Mathematical Operations (Basic Mathematics) For Neet Aspirants - 2018

9027187359, 7351266266 A NAME IN CONCEPTS OF PHYSICS
XI &XII (CBSE & ICSE BOARD) IIT-JEE / NEET /AIIMS / JIPMER / uptU
1. TRIGONOMETRY Consider that the revolving line OP has traced

out angle (in I quadrant) in anticlockwise
1.1 Angle direction.
Consider a revolving line OP. Suppose that it revolves in Y
anticlockwise direction starting from its initial position P
OX.
The angle is defined as the amount of revolution that the 90
revolving line makes with its initial position.
X' X
O M
From fig. the angle covered by the revolving line OP is
given by POX
P Y'
perpendicular MP
1. sin
hypotenuse OP
(read as sine of angle )
O X
base OM
2. cos
The angle is positive, if it is traced by the revolving line hypotenuse OP
in anticlockwise direction and is negative, if it is (read as cosine of angle )
covered in clockwise direction. perpendicular MP
3. tan =
1 right angle = 90 (degrees) base OM
1 = 60' (minutes) (read as tangent of angle )
1' = 60" (seconds) base OM
4. cot
perpendicular MP
In circular system
(read as cotangent of angle )

1 right angle = rad (radian) hypotenuse OP
2 5. sec =
base OM
One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a
(read as secant of angle )
circle by an arc of the circle, whose length is equal to the
radius of the circle. hypotenuse OP
6. cosec =
perpendicular MP
1 rad = 180/ 57 17' 45" 57.3
(read as cosecant of angle )
1. 2 Trigonometrically Ratios (or T-ratios)
1
1. (a) cosec =
Consider the two fixed lines XOX' and YOY' intersecting sin
at right angles to each other at point O as shown in Fig. 1
(b) sec =
Then. cos
1
(c) cot =
(i) Point O is called origin. tan
(ii) XOX' and YOY' are known as X-axis and 2. (a) sin2 + cos2 = 1
Y-axis respectively.
(b) 1 + tan2 = sec2
(iii) Portions XOY, YOX', X'OY' and Y'OX are
(c) 1+ cot2 = cosec2
called I, II, III, and IV quadrant respectively.
STUDY MATERIAL(XI) MATHEMATICAL SKILLS
P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center

OPP. SAGAR COMPLEX (1st FLOOR OF SAGAR PHOTO COPY) CENTRAL MARKET MEERUT Page 1
SOLVED EXAMPLE 1.4 T-ratios of angles associated with multiples of 90:
3
Ex.1 Given sin = . Find all the other T-ratios, if
5 The angles such as (90 ), (90 + ), (180 ), (180
lies in the first quadrant. + ), (270 ), (270 + ), etc. are called angles allied
3
Sol. In OMP, sin = to angle .
5
The T-ratios of the following allied angle as are
MP = 3 and OP = 5
P commonly used:
1. (a) sin () = sin
(b) cos () = cos
5 3 (c) tan () = tan
2. (a) sin (90 ) = cos

M
O (b) cos (90 ) = sin
(c) tan (90 ) = cot
Hence, OM = (5) 2 (3) 2 25 9 16 4
OM 4 MP 3 3. (a) sin (90 + ) = cos
Now, cos , tan= ,
OP 5 OM 4 (b) cos (90 + ) = sin
(c) tan (90 + ) = cot
OM 4 OP 5 OP 5
cot = , sec = , cosec =
MP 3 OM 4 MP 3 4. (a) sin (180 ) = sin
(b) cos (180 ) = cos
(c) tan (180 ) = tan
QUESTION FOR PRACTICE
5. (a) sin (180 + ) = sin
5
Q.1 If sec = , find all the other T-ratios. (b) cos (180 + ) = cos
3
4 3 4 3 (c) tan (180 + ) = tan
Ans. sin = , cos = , tan = , cot= ,
5 5 3 4
5 6. (a) sin (270 ) = cos
cosec=
4 (b) cos (270 ) = sin
(c) tan (270 ) = cot
1.3 T-RATIOS OF A FEW STANDARD ANGLES:
7. (a) tan (270 + ) = cos
The T-ratios of a few standard angles ranging
(b) cos (270 + ) = sin
from 0 to 180 are given in the following table (c) tan (270 + ) = cot

9 SOLVED EXAMPLE
Angl 0 30 4 60 120 13 15 180
0 Ex.2 Find the value of
e() 5 5 0

(i) cos (60) (ii) tan 210
1
1 3 3 1 1
sin 0 2 1 0 (iii) sin 300 (iv) cos 120
2 2 2 2 2
1
Sol. (i) cos (60) = cos 60 =
1 1 3 2
3 1 1
cos 1 2 0 2 2 1 1
2 2 2 (ii) tan 210 = tan (180 + 30) = tan 30 =
3
1
1
tan 0 1 1 3
3 3 3 0 (iii) sin 300 = sin (270 + 30) = cos 30 =
3 2
1
(iv) cos 120 = cos (180 60) = cos 60 =
2

QUESTION FOR PRACTICE For example, consider that y is a function of the variable x
Q.2 Find the values of the following: which is given by
1. tan(30) 2. sin 120 y = 3x2 + 7x + 2
3. sin 330 4. cos 150 If x = 1, then y = 3 (1)2 + 7(1) + 2 = 12
5. sin 270 6. cos 270 and when x = 2, y = 3 (2)2 + 7(2) + 2 = 28
1 3
Ans. 1. 2.
3 2 Therefore, when the value of variable x is changed, the
value of the function y also changes but corresponding to
1 3
3. 4. each value of x, we get a single definite value of y. Hence,
2 2
y = 3x2 + 7x + 2 represents a function of x.
5. 1 6. 0
dy
1.5 A few important trigonometric formulae 2.2 Physical meaning of
dx
1. Addition Formulae: (1) The ratio of small change in the function y and the
(a) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B variable x is called the average rate of change of y
(b) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B w.r.t.x. For example, if a body covers a small distance
tan A tan B S in small time t, then average velocity of the body,
(c) tan (A + B) =
1 tan A tan B S
vav =
t
2. Subtraction Formulae: Also, if the velocity of a body changes by a small
(a) sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B amount v in small time t, then average acceleration of
(b) cos (A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B y
the body, aav = ,
tan A tan B t
(c) tan (A B) =
1 tan A tan B y
(2) The limiting value of , when x 0 i.e.
x
3. Multiplication Formulae: y dy
Lt is called the instantaneous rate of change
(a) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A x 0 x dx
(b) cos 2 A = cos2 A sin2A = 2 cos2A 1 of y w.r.t. x.
= 1 2 sin2A Thus the differentiation of a function w.r.t. a variable
implies the instantaneous rate of change of the function
2 tan A
(c) tan 2A = w.r.t. that variable.
1 tan 2 A
S dS
v = Lt and instantaneous acceleration of the
t dt
x 0
2. DIFFERENTIATION
v dv
body (a) = Lt
t 0 t dt
2.1 Function:
Constant: A quantity, whose value remains unchanged
during mathematical operations, is called a constant 2. 3 Theorems of differentiation
quantity. The integers, fractions like , e, etc are all d
1. If c is constant, then ( c) 0
constants. dx
Variable: A quantity, which can take different values, is 2. If y = cu, where c is a constant and u is a function of x,
called a variable quantity. A variable is usually then
represented as x, y, z, etc. dy d du
(cu) c
Function: A quantity y is called a function of a variable, dx dx dx
if corresponding to any given value of x, there exists a 3. If y = u v w, where, u, v and w are functions of x,
single definite value of y. The phrase 'y is function of x' is then
represented as y = f(x) dy d du dv dw
(u v w )
dx dx dx dx dx

4. If y = u v where u and v are function of x, then Ex.2 Find the derivatives of the following:
dy d dv du (i) (x3 3x2 + 4) (4x5 + x2 1)
(uv) u v
dx dx dx dx
9x 5
u
5. If y , where u and v are functions of x, then (ii)
v x 3
v
du
u
dv Sol. (i) Let y = (x3 3x2 + 4) (4x5 + x2 1)
dy d u dx dx
dy d
dx dx v v2 = (x3 3x2 + 4) (4x5 + x2 1)
dx dx
6. If y = xn where n is a real number, then d
dy d n + (4x5 + x2 1) (x3 3x2 + 4)
( x ) nx n 1 dx
dx dx
d d d
= (x3 3x2 + 4) (4x 5 ) (x 2 ) (1)
SOLVED EXAMPLES
dx dx dx
d d d
+ (4x5 + x2 1) (x 3 ) (3x 2 ) (4)
dy dx dx dx
Ex.1 Find , when
dx
d d d
= (x3 3x2 + 4) 4 (x 5 ) (x 2 ) (1)
(i) y x dx dx dx
(ii) y = x5 + x4 + 7 d d d
+ (4x5 + x2 1) (x 3 ) 3 ( x 2 ) (4)
(iii) y = x + 4x
2 1/2 2
3x dx dx dx
= (x3 3x2 + 4)[4 5x4 + 2x 0]
Sol. (i) Here, y= x + (4x5 + x2 1) [3x2 3 2x + 0]
dy d d 1/ 2 1 1 = (x3 3x2 + 4) (20x4 + 2x )
= ( x) = ( x ) = x 1 / 2 =
dx dx dx 2 2 x + (4x5 + x2 1) (3x2 6x)
= 2x(10x3 + 1) (x3 3x2 + 4)
(ii) Here, y = x5 + x4 + 7
+ 3x(x 2) (4x5 + x2 1)
dy d 5
= (x + x4 + 7) 9x 5
dx dx (ii) Let y =
x 3
d 5 d 4 d
= (x ) (x ) (7 )
dx dx dx d d
( x 3) (9x 5 ) 9x 5 ( x 3)
4 3
= 5x + 4x + 0 = 5x + 4x 4 3 dy dx dx

dx ( x 3) 2
(iii) Here, y = x2 + 4x1/2 3x2
d 5 d d
( x 3) 9 ( x ) 9x 5 ( x ) (3)
dy d =
dx dx dx
(x2 + 4x1/2 3x2) ( x 3)
dx dx
d 2 d d
= (x ) (4 x 1/ 2 ) (3x 2 ) ( x 3) 9 5x 4 9x 5 (1 0)
dx dx dx =
( x 3) 2
d 2 d d
= (x ) (4 x 1/ 2 ) (3x 2 )
dx dx dx 45x 5 135x 4 9x 5 36x 5 135x 4 9x 4 (4x 15)
=
d 2 d d ( x 3) 2 ( x 3) 2 ( x 3) 2
= ( x ) 4 ( x 1/ 2 ) 3 ( x 2 )
dx dx dx
1
= 2x + 4 x3/2 3(2)x3
2
= 2x 2x3/2 + 6x3

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE 4. 5x4 + 3x2 + 2x1/2
dy
Find for the following: 5. 20x3 + 9x1/2 + 9
dx
6. 2ax + b
1. y = x7/2
1
2. y = x3 7. 15x4 3 +
x2
3. y = x
8. 2t + 5
5 3 1/2
4. y = x + x + 4x +7
9. u + at
4 3/2
5. y = 5x + 6x + 9x
10. 30 cm2 s1
2
6. y = ax + bx + c
11. 2r
1
7. y = 3x5 3x 12. 4x + 3
x
13. 216 x7 144 x5 + 105 x4 + 135x2 40
2 dS
8. Given S = t + 5t + 3, find
dt 2
14.
(2x 1) 2
1 2
9. Given S = ut + at , where u and a are constants.
2 1
15.
dS (4x 5) 2
Obtain the value of .
dt
2x x 4
10. The area of a blot of in k is growing such that 16.
( x 3 1) 2
after t seconds, its area is given by
2.4 Formulae for differential coefficients of
A = (3t2 + 7) cm2. Calculate the rate of increase
trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential
of area at t = 5 seconds.
functions
11. The area of a circle is given by A = r2, where r
d
is the radius. Calculate the rate of increase of 1. (sin x ) cos x
dx
area w.r.t. radius.
d
2. (cos x ) sin x
dx
Obtain the differential coefficient
(differentiation) of the following: d
3. (tan x ) sec2 x
dx
12. (x 1) (2x + 5)
13. (9x3 8x + 7) (3x5 + 5) d
4. (cot x ) cos ec 2 x
1 dx
14.
2x 1 d
5. (sec x) = sec x tan x
3x 4 dx
15.
4x 5
d
x2 6. (cosec x) = cosec x cot x
16. 3 dx
x 1
d 1
7. (log e x )
7 5/ 2 dx x
Ans. 1. x
2
d x
8. (e ) e x
2. 3x4 dx
3. 1

3. INTEGRATION 3.2 Few basic formulae of integration
Following are a few basic formulae of integration:

3.1 Integration as the inverse process of differentiation
x x 1
Integration is the process of finding the function, whose 1. x n dx
n 1
c , Provided n 1
derivative is given. For this reason, the process of
integration is the inverse process of differentiation.
sin xdx cos x c
d
2. ( (cos x) = sin x)
Consider a function f(x), whose derivative w.r.t. x is dx
another function f '(x) i.e.
cos xdx sin x c
d
d 3. ( (sin x) = cos x)
(f ( x )) f ' ( x ) dx
dx
x dx log
1 d 1
4. xc ( (loge x) = )
If differentiation of f(x) w.r.t.x is equal to f '(x), then f(x) e
dx x
+ c is called the integration of f '(x), where c is called the
e dx e
constant of integration. d
5. x x
c ( (ex) = ex)
dx
Symbolically, it is written as
SOLVED EXAMPLES
f ' (x)dx f (x) c
Here, f '(x) dx is called element of integration and is Ex.1 Integrate w.r.t. x. :
called indefinite integral. Let us proceed to obtain
(i) x11/2 (ii) x7 (iii) xp/q
integral of xn w.r.t. x.
d n 1
( x ) (n 1) x n x11/ 21

2
dx Sol. (i) x11/ 2dx c x13 / 2 c
11 13
1
2
Since the process of integration is the inverse process of
differentiation, x 71

1
(ii) x 7dx c x 6 c
(n 1)x dx x 7 1
n 1
n
or (n 1) x n dx x n 1 6
x n 1
p
1

p
or x n dx q
x
x q
n 1 (iii) q
dx c x ( p q ) / q c
p pq
1
q
The above formula holds for all values of n, except
n = 1. It is because, for n = 1,
1
Ex. 2
Evaluate x 2 cos x dx
x dx x
1 1
n
dx dx x
x
x dx cos xdx x dx
1 1
Since is differential coefficient of loge x Sol. = 2
x
d 1
i.e. (log e x ) x 21
dx x sin x + loge x + c
2 1
x dx log
1
e x
x3
= sin x + loge x + c
Similarly, the formulae for integration of some other 3
functions can be obtained if we know the differential
coefficients of various functions.

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE
Q.1Evaluate the following integrals : Que. Evaluate the following integrals
x x (3x
3 / 2 7 1
1. 15
dx 2. dx 3. x )dx GMm r2

q1q 2
7. 2
dr 8. k dr

2 R r r1 r2
1 1
4.
x dx
x
5. x dx
x v
a b
9. M d x 1/ 2dx

u 0
6. 2 dx (Where a and b are constant)
x x
/2 /2
Ans. 1.
x16
c 2. 2x1/2 + c
11. 0
sin x dx 12. 0
cos x dx
16
/2
x 6
3.
2
log e x c 4.
x2
2
+ 2x + loge x + c 13. / 2
cos x dx
x2 a 1 1
5. log e x c 6. b log e x c Ans. 7.
GMm
8. kq1q 2
2 x R r2 r1
3.3 Definite integrals 1
9. M(v 2 u 2 ) 10.
When a function is integrated between a lower limit and 2
an upper limit, it is called a definite integral. If 11. 1 12. 1

d 13. 2
(f ( x ) f ' ( x )) ,
dx
SOME STANDARD GRAPHS AND THEIR EQUATIONS

then f ' ( x )dx is called indefinite integral and
y y C y E
A y = mx+c y = mx+c (c = ve)
b x

O
f ' ( x )dx is called definite integral y = mx B
a D
x O x
O
Here, a and b are called lower and upper limits of the Straight Line Straight Line Straight Line
variable x.
y
After carrying out integration, the result is evaluated y x = ky2
x = ky2
F y = mx + c
between upper and lower limits as explained below: x x
O
(m = ve) O
b
a
f ' ( x )dx = | f ( x ) |ab = f(b) f(a) O G

x
Straight Line Parabola Parabola
5
Ex.3 Evaluate the integral : 1
x 2dx y y = kx2 y
x 1
y
x2 + y2 = a2
y
5 x O a
5 x3 or x

1 1 O
Sol. x dx =
2
| x 3 |15 ((5)3 (1)3 ) y = kx2 xy = constant
1 3 3 3
1
x
1 124 Parabola
(125 1) Hyperbola Circle
3 3
y x 2 y2 y
1
a 2 b2
b y = eKx
x
O a Here
a = semi major axis
b = semi minor axis O x
b<a
Ellipse Exponential Decay

4. ALGEBRA 8. Area of curved surface of cylinder = 2r
(r = radius and = length)
Quadratic equation and its solution: 9. Area of ellipse = ab (a and b are semi major and
An algebraic equation of second order (highest power of semi minor axes respectively)
the variable is equal to 2) is called a quadratic equation. 10. Surface area of a cube = 6(side)2
The equation 11. Total surface area of cone = r2 + r where
ax2 + bx + c = 0
r = r r 2 h 2 = lateral area
is the general quadratic equation. The constants a, b
and c are respectively called coefficient of x2, coefficient Formulae for determination of volume :
of x and the constant term. 1. Volume of a rectangular slab = length breadth
The general solution of the above quadratic equation height = abt
(value of variable x) is given by t
b b 2 4ac
x a
2a
Ex. 2
2x + 5x 12 = 0
Sol. The given quadratic equation is b
2x2 + 5x 12 = 0 2. Volume of a cube = (side)3
Comparing this equation with the quadratic equation in 4
3. Volume of a sphere = r 3 (r = radius)
the standard form (ax2 + bx + c = 0), we have 3
a = 2, b = 5 and c = 12 4. Volume of a cylinder = r2
b b 2 4ac (r = radius and is length)
Now x= 1
2a 5. Volume of a cone = r 2 h
3
5 (5) 2 4 2 (12) (r = radius and h is height)
x=
2 2
5 25 96 5 11 6 16 22
= = = , Note: = 3.14; 2 = 9.8776 10
4 4 4 4 7
3 1
or x ,4 and = 0.3182
2
Que. Solve for x : Ex. Calculate the shaded area.
1. 10x2 27x + 5 = 0 Sol. Shaded are = Area of ellipse = ab
2. pqx2 (p2 + q2)x + pq = 0 Here a = 6 4 = 2 and b = 4 3 = 1
Ans. 1. ,
5 1
2. ,
p q Area = 2 1 = 2 units
2 5 q p
4
5. GEOMETRY 3
2
Formulae for determination of area :
1
1. Area of a square = (side)2
2. Area of rectangle = length breadth 2 4 6
1
3. Area of a triangle = base height Ex. Calculate the volume of given disk.
2
1 Sol. Volume = R2t = (3.04) (1)2 (103) = 3.14 103
4. Area of trapezoid = (distance between parallel m 3
2
side) (sum of parallel side)
R = 1m
5. Area enclosed by a circle = r2 (r = radius)
t = 1mm
6. Surface area of a sphere = 4r2( r = radius)
7. Area of a parallelogram = base height


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9027187359, 7351266266 A NAME IN CONCEPTS OF PHYSICS

1. TRIGONOMETRY Consider that the revolving line OP has traced

STUDY MATERIAL(XI) MATHEMATICAL SKILLS

P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center

2. (a) sin (90 ) = cos

STUDY MATERIAL(XI) MATHEMATICAL SKILLS

P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center

STUDY MATERIAL(XI) MATHEMATICAL SKILLS

P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center

STUDY MATERIAL(XI) MATHEMATICAL SKILLS

P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center

STUDY MATERIAL(XI) MATHEMATICAL SKILLS

P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center

Following are a few basic formulae of integration:

STUDY MATERIAL(XI) MATHEMATICAL SKILLS

P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center

Q.1Evaluate the following integrals : Que. Evaluate the following integrals

an upper limit, it is called a definite integral. If 11. 1 12. 1

STUDY MATERIAL(XI) MATHEMATICAL SKILLS

P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center

STUDY MATERIAL(XI) MATHEMATICAL SKILLS

P.L. SHARMA ROAD, center SHASTRI NAGAR center

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