbedonetopreventasafetyvalvetosticktoitsseat?

Ans:Safetyvalveshouldbeblownoffperiodicallysothatnocorrosioncantakeplaceon
valveandvalveseat.

23.Whylargeboilersarewatertubetype?

Ans:Watertubeboilersraisesteamfastbecauseoflargeheattransferareaandpositive
watercirculation.Thustheyrespondfastertofluctuationsindemand.Furthersingletube
failuredoesnotleadtocatastrophy.
24.Whattypeofboilerdoesnotneedasteamdrum?

Ans:Supercriticalpressureboiler.

25.Whymanholesinvesselsareusuallyellipticalinshape?

Ans:Ellipticalshapehasminimumareaofopeningandthusplateisweakenedtheleast.
Furtheritisveryconvenienttoinsertandtakeoutthecoverplatefromellipticalopening.

26.Lowwaterinboilerdrumisunsafebecauseitmayresultinoverheatingofwatertubes
infurnace.Whyitisunsafetohavehighwaterconditioninboilerdrum?

Ans:Highdrumleveldoesnotallowsteamseparationtobeeffectiveandsomewatercanbe
carriedoverwithsteamwhichisnotdesirableforsteamturbine.

27.Whyboilerispurgedeverytimebeforestartingfiringoffuel?

Ans:Purgingensuresthatanyunburntfuelinfurnaceisremoved,otherwiseitmayleadto
explosion.

28.Whatistheprincipleofmechanicalrefrigeration?

Axis.Avolatileliquidwillboilundertheproperconditionsandinsodoingwillabsorbheat
fromsurroundingobjects.

29.Whyhighlatentheatofvaporisationisdesirableinarefrigerant?

Ans:Ahighlatentheatofvaporisationofrefrigerantresultsinsmallamountofrefrigerant
andthuslessercirculationsystemofrefrigerantforsametonnage.
30.Whatisthecriticaltemperatureofarefrigerant?

Ans:Criticaltemperatureisthemaximumtemperatureofarefrigerantratwhichitcanbe
condensedintoliquidandbeyondthisitremainsgasirrespectiveofpressureapplied.

31.Maximumcombustiontemperatureingasturbinesisoftheorderof1100to10C
whereassameisaround00CinI.C.engine?Why?

Ans:HightemperatureinI.C.enginecanbetoleratedbecauseitlastsforafractionof
secondbutgasturbineshavetofaceitcontinuouslywhichmetalscantwithstand.

32.WhyefficiencyofgasturbinesislowercomparedtoI.C.engines?

Ans:Ingasturbines,70%oftheoutputofgasturbineisconsumedbycompressor.I.C.
engineshavemuchlowerauxiliaryconsumption.FurthercombustiontemperatureofI.C.
enginesismuchhighercomparedtogasturbine.

33.Whatdoyouunderstandbytimedcylinderlubrication?

Ans:Foreffectivelubrication,luboilneedstobeinjectedbetweentwopistonringswhen
pistonisatbottomofstrokesothatpistonridesinoiduringupwardmovement.Thisway
lotofluboilcanbesavedandusedproperly.

34.WhatisIIUCRinrelationtopetrolengine?

Ans:HUCRishighestusefulcompressionratioatwhichthefuelcanbeusedinaspecific
testengine,underspecifiedoperatingconditions,withoutknocking.

35.Insomeenginesglycerineisusedinplaceofwaterforcoolingofengine.Why?
Ans:Glycerinehasboilingpointof90Cwhichincreasesitsheatcarryingcapacity.Thus
weightofcoolantgetsreducedandsmallerriadiatorcanbeused.

36.Whyconsumptionoflubricatingoilismoreintwostrokecyclepetrolenginethanfour
strokecyclepetrolengine?

Ans:Intwostrokeengineluboilismixedwithpetrolandthussomeluboilisblownout
throughtheexhaustvalvesbyscavengingandchargingair.Thereisnosuchwastageinfour
strokepetrolengine.

37.Ascompressionratioincreases,thermalnincreases.Howisthermalnaffectedbyweak
andrichmixturestrength?

Ans:Thermalnishighforweakmixtureanditdecreasesasmixturestrengthbecomesrich.

38.Howenginedesignneedstobechangedtoburnleanmixture?

Ans:Enginetoburnleanmixtureuseshighcompressionratioandthehighlyturbulent
movementofthechargeisproducedbythegeometryofthecombustionchamber.

39.HorsepowerofI.C.enginescanbeexpressedasRACrating,SAErating,orDINrating.
Towhichcountriesthesestandardsbelong?

Ans:U.K.,USAandGermanyrespectively.

40.Whatistheuseofflashchamberinavapourcompressionrefrigerationcycletoimprove
theCOPofrefrigerationcycle?
Ans:Whenliquidrefrigerantasobtainedfromcondenseristhrottled,therearesome
vapours.Thesevapoursifcarriedthroughtheevaporatorwillnotcontributetorefrigerating
effect.Usingaflashchamberatsomeintermediatepressure,theflashvapouratthis
pressurecanbebledoffandfedbacktothecompressionprocess.Thethrottlingprocessis
thencarriedoutinstages.Similarlycompressionprocessisalsodoneintwoseparate
compressorstages.

41.Whypistonsareusuallydishedattop?

Ans:Pistonsareusuallyhollowedattopto(i)providegreaterspaeforcombustion,(ii)
increasesurfaceforfluegasestoactupon,and(iii)betterdistributionofstresses.

42.Whatisthefunctionofthermostatincoolingsystemofanengine?

Ans:Thermostatensuresoptimumcoolingbecauseexcessivecoolingdecreasestheoverall
efficiency.Itallowscoolingwatertogotoradiatorbeyondapredeterminedtemperature.

43.Whatarethecausesoffailureofboilertubes?

Ans:Boilertubes,usuallyaremadefromcarbonsteelandaresubjectto(a)highratesof
heattransfer,(b).bendingstressesduetounevenheating,especiallyatexpandedorwelded
jointsintoheadersordrums,externalerosionfromburnersandfluegas,(d)possible
corrosionontheboilerside,and(e)occasionalmanufacturingdefects.

Failuremayoccurduetofollowingreasons:

(a)Highthermalratingsmayleadtorapidfailureiftheinternalfluidflowisreducedforany
reason.Theresultantoverheatingleadstoafailurebycreep,characterisedbythebulgingof
thetubewiththeeventualdevelopmentofalongitudinalsplit.
(b)Fatiguecrackingduetobendingstressesoccur.Theseareassociatedwithchangeof
sectionand/orweldundercut,wheretubesareexpandedorweldedintoheaders.

Failuremayariseduetooverstressingofareducedsectionofmetal.

(d)Suddenfailureoftheboilertubeduetocorrosionarisesfromembrittlementofthe
carbonsteelduetointeractionbetweenatomichydrogenfromthecorrosionprocessandthe
ironcarbidepresentinthesteel.

(e)Defectsintubemanufacture,althoughfarfrombeingaregularoccurrence,canbea
causeofserioustrouble.Laminationinboilertubesorscoremarksarisingfromthecold
drawingoftubes,giverisetoprematurefailureandmaypromotecorrosionattheseregions.

44.Whatarethecausesoffailureofsuperheatertubes?

Ans:Superheatertubesaresubjectedtothemostseverecombinationofstress,temperature
andcorrosiveenvironment.Inadditiontohightemperaturestrength,resistanceto
corrosionisalsoimportant.Forexample,lowalloyferriticsteelsuchas1/%Cr,1%Mo
wouldnotbeusedatmetaltemperaturesabove580Cbecauseofinadequateresistanceto
corrosionandoxidationoverafullservicelifeof100,000/150,000hr.

Failuresinsuperheatertubesmayarisefrom:

(a)Priorfabricationhistory(b)Faultyheattreatment

Consequencesofwelding(d)Overheatingofthetubemetal

(e)Gassidecorrosion(f)Stresscorrosion(austeniticsteels).
45.Whysupercriticalboilersuselessamountofsteelcomparedtononsupercriticalboilers
?

Ans:Supercriticalboilersdonotheadheavydrumforseparationofsteamfrommixtureof
waterandsteam.

46.Outofelectricheaterandheatpump,whichiseconomicalinoperation?

Ans:Heatpump.

47.Whichfurnaceburnslowashfusioncoalandretainsmostofthecoalashintheslag?

Ans:Cyclonefurnace.

48.Howthethicknessofthermalboundarylayerandthicknessofhydrodynamicboundary
layerrelated?

Ans:Ratiooftheirthickness=(Prandtlnumber)1/3.

49.Whatistheeffectoffrictiononflowofsteamthroughanozzle?

Ans:Todecreasebothmassflowrateandwetnessofsteam.

50.Whygasturbinepowerplantneedsefficientcompressor?

Ans:Becausealargeportionofturbineworkiseatenawaybycompressorandits
inefficiencywillaffectnetpoweroutputandcostofgeneration.
51.Whyrocketsusingliquidhydrogenhavehigherspecificimpulsecomparedtoliquid
hydrocarbon?

Ans:Liquidhydrogenhashigherburningvelocity.

52.Whyaxialflowcompressorispreferredforgasturbinesforaeroplanes?

Ans:Becauseithaslowfrontalarea.

53.Whatistheeffectofintercoolingingasturbines?

Ans:Itdecreasesthermalefficiencybutincreasesnetoutput.

54.WhyisooctaneischosenasreferencefuelforS.I.enginesandallotted100valueforits
octanenumber?

Ans:Isooctanepermitshighestcompressionwithoutcausingknocking.

55.WhythermalefficiencyofI.C.enginesismorethanthatofgasturbineplant?

Ans:InI.C.enginemaximumtemperatureattainedishigherthaningasturbine.

56.WhicharethereferencefuelsforknockratingofS.I.engines?

Ans:nheptaneandISOoctane.

57.Wheneffectofvariationsinspecificheatsisconsideredthenhowdomaximum
temperatureandpressurevarycomparedtoairstandardcycle?
Ans:Temperatureincreasesandpressuredecreases.

58.Quantitieslikepressure,temperature,density,viscosity,etc.areindependentofmass.
Whatarethesecalled?

Ans:Intensiveproperties.

59.Theamountofradiationemittedperscmperseciscalled.?

Ans:Emissivepower.

60.Inconvectionheattransfer,ifheatfluxintensityisdoubledthentemperature

differencebetweensolidsurfaceandfluidwill?

Ans:Getdoubled.

61.Howyoucandefinecoal?

Ans:Coalisanaturallyoccurringhydrocarbonthatconsistsofthefossilisedremainsof
buriedplantdebristhathaveundergoneprogressivephysicalandchemicalalteration,called
coalification,inthecourseofgeologictime.

62.Whichpollutantismajorgreenhousegasandwhatisitseffect?

Ans:COismajorgreenhousegasandittrapstheradiationofheatfromthesunwithin
earthsatmosphere.
63.InordertoincreaseefficiencyandreduceCOemissionsandotheremissions,clearcoal
technologiesarereceivingmajorattention.Whatarethese?

Ans:(i)Advancedpulverisedandpressurisedpulverisedfuelcombustion.

(ii)Atmosphericfluidisedbedcombustionandpressurisedfluidisedbedcombustion.

(iii)Supercriticalboilers.

(iv)Integratedgasificationcombinedcyclesystems.

(v)Advancedintegratedgasification,includingfuelcellsystems.

(vi)Magnetohydrodynamicelectricitygeneration.

64.Whataretheimportantoperationalperformanceparametersindesignoffuelfiring
equipment?

Ans:Fuelflexibility,electricalloadfollowingcapability,reliability,availability,and
maintenanceease.

65.Whatisthedifferencbetweentotalmoistureandinherentmoistureincoal?

Ans:Themoisturecontentofthebulkassampledisreferredtoastotalmoisture,andthat
oftheairdriedsampleiscalledinherentmoisture.

66.Proximityanalysisofcoalprovidesdataforafirst,generalassessmentofacoalsquality
andtype.Whatelementsitreports?
Ans:Moisture,volatilematter,ashandfixedcarbon.

67.Ultimateanalysisofcoaliselementaryanalysis.Whatitisconcernedwith?

Ans:Carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen,andsulphurincoalonaweightpercentagebasis.

68.ExplainthedifferencebetweenAFBC,BFBC,PFBCandPCFBinregardtofluidisedbed
technologies.

Ans:AFBC(Atmosphericfluidisedbedcombustion)processconsistsofformingabedof
inertmaterialslikefinelysizedashorashmixedwithsand,limestone(forsulphurremoval),
andsolidfuelparticlesinacombustorandfluidisingitbyforcingcombustionairup
throughthebedmixture.Thegasflowsthorughbedwithoutdisturbingparticles
significantlybutgasvelocityishighenoughtosupportthetotalweightofbed(fluidisation).
Atslightlyhighervelocityexcessgaspassesthroughthebedasbubbles(fluidisedbed)and
givesthebedtheappearanceofaboilingliquid.

Bubblingfluidisedbedcombustion(BFBC)hasadefinedheightofbedmaterialand
operatesatornearatmosphericpressureinthefurnace.

Pressurisedfluidisedbedcombustion(PFBC)systemoperatesthebedatelevatedpressure.
Exhaustgaseshavesufficientenergytopoweragasturbine,ofcourse,gasesneedtobe
cleaned.

Influidisedcombustion,asashisremovedsomeunburnedcarbonisalsoremovedresulting
inlowerefficiency.Incirculatingfluidisedbedcombustion(CFBC)system,bedisoperated
athigherpressureleadingtohighheattransfer,highercombustionefficiency,andbetter
fuelfeed.Circulatingfluidisedbedsoperatewithrelativelyhighgasvelocitiesandfine
particlesizes.Themaintenanceofsteadystateconditionsinafastfluidisedbedrequiresthe
continuousrecycleofparticlesremovedbythegasstream(circulatingbed).Theterm
circulatingbedisoftenusedtoincludefluidisedbedsystemscontainingmultiple
conventionalbubblingbedsbetweenwhichbedmaterialisexchanged.

69.WhatforSchmidtplotforisusedinheattransferproblems?

Ans:Schmidtplotisagraphicalmethodfordeterminingthetemperatureatanypointina
bodyataspecifiedtimeduringthetransientheatingorcoolingperiod.

70.Inwhichreactorthecoolantandmoderatorarethesame?

Ans:Pressurisedwaterreactor.

71.Whichreactorhasnomoderator?

Ans:Fastbreederreactor.

72.Whatarethermalneutrons?

Ans:Thermalneutronsareslowneutrons(havingenergybelow1eV)whichareinthermal
equilibriumwiththeirsurroundings.

73.Whatisbigadvantageoffastbreederreactor?

Ans:Ithasrapidselfbreedingoffissilefuelduringtheoperationofthereactor,andthus,it
offersaboutsixtytimestheoutputwithsamenaturaluraniumresourcesthroughordinary
nonbreedernuclearreactor.

74.Whatisthepurposeofbiologicalshieldinnuclearplants?
Ans:Biologicalshieldofheavyconcretepreventsexposuretoneutrons,betaraysand
gammarayswhichkilllivingthings.

75.Whichtwoelementshavesamepercentageinproximateandultimateanalysisofcoal?

Ans:Moistureandash.

76.OnwhichanalysisisbasedtheDulongsformulafortheheatingvalueoffuel?

Ans:Onultimateanalysis.

77.Whichelementcausesdifferenceinhigherandlowerheatingvaluesoffuel?

Ans:Hydrogen.

78.Whichheatingvalueisindicatedbyacalorimeterandwhy?

Ans:Grossheatingvaluebecausesteamiscondensedandheatofvapourformedis
recovered.

79.Statethedifferencebetweenultimateandproximateanalysisofcoal?

Ans:Inultimateanalysis,chemicaldeterminationoffollowingelementsismadebyweight:
Fixedandcombinedcarbon,H,O,N,S,waterandash.HeatingvalueisduetoC,HandS.

Inproximateanalysisfollowingconstituentsaremechanicallydeterminedbyweight.
Moisture,volatilematter,fixedcarbonandash.Heatingvalueisduetofixedcarbonand
volatilematter.
80.Whatisfuelratio?

Ans:Fuelratioistheratioofits%ageoffixedcarbontovolatilematter.

81.Howtheanalysesandcalorificvaluesoffuelscanbereported?

Ans:Itmaybereportedas

(a)asreceivedorfired(wet)basis

(b)dryormoisturefreebasis

combustibleorashandmoisturefreebasis

82.Whatisthedifferencebetweennuclearfissionandfissionchainreaction.

Ans:Theprocessofsplittingofnucleusintotwoalmostequalfragmentsaccompaniedby
releaseofheatisnuclearfission.Selfsustained,continuing,sequenceoffissionreactions
inacontrolledmannerisfissionchainreaction.

83.Explaindifferencebetweenfissileandfertilematerials.

Ans:Thematerialswhichcangivenuclearfissione.g.U35,Pu39,U33arefissile
materials.Fertilematerialitselfisnotfissionable,butitcanbeconvertedtoafissionable
materialbyirradiationofneutronsinanuclearreactor.

84.Whatdoyouunderstandbyfuelcycleinnuclearplants?
Ans:Fuelcycleaseriesofsequentialstepsinvolvedinsupplyingfueltoanuclearpower
reactor.Thestepsinclude:Mining,refininguranium,fabricationoffuelelements,theiruse
innuclearreactor,chemicalprocessingtorecoverremainingfissionablematerial,re
enrichmentoffuelfromrecoveredmaterial,refabricationofnewfuelelements,waste
storageetc.

85.Whatisheavywaterandwhatisitsuseinnuclearplants?

Ans:Watercontainingheavyisotopesofhydrogen(Deuterium)isknownasheavywater.
Heavywaterisusedasamoderator.Heavywaterhaslowcrosssectionforabsorptionof
neutronsthanordinarywater.Heavywaterslowsdownthefastneutronsandthus
moderatesthechainreaction.

86.Whatisaconverterreactor?

Ans:Areactorplantwhichisdesignedtoproducemorefuelthanitconsumes.Thebreeding
isobtainedbyconvertingfertilematerialtofissilematerial.

87.Explainnuclearreactorinbrief.

Ans:Aplantwhichinitiates,sustains,controlsandmaintainsnuclearfissionchainreaction
andprovidesshieldingagainstradioactiveradiationisnuclearreactor.

88.Whatisthedifferencebetweenconversionandenrichment?

Ans:TheprocessofconvertingthenonfissileU38tofissileU35isalsocalled
Conversion.ThemateriallikeU38whichcanbeconvertedtoafissilematerialbythe
neutronfluxiscalledfertilematerial.Theconversionisobtainedwithinthenuclear
reactorduringthechainreaction.
Enrichmentistheprocessbywhichtheproportionoffissileuraniumisotope(U35)is
increasedabove0.7%(original%innaturaluranium).

TheconcentrationofU35intheuraniumhexafluorideisincreasedfromthe0.7%in
naturaluraniumtoto4%.Thisiscalledenrichmentandisaccomplishedinanenrichment
plant.

89.Disposalofradioactivewastematerialsandspentfuelisamajorandimportant
technology.Howthewasteradioactivematerialisdisposedoff?

Ans:Nonusablefissionproductsareradioactiveandtakeshort/medium/longtimefor
radioactivedecaytoreachsafelevelofradioactivity.Accordinglythreemethodsofdisposal
are:

(a)Zeroorlowradioactivitymaterialisdispersedorstoredwithoutelaborateshielding.

(b)Mediumradioactivitymaterialisstoredforshortdurationofabout5yearstoallow
decayofradioactivity.

Highradioactivematerial.Theyarestoredinwaterforseveralmonthstopermit
radioactivedecaytoanaccepetablelowlevel.

90.Whichnuclearreactoruseswaterasacoolant,moderatorandreflector?

Ans:Pressurisedwaterreactor.

91.Whichreactorproducesmorefissionablematerialthanitconsumes?

Ans:Breederreactor.
92.Whichreactorusesnaturaluraniumasfuel?

Ans:Gascooledreacator.

93.Whichreactorusesheavywaterasmoderator?

Ans:CANDU.

94.Whichreactorrequiresnomoderator?

Ans:Breederreactor.

95.Whichreactorusesprimarycoolantasfluoridesaltsoflithium,beryllium,thoriumand
uranium?

Ans:Moltensaltbreederreactor.

96.Whyanincreaseinareaisrequiredtoproduceanincreaseofvelocityincaseof
supersonicflow?

Ans:Increaseinareaforincreaseinvelocityforsupersonicflowisrequiredbecausethe
densitydecreasesfasterthanvelocityincreasesatsupersonicspeedsandtomaintain
continuityofmass,areamustincrease.

97.Underwhatcircumstanceswouldtherebeanincreaseinpressureinadivergentnozzle
?

Ans:Forsubsonicflowatinletsectionofadiffuseralowervelocityandhigherpressurewill
existattheexitsection.Forsupersonicisentropicflowattheinletsectionahighervelocity
andlowerpressurewillexistattheexitbutifashockwaveoccursinthediffuserthena
higherpressurewillexistattheexit.

98.Whywatercantbeusedasrefrigerantforsmallrefrigeratingequipment?

Ans:Therefrigerantshouldbesuchthatvapourvolumeislowsothatpumpingworkwillbe
low.Watervapourvolumeisaround4000timescomparedtoRforagivenmass.

99.Whichparameterremainsconstantinathrottlingprocess?

Ans:Enthalpy.

100.Whatisthedifferencebetweenisentropicprocessandthrottlinglprocess?

Ans:Inisentropicprocess,heattransfertakesplaceandinthrottlingprocess,enthalpy
beforeandaftertheprocessissame.

MECHANICALInterviewQuestionswithAnswersbook:

1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenisotropicandanisotropicmaterials?

Ans:Ifamaterialexhibitssamemechanicalpropertiesregardlessofloadingdirection,itis
isotropic,e.g.,homogeneouscastmaterials.Materialslackingthispropertyareanisotropic.

2.Whatareorthotropicmaterials?

Ans:Itisaspecialclassofanisotropicmaterialswhichcanbedescribedbygivingtheir
propertiesinthreeperpendiculardirectionse.g.woodcomposites.
3.Whatisviewfactor?

Ans:Viewfactorisdependentupongeometryofthetwosurfacesexchangingradiation.

4.Whatpropertiesneedtobeconsideredforapplicationscallingforfollowing
requirements:

(i)rigidity

(ii)strengthfornoplasticdeformationunderstaticload

(iii)strengthtowithstandoverloadwithoutfracture.

(iv)wearresistance

(v)reliabilityandsafety.

Ans:(i)RigidityElasticmodulusandyieldstrength

(ii)Strength(fornoplasticdeformationunderstaticloading)yieldpoint

(iii)Strength(overload)Toughnessandimpactresistance

(iv)WearresistanceHardness

(v)ReliabilityandsafetyEndurancelimitandyieldpoint.

5.Explaintheeffectsofalloyingchromiumandnickelinstainlesssteel.
Ans:Additionofnickelandchromiumincreasesthetensilestrengthandincreasein
resistancetocorrosiontakesplace.

6.Mentiontwotypesofdislocations.

Ans:Dislocationreferstoabreakinthecontinuityofthelattice.Inedgedislocation,one
planeofatomsgetssqueezedout.Inscrewdislocationthelatticeatomsmovefomtheir
regularidealpositions.

7.Whataretheprincipalconstituentsofbrass?

Ans:Principalconstituentsofbrassarecopperandzinc.

8.WhatisCuriepoint?

Ans:Curiepointisthetemperatureatwhichferromagneticmaterialscannolongerbe
magnetisedbyoutsideforces.

9.Specificstrengthofmaterialsisveryhighwhentheyareinfibresizebutlowerwhenthey
areinbarformWhy?

Ans:Crystalstructurehasordered,repeatingarrangementofatoms.Fibresareliableto
maintainthisandthushavehighspecificstrength.Assizeincreases,theconditionof
orderedandrepeatingarrangementscantbeguaranteedbecauseofseveraltypesofdefects
anddislocationsandthusthespecificstrengthgetslower.

10.Whatisthepercentageofcarbonincastiron?

Ans:2.5%.
11.Whichelementisaddedinsteeltoincreaseresistancetocorrosion?

Ans:Chromium.

12.Whetherindividualcomponentsincompositematerialsretaintheircharacteristicsor
not?

Ans:yes.

13.Anelastomerisapolymerwhenitspercentageelongationrateis?

Ans:Greaterthan100%.

14.Ifpercentageelongationofamaterialismorethan200%,itisclassedas?

Ans:Rubber.

15.Whyisitthatthemaximumvaluewhichtheresidualstresscanreachistheelasticlimit
ofthematerial?

Ans:Astressinexcessofelasticlimit,withnoexternalforcetoopposeit,willrelieveitself
byplasticdeformationuntilitreachesthevalueoftheyieldstress.

16.Whyfatiguestrengthdecreasesassizeofapartincreasesbeyondaround10mm?

Ans:Perfectionofmaterialconditionsispossibleatlowersizesandassizeincreases,itis
notpossibletoattainuniformstructureofthematerial.

17.Distinguishbetweencreepandfatigue.
Ans:Creepislowandprogressivedeformationofamaterialwithtimeunderaconstant
stressathightemperatureapplications.Fatigueisthereducedtendencyofmaterialtooffer
resistancetoappliedstressunderrepeatedorfluctuatingloadingcondition.

18.Whilenormalcarburisingandnitridingsurfacetreatmentsincreasefatiguestrength,
excessivetreatmentmaydecreasethefatiguestrength.Why?

.Ans:Normalcarburising/nitridingtreatmentsincreasevolumeduetophase
transformationatSurfaceandintroduceresidualcompressivesurfacestressandthus
increasethefatiguestrength.Byexcessivetreatmentthehighcompressivestressesare
introducedbutthesearebalancedbyhighinternaltensilestressesofequalvalueandthe
subsurfacefatiguecracksmaydevelopintheregionsofhightensilestressandleadtoearly
fatiguefailure.

19.Listatleasttwofactorsthatpromotetransitionfromductiletobrittlefracture.

Ans:Mannerofloading,andtherateofloadingpromotetransitionfromductiletobrittle
fracture.Amachinemembermayhaveductilefailureunderstaticloadingbutmayfailin
brittlefashionwhentheloadisfluctuating.Similarlyamaterialmayevidenceductilefailure
undertensileloadingatordinarytestingspeedbutifloadisappliedatahighvelocitythen
failuremaybebrittle.

20.Whichtheoriesoffailureareusedfor(a)ductilematerials,and(B)brittlematerials?

Ans:Forductilematerials,theoriesoffailureusedaremaximumshearstresstheory,and
maximumenergyofdistortiontheorywhileforbrittlematerials,theoryofmaximum
principalstress,andmaximumstrainareused.

21.Whatdoesthermaldiffusivityofmetalssignify.
Ans:Thermaldiffusivityisassociatedwiththespeedofpropagationofheatintosolids
duringchangesintemperaturewithtime.

22.Forconductionofheat,theinstantaneousrateofheatflowisproductofthreefactors.
Whatarethese?

Ans:(i)Areaofthesectionoftheheatflowpath,perpendiculartothedirectionofheatflow.

(ii)temperaturegradient,i.e.changeoftemperaturew.r.t.lengthofpath.

(ii)Thermalconductivityofmaterial.

23.Howconvectiveheattransferiseffectedandonwhatfactorsitdepends?

Ans:Convectiveheattransferiseffectedbetweenasolidandfluidbyacombinationof
molecularconductionwithinthefluidincombinationwithenergytransportresultingfrom
themotionoffluidparticles.Itdependsonboundarylayerconfiguration,fluidproperties
andtemperaturedifference.

24.Whichisthecommonelementbetweenbrassandbronze?

Ans:Copper.

25.WhatdoesfollowingalloydesignationindicateFG250?

Ans:Greycastironwithtensilestrengthof250MPa.

26.Howisceramicdefined?
Ans:Itisasolidformedbycombinationofmetallicandnonmetallicelements.

27.GiveoneexampleofmetalclassifiedasperstructureasBCC,FCC,HCPandCCP.

Ans:BCC(bodycentredcubic)structureMolybdenum

FCC(facecentredcubic)structureAluminium

HCP(hexagonalclosedpacked)structureZinc

CCP(cubicdosedpacked)structureCopper.

28.Whatisthenameofsolidsolutionofcarboninalphaironanddeltairon?

Ans:Ferriteandausteniterespectively.

29.Explainthedifferencebetweenpearliteandcementile?

Ans:Pearliteiseutectoidmixtureofferriteandcementile.Cementiteischemicalcompound
ofironandcarbon.

30.Giveoneexampleeachofthefollowingproportionofmaterialsdimensional,physical,
technologicalandmechanical.

Ans:Roughness,enthalpy,toughness,andhardnessrespectively.

31.ForwhichpartstheWahlfactorandLewisformfactorused?

Ans:Forspringsandgearsrespectively.
32.Howoxygencanberemovedfromsteelduringmelting?Whatarefullykilledsteels?

Ans:Oxygencanberemovedbyaddingelementssuchasmanganese,siliconoraluminium
which,becauseoftheirhighaffinityforoxygen,reactwithittoformnonmetallicoxides
whichriseintotheslag.Steelswhichhavehadmostoftheirdissolvedoxygenremovedare
calledfullykilledsteels.

33.Hydrogencannotberemovedeasilyfrommoltensteel.Whatharmhydrogenhason
propertyofsteel?

Ans:Execessivehydrogenresultsintheformationofsmallfissuresoftendescribedas
hairlinecracksorflakesinthesteel.Largeforgingsinalloysteelareparticularlysensitiveto
thisphenomenon.

34.Whatisallotrope?Inwhatformsofcubicpattern,ironexists?

Ans:Someelementsexistinmorethanonecrystallineform.Eachformisknownas
allotrope.Ironexistsintwoformsofcubicpattern,namelybodycenteredcubic(bcc)and
facecenteredcubic(fee).

35.Whatisthedifferencebetweenalphairon,deltaironandgammairon?

Ans:Thebccformofironexistsbetweenroomtemperatureand910C,andbetween
1400Candthemeltingpointat1539C.Thelowertemperatureformisknownasalpha
ironandthehighertemperatureformasdeltairon.Thefacecenteredcubicformexisting
between910Cand1400Cisreferredtoasgammairon.

36.Metals,ingeneralareoflowstrengthanddonotpossessrequiredphysiochemicaland
technologicalpropertiesforadefinitepurpose.Alloysarethereforemorethanmetalsalone.
Discussthearrangementofatomsandstructuresofalloys.

Ans:Alloysareproducedbymeltingorsinteringtwooremoremetals,ormetalsandanon
metal,together.Alloyspossesstypicalpropertiesinherentinthemetallicstate.The
chemicalelementsthatmakeupanalloyarecalleditscomponents.Analloycanconsistof
twoormorecomponents.Thephaseandstructuresofalloysdescribetheconstitution,
transformationsandpropertiesofmetalsandalloys.Acombinationofphasesinastateof
equilibriumiscalledasystem.Aphaseisahomogeneousportionofasystemhavingthe
samecompositionandthesamestateofaggregationthroughoutitsvolume,andseparated
fromtheotherportionsofthesystembyinterfaces.Forinstance,ahomogeneouspure
metaloralloyisasinglephasesystem.Astateinwhichaliquidalloy(ormetal)coexists
withitscrystalsisatwophasesystem.Structurereferstotheshape,sizeorthemutual
arrangementofthecorrespondingphasesinmetalsoralloys.Thestructuralcomponentsof
analloyareitsindividualportions,eachhavingasinglestructurewithitscharacteristic
features.

37.Whatisthedifferencebetweenisotropicmaterialandhomogeneousmaterial?

Ans:Inhomogeneousmaterialthecompositionissamethroughoutandinisotropic
materialtheelasticconstantsaresameinalldirections.

38.Explainthedifferencebetweenthepointsofinflexionandcontraflexure.

Ans:Atpointsofinflexioninaloadedbeamthebendingmomentiszeroandatpointsof
contraflexureinloadedbeamthebendingmomentchangessignfromincreasingto
decreasing.

39.Whatisthedifferencebetweenproofresilienceandmodulusofresilience?
Ans:Proofresilienceisthemaximumstrainenergythatcanbestoredinamaterialwithout
permanentdeformation.Modulusofresilienceisthemaximumstrainenergystoredina
materialperunitvolume.

40.Whatisthedifferencebetweencolumnandstrut?

Ans:Bothcolumnandstrutcarrycompressiveload.Columnisalwaysverticalbutstrutas
memberofstructurecouldcarryaxialcompressiveloadinanydirection.

41.Explainthedifferencebetweenferrite,austeniteandgraphite?

Ans:Ferriteisthesolidsolutionofcarbonandotherconstituentsinalphairon.Itissoft,
ductileandrelativelyweak.

Austeniteisthesolidsolutionofcarbonandotherconstituentsingammairon.Itexistsin
ordinarysteelsatelevatedtemperatures,butitisalsofoundatordinarytemperaturesin
somestainlesssteels.

Graphitehasahexagonallayerlattice.

42.Explainthetermssolidsolution,eutectic,eutectoidandperitectic.

Ans:SolidSolution.Whenahomogeneousmixtureoftwo(ormore)atomicformsexistsin
solidstate,itisknownassolidsolution.

Eutectic.Amixtureoftwo(ormore)phaseswhichsolidifysimultaneouslyfromtheliquid
alloyiscalledaneutectic.Alloysinwhichthecomponentssolidifysimultaneouslyata
constanttemperaturethelowestforthegivensystem,arecalledeutecticalloys.
Eutectoid.Eutectoidalloysarethealloysforwhichtwosolidphaseswhicharecompletely
solublebecomecompletelyinsolubleoncoolingbeforeacertaintemperaturecalled
eutectoidtemperature.

Peritectic.Aperitectictransformationinvolvesareactionbetweenasolidandliquidthat
formadifferentandnewsolidphase.Thisthreephasetransformationoccursatapoint
calledperitecticpoint.

43.Whatdoyouunderstandbycriticalpointsiniron,ironcarbidediagram?

Ans:Thetemperaturesatwhichthephasechangesoccurarecalledcriticalpoints(or
temperatures).

45.WhyPERTispreferredoverCPMforevaluationofproject?

Ans:PERTisbasedontheapproachofmultipletimeestimatesforeachactivity.

46.Whatisthepercentageofchromiumin18:4:1IISS?

Ans:4%.

47.Whatisstellite?

Ans:Itisanonferrouscastalloycontainingcobalt,chromiumandtungsten.

48.Whichraysareproducedbycobalt60inindustrialradiography?

Ans:Gammarays.
49.Whatarekilledsteelsandwhatfortheseareused?

Ans:Killedsteelsaredeoxidisedintheladlewithsiliconandaluminium.Onsolidification
nogasevolutionoccursinthesesteelsbecausetheyarefreefromoxygen.

50.Whatiscriticaltemperatureinmetals?

Ans:Itisthetemperatureatwhichthephasechangeoccursinmetals.

MECHANICALEngineeringInterviewQuestionsandAnswerspdffor
freshers:
51.Cartyresareusuallymadeof?

Ans:Styrenebutadinerubber.

52.Whatisthestructureofpureironandwhetheritissoftorhard?

Ans:Ferriteanditissoft.

53.Whichelementsincreasethecorrosionresistanceofsteel?

Ans:Chromiumandnickel.

54.Whatcauseshardnessinsteel?Howheattreatmentalterspropertiesofsteel?

Ans:Theshapeanddistributionofthecarbidesintheirondeterminesthehardnessofthe
steel.Carbidescanbedissolvedinausteniteisthebasisoftheheattreatmentofsteel.If
steelisheatedabovetheAcriticaltemperaturetodissolveallthecarbides,andthencooled,
suitablecoolingthroughthecoolingrangewillproducethedesiredsizeanddistributionof
carbidesintheferrite,impartingdifferentproperties.

55.Explaintheformationofmicrostructuresofpearlite,bainiteandmartensiteinsteel.

Ans:Ifaustenitecontainingabout0.80percentcarbonisslowlycooledthroughthecritical
temperature,ferriteandcementitearerejectedsimultaneously,formingalternateplatesor
lamellae.Thismicrostructureiscalledpearlite.AttemperaturesjustbelottheA1,the
transformationfromaustenite.topearlitemaytakeanappreciabletimetoinitiateand
complete,buttheproductwillbelamellerpearlite.Asthetransformationtemperatureis
lowered,thetimetoinitiatetransformationshortensbuttheproductispearliteof
increasingfineness,andattemperaturesapproaching550Citcannotberesolvedintoits
lamellarconstituents.Furtherdeereaseintransformationtemperaturecausesalengthening
ofthencubationperiodandachangeinstructureoftheproducttoaformknownas
bainite.

Ifthetemperatureisloweredsufficiently,thediffusioncontrollednucleationandgrowth
modesoftransformationaresuppressedcompletelyandtheaustenitetransformsbya
diffusionlessprocessinwhichthecrystallatticeeffectivelyshearstoanewcrystallographic
configurationknownasmartensite.Thisphasehasatetragonalcrystalstructureand
containscarboninsupersaturatedsolidsolution.

56.Howwithalloyingofsteelitispossibletoaachievepropertieswhichcannotbe
achievedwithheattreatment?

Ans:Aprerequisitetothehardeningofsteelsisthatmartensiteshouldbeformedon
cooling,butthiscanonlybeachievediftherateofcoolingisgreatenoughtosuppressthe
formationofpearliteorbainiteandinplaincarbonsteelsthiscanbeachievedbyquenching
relativelysmallspecimens
57.Whatarethemajoreffectsofalloyingelements?

Ans:(1)Toalterthetransformationtemperaturesandtimes

(2)Tomodifytheroomtemperatureandelevatedtemperaturestrengthsofgivenstructures
by(a)stiffeningthecrystalsand(B)introducingcomplexprecipitateswhichtendtoharden
thesteel.

(3)Tomodifythetypeofoxidefilmformedonthesurfaceofthesteelandtherebyaffectits
corrosionresistance.

58.Whatisthedifferencebetweenaustenitestabilisersandferritestabilisers?

Ans:Austenitestabilisershavetheeffectofextendingthetemperaturerangeoverwhich
austeniteisformed.Suchelementsarecarbon,manganese,nickel,copperandcobalt.

Ferritestabilisershavetheeffectofextendingthetemperaturerangeoverwhichalphaand
deltaferriteareformed,whichconsequentlyreducestemperaturerangeoverwhich
austeniteisformed.Suchelementsaresilicon,chromium,molybdenum,tungsten,titanium
andniobium.

59.Whataretheeffectsofcarbononthepropertiesofsteel.

Ans:Ingeneral,anincreaseincarboncontentproduceshigherultimatestrengthand
hardnessbutlowersductilityandtoughnessofsteelalloys.Carbonalsoincreasesair
hardeningtendenciesandweldhardness,especiallyinthepresenceofchromium.Inlow
alloysteelforhightemperatureapplications,thecarboncontentisusuallyrestrictedtoa
maximumofabout0.15%inordertoassureoptimumductilityforwelding,expanding,and
bendingoperations.Tominimizeintergranularcorrosioncausedbycarbideprecipitation,
thecarboncontentofaustenitic(188type)alloysislimitedincommercialspecificationsto
amaximumof0.08%,orevenless,i.e.0.03%intheextremelylowcarbongradesusedin
certaincorrosionresistantapplications.

Inplaincarbonsteelsinthenormalisedcondition,theresistancetocreepattemperatures
below440Cappearstoincreasewithcarboncontentupto0.4%carbon,athigher
temperaturesthereis

butlittlevariationofcreeppropertieswithcarboncontent.

Anincreaseincarboncontentlessensthethermalandelectricalconductivitiesofsteeland
increasesitshardnessonquenching.

60.Whatistheroleofsiliconasalloyingelementinsteels?

Ans:Siliconcontributesgreatlytotheproductionofsoundsteelbecauseofitsdeoxidizing
anddegasifyingproperties.Whenaddedinamountsupto2.5%,theultimatestrengthofthe
steelisincreasedwithoutlossinductility.Siliconinexcessof2.5%causesbrittleness,and
amountshigherthan5%makethesteelnonmalleable.

Resistancetooxidationandsurfacestabilityofsteelareincreasedbytheadditionofsilicon.
Thesedesirableeffectspartiallycompensateforthetendencyofsilicontolowerthecreep
propertiesofsteel.Siliconincreasestheelectricalresistivityofsteelanddecreaseshysteresis
losses.

61.Discusstheroleofmanganeseinalloyingsteels.

Ans:Manganeseisanexcellentdeoxidizerandsulfurneutralizer,andimprovesthe
mechanicalpropertiesofsteel,notablytheratioofyieldstrengthtotensilestrengthat
normaltemperatures.Asanalloyingelement,manganeseservesasaninexpensivemeansof
preventinghotshortness.Itimprovesrollingproperties,hardenability,andresistanceto
wear.Howevermanganeseincreasesthecracksensitivityofweldments,particularlywith
steelsofhighercarboncontent.

62.Definebucklingfactor.

Ans:Itistheratiooftheequivalentlengthofcolumntotheminimumradiusofgyration.

63.Whatdoyouunderstandbycatenarycable?

Ans:Acableattachedtothesupportsandcarryingitsownweight.

64.Whatiscoaxing?

Ans:Itistheprocessofimprovingfatiguepropertiesbyfirstunderstressingandthen
increasingthestressinsmallincrements.

65.Whatisdifferencebetweenconjugatebeamandcontinuousbeam?

Ans:Aconjugatebeamisanimaginarybeamofsamesizeasoriginalbeamandcarryinga
distributedloadinaccordancewiththebendingmomentdiagram.

Acontinuousbeamisonewhichisrestingonmorethantwosupports.

66.Whatisisotropicmaterial?

Ans:Itisamaterialhavingsameelasticconstantsinalldirections.
67.Explaindifferencebetweenmodulusofresilienceandmodulusofrigidity?

Ans:Modulusofresilienceisthemaximumstrainenergystoredinamaterialperunit
volumeandmodulusofrigidityistheratioofshearingstresstotheshearingstrainwithin
theelasticlimit.

68.Whatisthedifferencebetweenbasicholeandbasicshaft?

Ans:Abasicholeisonewhoselowerdeviationiszeroandincaseofbasicshafttheupper
deviationiszero.

69.Whatforpyranometerisused?

Ans:Itisusedtomeasurethetotalhemisphericalsolarradiation.

70.Describetransfermachinesinbrief.

Ans:Itisanautomaticmachineinwhichworkpiecealongwithfixtureistransferredfrom
onestationtootherautomaticallyandseveraloperationonworkpieceareperformedat
eachstation.

71.Whatisburntoutpoint?

Ans:Itcorrespondstomaximumheatfluxatwhichtransitionoccursfromnucleateboiling
tofilmboiling.

72.Whatdoyouunderstandbyeutectic?
Ans:Itismechanicalmixtureoftwoormorephaseswhichsolidifysimultaneouslyfromthe
liquidalloy.

72.Explainthedifferencebetweengreyironandwhiteiron.Whatismottlediron?

Ans:Thecarbonincastironcouldexistatroomtemperatureaseitherironcarbide,oras
graphitewhichisthemorestableform.Ironscontainingcarbonasgraphitearesoft,easily
machinableandarecalledgreyirons.Ironswithcarbonpresentasironcarbideare
extremelyhard,difficulttomachineandarecalledwhiteirons.Ironswithfairlyequal
proportionsofgraphiteandironcarbidehaveintermediatehardnessandarecalled
mottledirons.

73.Thegraphiteingreyironsexistsintheformofflakeswhichactasstressraisersunder
tensileloadingandconsequentlygreyironshaverelativelylowtensilestrengthand
ductility.Stillgreyironisextensivelyusedinengineering.Why?

Ans:Greyironisextensivelyusedinengineeringbecauseoffollowingcharacteristics.

(a)Cheapness.

(B)Lowmeltingpointandhighfluiditymakingitsuitableforcastingsofintricateshape.

Relativelygooderosionandcorrosionresistance.

(d)Highdampingcapacity,withrespecttovibration.

(e)Relativelygoodmechanicalpropertiesundercompressiveloading.

74.Underwhatconditionaconvergentdivergentnozzlerequired?
Ans:Whenpressureratioisgreaterthancriticalpressureratio.

75.Whatisendurancelimitandwhatisitsvalueforsteel?

Ans:Endurancelimitisthemaximumleveloffluctuatingstresswhichcanbetolerated
indefinitely.Inmoststeelsthisstressisapproximately50%oftheultimatetensilestrength
anditisdefinedasthestresswhichcanbeenduredfortenmillionreversalsofstress.

76.Howthenetworktodriveacompressoranditsvolumetricefficiencybehavewith
increaseinclearancevolume?

Ans:Workremainsunalteredandvolumetricefficiencydecreases.

77.Whatdoyouunderstandbysulphurprint?

Ans:Sulphides,whenattachedwithdiluteacid,evolvehydrogensulphidegaswhichstains
bromidepaperandthereforecanbereadilydetectedinordinarysteelsandcastirons.While
sulphurisnotalwaysasharmfulasissometimessupposed,asulphurprintisareadyguide
tothedistributionofsegregatedimpuritiesingeneral.

78.Whatisthedifferentbetweenbrassandbronze?

Ans:Brassisanalloyofcopperwithzincandbronzeisalloyofcopperwithtin.

79.Whatistheeffectofadditionofzincincopper?Whatistheuseof70/30brass?

Ans:Byadditionofzincincopper,bothtensilestrengthandelongationincreases.The
70/30brasshasexcellentdeepdrawingpropertyandisusedformakingradiatorfins.
80,Whatforadmiralitybrassused?

Ans:Admiralitybrasswith29%zincand1%tinhasgoodcorrosionresistanceandisused
forcondenserandfeedheatertubes.Aluminiumisalsoaddedtobrasstoimprovecorrosion
resistance.

81.Whatisthemaximumuseofmagnesium?

Ans:MagnesiumisusedtoalloywithaluminiumandasanadditiveformakingSG
(SpheroidalGraphite)iron.

82.Whatforzincfindsapplications?

Ans:Galvanizingconsumesthelargestproportionofzinc.Zincisresistanttocorrosionbut
isattackedbyacidsandalkalies.Zincalloy.saresuitedformakingdiecastingsincethe
meltingpointisreasonablylow.

83.Whichfactorsinfluencethetypeoffractureinfailureofamaterial?

Ans:Sevenfactorsinfluencingtypeoffailureare:

(i)Typeofmaterial(inherentstructureproperties),

(ii)Mannerofloading(Staticversusdynamic),

(iii)Rangeofimposedstress,

(iv)Strainrate(static,dynamic,impact),
(v)Stressdistribution(discontinuityinmaterial/shape),

(vi)temperature,and

(vii)surfacetreatment.

84.Whatisthenamegiventoratioofactualcycleefficiencyandidealcycleefficiency.

Ans:Efficiencyratio.

85.Listtwoeffectsofmanganeseinplaincarbonsteels.,

Ans:Manganeseincreasestensilestrengthandhardness.Itdecreasesweldability.

86.Namethestrongestandweakesttypeofatomicbonds.

Ans:MetallicbondisstrongestandmolecularbondalsoknownasVanderWaalsbondis
weakest.

87.Inwhichprocessinternalenergyremainsconstant?

Ans:Isothermalprocess.

88.Whatistemperembrittlementinalloysteelsandwhatareitseffects?

Ans:Embrittlementattackisusuallyintergranularinmetals,i.e.cracksprogressbetween
thegrainsofthepolycrystallinematerial.Itimpartsatendencytofailunderastaticload
afteragivenperiodoftimeinthosealloysteelswhicharesusceptibletoembrittlement.
89.Whatarewhiskers?

Ans:Whiskersareverysmallcrystalswhicharevirtuallyfreefromimperfectionsand
dislocations.

90.WhatisBauschingereffect?

Ans:AccordingtoBauschinger,thelimitofproportionalityofmaterialdoesnotremain
constantbutvariesaccordingtothedirectionofstressundercyclicstresses.

91.Whatisthedifferencebetweenheatcapacityandspecificheatofamaterial?

Ans:Theheatcapacityofamaterialistheamountofheattransformedtoraiseunitmassof
amaterial1degreeintemperature.

Thespecificheatofamaterialistheratiooftheamountofheattransferredtoraiseunit
massofamaterial1degreeintemperaturetothatrequiredtoraiseunitmassofwater1
degreeoftemperatureatsomespecifiedtemperature.

Formostengineeringpurposes,heatcapacitiesmaybeassumednumericallyequal
tospecificheats.

92.Explaintheruletofindspecificheatofaqueoussolutions.

Ans:Foraqueoussolutionsofsalts,thespecificheatcanbeestimatedbyassumingthe
specificheatofthesolutionequaltothatofthewateralone.Thus,fora15%byweight
solutionofsodiumchlorideinwater,thespecificheatwouldbeapproximately0.85.

93.Whatdoyouunderstandbylatentheat?Givefourexamplesoflatentheats.
Ans:Forpuresubstances,theheateffectsaccompanyingchangesinstateatconstant
pressure(notemperaturechangebeingevident)areknownaslatentheats.Examplesof
latentheatsare:heatoffusion,vaporisation,sublimation,andchangeincrystalform.

94.Definethetermsfreeenergyandfreeenthalpy.Whatistheirsignificanceand
importance?

Ans:Freeenergy(orHelmholtzfunction)isdefinedas/=uTs.

Itisequaltotheworkduringaconstantvolumeisothermalreversiblenonflowprocess.

Freeenthalpy(orGibbsfunction)isdefinedasg=hTs

(whereu=internalenergy,h=enthalpy,T=temperature,s=entropy)

Gibbsfunctionisofparticularimportanceinprocesseswherechemicalchangesoccur.For
reversibleisothermalsteadyflowprocessesorforreversibleconstantpressureisothermal
nonflowprocesses,changeinfreeenergyisequaltonetwork.

95.Whichparameterremainsconstantinisochoricprocess?

Ans:Volume.

96.Whatispolytropicprocess?Underwhatconditionsitapproachesisobaric,isothermal,
andisometricprocess?Inwhichreversibleprocessnoworkisdone?

Ans:Apolytropicprocessisonethatfollowstheequationpun=constant(indexnmayhave
valuesfromocto+oo.Thisprocessapproachesisobaricwhenn=0,isothermalwhenn=
1,andisometricwhenn=<x>.Noworkisdoneinisometricprocess.
97.Whethersuperheatedsteamcanbetreatedlikeidealgas?

Ans:Yes.

98.OutofconstantpressureandconstantvolumelinesonTSdiagramwhichlinehashigher
slope?Andwhetherslopeisconstantorvariable?

Ans:Constantvolumeline.Slopeisvariable.

99.Whetherentropyisintensivepropertyorextensiveproperty?

Ans:Entropyisextensiveproperty.

100.Inwhichprocessfluidexpandsbutdoesnowork?

Ans:Throttlingprocess.

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